Nyaya imwe yasara iri dambudziko guru muAfrica mushure mehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri kukundikana kwemasangano echimurenga emuAfrica kutaura chiono chinosunungura zvechokwadi chezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Izwi rokuti "rusununguko" rinoshandiswa mumutsara uyu nenzira yeanarchist; zvinoreva kuti, ndiri munhu anoda rusununguko (Bakunin[I]) Maererano naBakunin, rusununguko ndiyo chete mamiriro ezvinhu umo njere dzevanhu, chiremera uye mufaro zvinogona kuwedzera uye kukura, kusiyana nerusununguko rwepamutemo runotarirwa, kuyerwa nekudzorwa neHurumende. Kupfuurirazve, seizvo Bakunin anotiyeuchidza, kunokosha kurangarira kuti Hurumende, sezvatinoiziva, inomirira uye iripo kuti ishumire fariro dzavashomanene vane ropafadzo chaizvoizvo.[Ii]
Vanofunga mushure meukoloni havasati vafunga nezvechimiro cheHurumende inosununguka icho chisingafambisi kutsiva chete kweboka rekutonga kwekoloni nevakuru vatsva vanotonga mushure meukoloni. Zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvatinosangana nazvo mukuedza kwedu kuwana Africa yakabviswa koloni, semuenzaniso, pfungwa dzedzidziso dzatinoshandisa kutsanangura zvatiri kurwira uye fungidziro dzatinoita kana tichitaura nezvekubvisa koloni. Midzi yedambudziko iri inogona kurondwa kusvika pakuganhurira pfungwa dzezvematongerwe enyika; mamwe emafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika aya anosanganisira pan-Africanism, black nationalism uye black Marxism.
Rimwe dambudziko rinosangana nevanyori idambudziko rekutaura nezverudzi mumashure mekoloni. Vanyori vazhinji vepashure-makoloni vanoita chikanganiso chekuisa pamberi pekirasi pamusoro pedzinza, kana zvinopesana, pane kushandisa ese maonero.
Zvinoita sekuti kana isu tichida kuhwina shanduko dzemagariro, saka zvakakosha kuti nyaya idzi dzikurukurwe pachena uye nekuvimbika. Nzvimbo ine musoro yekubva panharo yedu inofanira kutanga nekuongorora zvakadzama mamwe ezvinyorwa zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakaverengwa zvakanyanya pamisoro yekubvisa ukoloni, nzanga yepashure-yeukoloni uye rusaruraganda.
Chinangwa hachisi chekungoburitsa pachena zvakaipa uye kukanganisa kwemafungiro akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika. Chinangwa chekupedzisira, zvisinei, ndechekupa imwe pfungwa inoenderana nehunhu hwedu neshuviro. Saka, muchikamu chechipiri chechinyorwa chino ndinopa imwe dzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika inoenderana zvine mutsindo nemamiriro ezvehupfumi nehupfumi hwepashure-ukoloni. Iyi imwe dzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika yakavakirwa papfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika. Ndinoshandisa post-apartheid South Africa senyaya yangu yenyaya kukurukura matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi akatarisana neAfrica mushure mehukoloni uye kuratidza kuti dzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika inosunungura ingaitwe sei mukuita. Chikonzero chandakasarudza South Africa sechidzidzo changu chenyaya iyi ingori nekuti ndinoziva nhoroondo yeSouth Africa nezvematongerwo enyika zvakanyanya, uye, nekuwedzera, ndiri wekuSouth Africa.
Chikamu Chekutanga: Ongororo Yemabhuku
Frantz Fanon anoonekwa semumwe weakakosha post-colonial theorists, uye saka zvine musoro kutanga waongorora basa rake. Nechinangwa chechidzidzo ichi, the Nenhamo Yepasi naFanon chinyorwa chakakodzera chekuongorora.[Iii] Nezve nyaya yerudzi nekirasi, ongororo yezvinyorwa inongotarisa chete pakunyora kwehudzvanyiriri hweSouth Africa.
Kutsanangura Decolonization
Fanon anopikisa kuti decolonization inogara iri chiitiko chechisimba. "Chokwadi chakashama chekubvisa ukoloni chinotimutsa mabara anopisa uye mapanga ane ropa anobuda mairi."[Iv] Sekureva kwaFanon, decolonization chirongwa che "complete disorder" icho chine chinangwa chekushandura kurongeka kwevanhu munyika yekoloni. Iwo musangano wemauto maviri, anopesana nemumwe nehunhu hwawo, uye kusangana kwavo kwekutanga kwakaratidzirwa nechisimba uye kuvepo kwavo pamwechete kwakafambiswa nedhindi remhando huru yemabhayonet uye cannon.
Icho chokwadi chekutaura kuti nzanga yekoloni nehunhu hwayo ine mhirizhonga. Izvo hazviiti, zvisinei, zvinototevera kuti decolonization chirongwa chekuchinja chine chisimba mune zvakasikwa. Zvingave zvechokwadi kuti nyika zhinji dzakadzorwa dzakawana rusununguko kuburikidza nehondo yechisimba; zvisinei, iyo inotaura zvakawanda pamusoro pekuzvikudza kwesimba rekoloni pane zvarinotaura pamusoro pechirongwa che decolonization pachayo. Mafungiro asiriwo ekubvisa hukoloni sechisimba muzvisikwa anoratidza fungidziro dzenhema dzinotsigira kufunga kwaFanon nezvekuti nzira yekubvisa hukoloni inofanira kutanga (Albert, 2004).[V]) Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti kunzwisisa kwaFanon pamusoro penyika yeukoloni kwakadzama; zvisinei, mamwe efungidziro dzake maererano nekubvisa ukoloni zvinotadzisa kuti tingabatana sei zvine musoro nemikana yekuenderera mberi kune yakasunungurwa, yakabviswa nzanga iyo isiri iyo inokonzera chirwere.[vi]
Panzvimbo yekuti decolonization ichititsvagira mabara anopisa uye mapanga ane ropa anobuda mazviri, tinogona kufunga nezve decolonization sechinhu chakakosha chekuchinja munharaunda, shanduko huru mune zvese hupfumi uye nehupamhi hwemagariro hukama maererano nehukama hwemagariro sehukama hwemadzinza uye hukama hwekirasi. , kududzira Albert.[vii] Kuburikidza nechirongwa chakadaro icho vanhu vakakoloni vanowana rusununguko rwavo. Hazvisi izvo, sekutaura kwaFanon, kuburikidza nechisimba kuti vanhu vakakomberedzwa vawane rusununguko rwavo.
Fanon anopikisa kuti mhirizhonga yevakoloni ndeyekurapa, kuti i "simba rekuchenesa."
Kutaura zvazviri, sezvinotaurwa naAlbert, chisimba chine miuyo inotyisa kuvaiti vacho; inomanikidza vanhu kuzvidza upenyu hwevanhu.[viii] Masangano echikoloni anoshanda seumboo hunotsigira maonero aya. Uye, hapana humbowo hunoita kuti titende kuti mhirizhonga inoitwa nerimwe divi haizove nemhedzisiro yakafanana.
Fanon, zvisinei, anopikisa kuti mhirizhonga inosunungura "... munhu wekuzvarwa kubva mukusava nehanya kwake uye kubva mukuora mwoyo kwake nekusaita; zvinodzoreredza kuzviremekedza kwake."[ix] Fanon haapi humbowo hunotsigira maonero aya, uye haatsananguri fungidziro yake maererano ne "native inferiority complex." Iye (Fanon) anoita seanofungidzira kuti nekuda kwekuti[x] vatema vari muboka revanhu vanonyadziswa kwemarudzi ose, izvi zvinongoerekana zvaita kuti vaderedzwe uye kuzvivenga kune vatema.
Mubhuku rake rakanzi Mimvuri yeBlack,[xi] William Cross anopokana kuti pane zvingangoita zvina zvinotsanangura kuti sei hutano hwepfungwa hwevatema, kusanganisira chero hunhu hwekuzvivenga, zvisiri uye hazvina kumbobvira zvafanotaurwa zviri nyore nezviyero zvekuzivikanwa kwerudzi. Izvi ndezvi:
- Iko kushomeka kwehuwandu hwemhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zverudzi-zvakasarudzwa zvakaitwa nevana vane makore matatu nemana.
- Mhedzisiro yeBlack biculturalism, acculturation, uye assimilation paBlack monoracial preference maitiro mukuedzwa kwerudzi.
- Dambudziko rekududzira zvinorehwa uye kusimba kwerudzi uye kuzivikanwa kwerudzi rwevatema vakuru vanoshanda neboka rereferensi rakasiyana.
- Kukundikana kwenhoroondo kwevadzidzi nenyanzvi dzerudzi rwekusiyanisa pakati pepfungwa nezviyero zveRGO inonyorwa [Reference Group Oriente] uye pfungwa uye zviyero zvekuzvitsanangura RGO.[xii]
Chinhu chaanoda kuburitsa ndechekuti mamwe efungidziro dzaFanon vis-ร -vis zvinomiririrwa nedecolonization, zvinokurudzira zvinokurudzira vagari veko kuti vapandukire hutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri uye hunofungidzirwa kuti hwakapararira husina kunaka hunonzi huchaendesa zvizvarwa zvemo muropa. , hazvina hwaro zvachose. Kana isu tine hanya nekuvaka dzidziso yakanaka yemashure-ekoloni inotsanangura zvinopfuura kutadzisa kunzwisiswa kwechokwadi, saka dzidziso iyi inofanira kunge yakavakirwa pafungidziro dzakanaka. Chinodiwa pane dzidziso yepost-colonial iyo (Albert, 2004[xiii]) inotsanangura zviitiko zvemagariro uye zviitiko zvepfungwa, dzidziso inotsanangura maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika uye epfungwa zvakakwana kuti isu tizvigadzirire isu pachedu, kutsanangurira vamwe uye kunzwisisa nzira iyo zvinhu.
Njodzi dzeNational Consciousness
Zvichida ichi ndicho chitsauko chinonyanya kukosha mune Nenhamo Yepasi, nokuti mairi Fanon anokurukura nzira iyo hurumende itsva yehurumende yakasunungurwa mushure mekoloni yaigona kutengesa chimurenga. Fanon anopikisa kuti chikamu chepakati chenyika itsva mushure meukoloni hachina kuvandudzwa nekuti yakadzikiswa muhuwandu, haina mari, uye inopikisa zvachose nzira yechimurenga. Pakupedzisira inowira mukumira kunosiririsa. Kune iyi yepakati-yemhando, kusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika zvinongoreva kuendeswa mumaoko echizvarirwo chezvakanakira izvo zvinova nhaka yenguva yekoloni. Zvakare, uyu wepakati "... achagutsikana nebasa remumiriri webhizinesi weWestern bourgeois, uye ichaita chikamu chayo pasina chero zvimiro zvine chiremera."[xiv]
Fanon anowedzera kuti mushure mekusununguka uyu wepakati haazeze kuisa mari yaanoita kubva muvhu rayo mumabhanga ekunze. Kupfuurirazve, veboka idzva repakati vachashandisa zvitsama zvikuru zvemari pazvinhu zvokunyama, zvakadai semotokari nedzimba dzokumaruwa. Fanon inoreva iyi yepakati-kirasi se "hudzvinyiriri hwemabhunu." Anotaura kuti havasi mabhunu chaiwo mupfungwa yechokwadi yeshoko, asi kuti "... rudzi rwevanhu vashoma vane makaro, vane hutsinye uye vane hutsinye, vane pfungwa dzehuckster, vanongofarawo kugamuchira mibairo iyo yaimbova simba rekoloni. maoko kwazviri."[xv]
Sekureva kwaFanon, chikonzero chekuti iyi yepakati-yepakati ine huori imhaka yekuti ine chishuwo chechigarire chekuzivikanwa nevaimbove makoloni. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyi yepakati-kirasi inotora nechido nzira dzekufunga hunhu hwevaimbove vakoloni. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti iyi yepakati-yepakati haikwanise kuburitsa mazano makuru ekutonga nekusimudzira hupfumi, nekuti inorangarira zvayakaverenga mumabhuku eEuropean.
Pfungwa iri pasi peongororo yaFanon ndeyekuti hurumende dzepashure pehukoloni nevatema vepakati vanopandukira chimurenga nekuti, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, vanoda kuve vachena kana kutora chinzvimbo chaimbogarwa nemudzvanyiriri. Semuenzaniso, anonyora kuti nyika isati yawana kuzvitonga "... tarisai kuti munhu wekuzvarwa anotendeukira kuguta remugari chitarisiko cheruchiva, chitarisiko cheshanje; inoratidza zviroto zvake zvepfuma - marudzi ese epfuma: kugara patafura yemugari, kuti arare pamubhedha womugari, nomudzimai wake kana zvichiita.โ[xvi]
Nhoroondo inotidzidzisa (somuenzaniso, ona Nhoroondo Yevanhu yeUnited States: 1492 kusvika zvino[xvii] naHoward Zinn) kuti kana vanhu vadzvinyirirwa vanogara vachimukira nokukurumidza. Kupfuurirazve, havapanduki nokuda kworuchiva kana kuti godo kana kuti nemhaka yokuti vanoda kurara nomudzimai womudzvinyiriri, asi nemhaka yokuti vanodavira kururamisira, kuenzanisa, uye rusununguko. Uye, kazhinji, chimurenga chinotengeswa nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwenyaya dzakadai sekushaikwa kwechiono maererano nemasangano matsva atinoda nzanga yedemokrasi uye musanganiswa wemasimba emukati nekunze. Masimba emukati (Internal forces) zvinoreva zvikamu zvevanhu zvinogona kuramba kuhutongi hutsva nekuda kwezvido zvavo zveudyire, ukuwo masimba ekunze achireva hupfumi hwepasi rose nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, sehondo inotonhora. Kuona zvematongerwo enyika zvepashure pehukoloni kubva pamaonero aya zviri kuburitsa pachena uye zvinotigonesa kwete kungotsanangura chete asi kufanotaura zviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika nezvemagariro. Dzidziso yakavakirwa pafungidziro dzakaipa dzinotimanikidza kuti titarise paruchiva, godo, uye zvishuwo zvekuva vachena, inotimanikidza kudzingirira magumo ekuderedza pfungwa.
Pamusoro peNyika Tsika
Mafungiro aFanon ari muchitsauko chino ndeekuti nekuda kweukolonialism uye hutongi hwemagariro hunoenda nekolonialism, nyanzvi dzekuzvarwa dzinopindura nekuramba tsika dzekuMadokero uye kugamuchira nhoroondo isati yatanga ukoloni uye mararamiro. Kuti atize kubva muhutongi hwetsika dzekuMadokero, Fanon anopokana kuti nyanzvi yekuzvarwa inonzwa kukosha kwekudzokera kumashure kumidzi yake isingazivikanwe. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vazivi vekuzvarwa vanoisa kukosha kwepamusoro patsika netsika dzeAfrica. "Sari inova tsvene, uye shangu dzinobva kuParis kana kuItaly dzakasiiwa dzichifarira pampooties, apo kamwe kamwe mutauro wesimba rinotonga unonzwika kupisa miromo yako."[xviii]
Fanon anonyora kuti nyanzvi dzekuzvarwa dzinopfuura nemuzvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana kusvika padanho iri. Danho rekutanga nderokuti munhu wepfungwa anogara achitora tsika yesimba rinotora uye zvese zvaari kurudziro ndezvekuEurope. Chikamu chechipiri chinoratidzwa nekukanganisika kwenyanzvi dzekuzvarwa. Muchikamu chino nyanzvi yekuzvarwa inosarudza kurangarira kuti ndiani uye zvaari. Chikamu chechitatu chinonzi Fanon chinodaidza chikamu chekurwa. Muchikamu chino munhu akangwara anozvishandura kuti ave mutsidzi wevanhu; "...saka panouya mabhuku ekurwa, mabhuku echimurenga, uye mabhuku enyika."[xix] Nekudaro, panguva iyo nyanzvi yekuzvarwa iri kuyedza kugadzira basa retsika "anotadza kuziva" kuti ari kushandisa hunyanzvi nemutauro unokweretwa kubva kumutongi, anonyora Fanon.
Kukosheswa kwedzimwe pfungwa dzekuMadokero uye chokwadi chekuti vamwe vanyori vepashure-vakoloni vanopesvedzerwa nevanyori vekuMadokero uye vanonyora mumitauro yeEurope haifanirwe kuratidzwa sekutadza kugadzira iro rechokwadi basa retsika repashure pekoloni, sezvinoratidzwa naFanon. Kunyora nemutauro wemuAfrica kana kutora mashoko evanyori vemuAfrica chete hazvireve kuti zvinoturikira mumutauro wekutanga. Muono unofambira mberi wepashure-ukoloni patsika (Albert, 2006[xx]) haifanirwe kupesana netsika dzakasiyana (kusanganisira tsika dzekuMadokero) nemaitiro adzo kana kudzikisira tsika dzakasiyana-siyana kuti dzive zita risinganyanyofanana. Iyo poindi, zvisinei, inofanirwa kuve yekunakidzwa nemabhenefiti avo uchipfuura mabheti ekutanga. Sezvo Albert anonongedza ruponeso chairwo rwetsika rwuri mukubvisa masangano erusaruraganda, kudzinga pfungwa dzevakoloni uye kushandura nharaunda yekoloni mukati meiyo nharaunda dzenhoroondo kuitira kuti vachengetedze nekupemberera mutsauko pasina kutyora kubatana. Dzidziso huru yemashure ekoloni inofanirwa kukurudzira vanhu kuti vasarudze nharaunda dzetsika dzavanoda pane kuti vakuru kana vamwe vetsanangudzo vatsanangure sarudzo yavo kwavari.[xxi]
Kutaura Nezve Race muPost-Colony
Vamwe vanyori vekuSouth Africa, vakaita saNeville Alexander, vanoti vanhu vemuSouth Africa vanofanirwa kurwira โchiroto chevanhu vasina dzinzaโ. Alexander anotsanangura kuti nzanga isina rusaruraganda kana kuti kusarurana kunoreva kusavapo kwerudzi sechinhu chipenyu chokutanga, uye "kuvakwa" kwerudzi sechikamu chemagariro uye nekudaro kugona kugadzirisa rudzi sechikamu chemagariro.[xxii]
Mubhuku rake rakanzi Sei Mujaho Hunokosha muSouth Africa,[xxiii] Michael MacDonald anopokana kuti kusarurana kunofanirwa kunge kuri chinangwa chekupedzisira munharaunda chero ipi zvayo, uye kuti kusarurana kune zvinangwa zvitatu, zvinoti, kukunda rusaruraganda, kubvisa rusaruraganda rwepamutemo, uye kusimudzira vagari vepasi rose. Achisimbisa nharo yake, MacDonald anonyora kuti rusaruraganda, kazhinji, kazhinji runobva uye runobvisa rusaruraganda.
Mutsara unowanikwa munharo dziri pamusoro apa ndewekuti mushure mehudzvanyiriri hweSouth Africa hunofanira kureva kupedzwa kwekusiyana kwemarudzi netsika. Kupokana kwangu kuti kuvepo kwekusiyana kwemarudzi uye hutungamiri hwemadzinza munharaunda yese yeSouth Africa hazvireve kuti tinofanira kubvisa kusiyana kwemarudzi netsika pane kuvepo kwevakadzi vakajeka kana vakavanzika. kana hutongi hwepabonde zvinoreva kuti tinofanira kubvisa kusiyana munzvimbo idzodzo (Albert, 2006[xxiv]) Zvingaita sekuti kuburikidza nekutsigira pfungwa ye "kusasarurana," vafungi vanotaura nezvemagariro eSouth Africa vanovhiringidza kusiyana kwetsika uye kusiyana kwemarudzi nekudzvinyirirwa kwetsika nemarudzi.
Kirasi uye Race Ongororo
Dingindira guru rinoratidzira gakava remagariro nehupfumi nderekuti South Africa iri kubva muhudzvanyiriri hwemarudzi ichienda muchikamu cheApartheid. Patrick Bond, anyanzvi munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika paUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal, yakatora pfungwa dzevazhinji apo yakanyora rondedzero ine musoro unoti โKubva Rusaruraganda Kuenda Kwekirasi Rusaruraganda: Makore Gumi Anoshungurudza eSouth Africa eRusununguko."[xxv]Muchinyorwa ichocho, chirevo chaBond ndechekuti South Africa yakaona kutsiviwa kwerusaruraganda nerusaruraganda rwuri kunzi rusaruraganda.
Echoing Bond, Devan Pillay, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu vekuSouth Africa paYunivhesiti yeWitwatersrand, anopikisa kuti mubvunzo wekutanga wezvematongerwo enyika wenguva yedu unofanira kunge uri mubvunzo wekirasi - mubvunzo wehurombo uye kusaenzana kwemagariro nehupfumi. Mubhuku ravo, Kirasi, Race uye Kusaenzana muSouth Africa,[xxvi] Jeremy Kutsvaga naNicoli Nattrass vanopokana nenzira dzakafanana. Vanonyora kuti pakupera kwerusaruraganda, hwaro hwekutanga hwekusaenzana hwakachinja kubva kurudzi kuenda kune rimwe kirasi. "Pakapera nguva yerusaruraganda, mhuri dzemuSouth Africa dzakanga dzakapfuma kana kuti dzine urombo zvichienderana nenhamba uye mari yaaitambira, uye mihoro yaibva padzidzo neunyanzvi. Ropafadzo dzaigona kuitwa pachishandiswa kirasi kwete rudzi. ."[xxvii]
Izvo Zvinotsvaga uye Nattrass zviri pachena kukanganwa ichokwadi chekuti nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemhedzisiro yerusaruro rwemarudzi uye udzvanyiriri, izvo zvinokonzeresa zvipingamupinyi zvakanangana nekuumbwa kwevakuru vatema; mhuri dzevachena dzine mukana wakakura wekuwana nhaka kana kubatsirikana kubva kuhupfumi hwemhuri kupfuura mhuri dzevatema (Wise, 2005[xxviii]) Tichitarisa kubva pakona iyi, munhu anokwanisa kutsanangura zviri kuitika munyaya dzezvehupfumi nemagariro muSouth Africa mushure merusaruraganda zvakanyanya kudarika kutaura kusina maturo kwokuti South Africa iri kubva murusaruraganda rwemarudzi.
Chinoshamisa, zvisinei, ndechekuti panoratidzika kunge paine kuvhiringika maererano nemafambiro anoita hupfumi hwakavakirwa pamusika. Maererano naAlbert,[xxix] hupfumi hwakavakirwa pamusika huchashandisa zvinotarisirwa zviripo zvenhengo dzenharaunda, setarisiro yerusaruraganda yekuti vachena vari pamusoro uye vanokwanisa kupfuura vatema, kumanikidza, uye, pazvinogoneka, kuwedzera maitiro ayo ehupfumi ekushandiswa. Humbowo huripo muSouth Africa mushure mehudzvanyiriri hunotsigira izvi.
Semuyenzaniso, maererano netsvakiridzo yakaitwa neHuman Sciences Research Council (HSRC), kuwedzera kusimba kwehurumende maererano neBlack Economic Empowerment (BEE) kubva muna 2000 kwaita kuti makambani makuru nemadiki, atsvage makambani evatema. .
โSaka Ernst & Young, semuenzaniso, vakanyora kuti zvichienzaniswa nezvibvumirano 132 zvekupa masimba kuvatema zvaikosha mabhiriyoni makumi maviri netatu nechidimbu muna 23.1, 1999 zvaikosha R126 bhiriyoni zvakaitwa muna 28, 2000 nemabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu muna 101, 25 pamabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri muna2001. uye 104 pamabhiriyoni makumi mana nemaviri emadhora muna 12โฆ.Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo nhamba idzi dzisingashamisi, hutongi hwevatema paJohannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) hwakasvika husingapfuure zvikamu zvina kubva muzana pakupera kwa2002, kunyange zvazvo musika wemasheya wakanga wawedzera. kuwedzera kwe189 muzana kwemari yemusika kusvika pamabhiriyoni mazana maviri nemazana mashanu.[xxx]
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, izvi zvinoreva kuti, BEE zvisinei, kutonga kwevatema kwehupfumi kuchiri kushoma. Saka, kuisa nharo yekuti mubvunzo wepakati wezvematongerwo enyika wenguva yedu unofanirwa kunge uri mubvunzo wekirasi, ndeye, zvakanyanya, kuwedzeredza nyaya, uye, zvakanyanya, kuve nehanya zvisina hanya.
Chave chokwadi chisingarambiki kuti rusaruraganda rwakasiya nhaka yekusaenzana. Zvakadaro, charatidza kuti chakonzera kupokana ndechekuti tinogadzirisa sei mamiriro ezvinhu. Maererano nePolity webhusaiti[xxxi], mamiriro ezvinhu anoonekwa nekusiyana mukugoverwa kwemabasa, mabasa uye mari, uye izvi zvinokonzerwa nemigumisiro yerusarura kuvanhu vatema.
Kuti zvinhu zvigadziriswe, hurumende yeSouth Africa yakaisa mutemo weEmployment Equity Act kuti ugadzirise zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi. Mutemo uyu wakavakirwa pafungidziro yekuti kuburikidza nemapurogiramu ekuita veruzhinji vanokwanisa kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwekare uye kugadzira kuenzana mumabasa.
Vatsoropodzi vakapindura nekunyora mapurogiramu akadai seaaffirmative action se "reverse racism." Semuyenzaniso, Neville Alexander yakaratidza kuti:
"kubvuma kusarurana kwepamusoro hakufanirwe kuve, kunyange zvingangoita, chitsigiro chekusarudzika kana kusabvisa chero munhu kana boka revanhu. Ichi ndicho musimboti wemaitiro asina rusarura ekusimudzira kubatana kwenyika uye kubatana kwevanhu pamwe nekubatana. Kana tichipikisana nemaonero aya. ,zvinenge zvese chaizvo [zvekusimbisa chiito] AA chiyero chinokonzeresa kukanganisa kubatana kwakadaro uye kubatana."[xxxii]
Sekureva kwaAlexander, zvirongwa zvekusimbisa zvinosimudzira kusazivikanwa kwemarudzi uye izvo zvine njodzi.
Kutsvaga uye Nattrass vanopokana kuti rusaruro rwakagadzirirwa vanhu vane ruvara muSouth Africa rwakapera muma1970. Vanonyora kuti muma1970 zvipingamupinyi zvemarudzi zvakatanga kuva zvishoma zvishoma uye, naizvozvo zvishoma kudzvinyirira, muchikamu chikuru nokuti mikana mitsva yebasa yakazaruka kune "vashandi veAfrica vakadzidza zviri nani."[xxxiii]
Zvakadaro, ongororo yakaitwa neHSRC inopikisa manyepo ekuti rusarura rwemasangano chinhu chekare. Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti varume vachena vanoramba vachitonga manejimendi nekupa masimba mubhizinesi, magariro uye tsika. Ongororo iyi inoti, mikana yevachena yakawanda, uye zviri nyore kuti vachena vawane zvikwereti, vatange bhizinesi, vawane mabasa uye vawane mari muhupenyu hwavo kupfuura zvinoita munhu mutema.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta