Cornel West, Richard D. Wolff uye I, pamwe chete nemutungamiri Laura Flanders. Ichi chiitiko chekutanga ichava chikamu chemusangano wemazuva maviri muNew York City inotsigirwa neKuruboshwe Forum, uye dzimwe pfumbamwe hurukuro naWest, Wolff neni tichatevera mune dzimwe nzvimbo gare gare gore rino.

Chiitiko cheSvondo chinenge chiri pamusoro paThomas Paine, munyori we“Common Sense,” “Kodzero Dzemunhu” uye “Nguva Yepfungwa”—zvinyorwa zvezvematongerwe enyika zvinoraviwa zvikurusa zvomuzana ramakore rechi 18, mabhuku akasimbisa mipimo iyo kumukira kunoitwa nayo. pahunhu uye nemutemo zvinotenderwa. Tichabvunza kana mamiriro ekumukira akaiswa naPaine akasangana nekukwira kwehurumende yemubatanidzwa. Ko kushevedzera kwaPaine kwekupidigura hudzvanyiriri hweBritain kunofanira kukurudzira isu pachedu kudaidzira kwechimurenga here? Uye kana zvichifanira, kutaura Vladimir Lenin, chii chinofanira kuitwa?

Thomas Paine ndiye muAmerica mumwechete mukuru wechimurenga theorist. Takaburitsa vanhu vakawanda vanoyemurika vane mhirizhonga—Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Dorothy Day naNoam Chomsky—uye vatungamiri vane utsinye vakabuda mumapoka akadzvinyirirwa—Sitting Bull, Frederick Douglass, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Fannie Lou Hamer, Martin Luther King Mwana. , Malcolm X, Cornel West uye bell hooks—asi hatina tsika yevanomukira hurumende. Izvi zvinoita kuti Paine ave akasiyana.

Kungwara kwaPaine semunyori — chinyorwa chake “Common Sense” ndechimwe chezvinyorwa zvakanakisa zvekunyora mumutauro weChirungu — chinofananidzwa nekunzwisisa kwake kwakajeka uye kusinganzwisisike kwesimba rehumambo hweBritain. Hapana munhu anopandukira hurumende anogona kupikisa simba kana asinganzwisisi kuti simba rinoshanda sei. Izvi zvinoita bhuku raSheldon Wolin"Democracy Incorporated" uye pfungwa yake ye “inverted totalitarianism” yakakosha kwatiri nhasi sezvakanyorwa naPaine nezvehunhu hwehumambo hweBritain muna 1776.

Paive nevatungamiriri vazhinji vekuAmerica, kusanganisira Benjamin Franklin, aitarisira kugadzira pekugara neBritish korona kuti America irambe iri koloni yeBritish, sekufunga kwavakawanda kuti vanogona kushanda kuburikidza nemaitiro echinyakare emasimba, kusanganisira zvematongerwo enyika esarudzo uye hurongwa hwekutonga, kuvandudza simba rekambani. Paine, chikamu nokuti haana kuuya kuAmerica kubva kuEngland kusvikira ava nemakore 37, akanzwisisa kuti korona yeBritish yakanga isina chido chekugara; nhasi, hurumende yemubatanidzwa nenzira yakafanana haina chido chekupa chero zvibvumirano. Rakava basa raPaine kutsanangurira vateereri vake vekuAmerica chokwadi chesimba reBritish uye kuti kupikisa kwaizosanganisirei. Paine aiziva kuti humambo hweBritain, hwaive nesimba rehumambo hwepasi rose hunoshandiswa neAmerica nhasi, hwakapofumadzwa nehubris hwahwo uye kugona kwemauto. Yakanga yarasikirwa nekukwanisa kuteerera uye somugumisiro yakanga yarasikirwa nekukwanisa kuita sarudzo dzine musoro. Vagari vomuNew York vaizoziva izvi apo ngarava dzehondo dzeBritain nemauto ehondo akakomba guta racho.

Paine akagadzira mutauro mutsva wezvematongerwo enyika. Akanyora mucrystalline prose. “Common Sense” yakaraviwa nemazana ezviuru. Yakanga iri yekutanga rondedzero yezvematongerwo enyika muEnlightenment Europe kudaidza kupatsanurwa pakati civil society uye nyika, mashoko ayo vanyori vakawanda vaifunga kuti anogona kuchinjaniswa. Veruzhinji, Paine akapokana, anofanirwa kugara achiita seanopikisa nyika mudemokrasi. Simba, akanyevera, kunyange mudemokrasi, rinotakura mukati maro mhodzi dzoudzvanyiriri.

Paine, sezvakaitwa naGeorge Orwell naJames Baldwin gare gare, akashandisa peni yake sechombo. Chakanga chiri chombo chaityiwa zvikuru namamonarchies muEurope, pamwe chete navaJacobins muFrance, avo vakasunga Paine ndokuronga kumuuraya nokuda kwokushora Kutonga Kwekutyisa. Akataura chokwadi chisingarambiki. Akadana vaverengi vake kuti vaite maererano nechokwadi ichocho. "Vavariro yangu uye chinangwa mumabasa angu ese ezvematongerwo enyika, kutanga neCommon Sense," Paine akarangarira muna 1806, "... kwave kuri kununura munhu kubva muhudzvanyiriri nehurongwa hwemanyepo nemisimboti yenhema yehurumende, uye kumugonesa kusununguka."

"Kune rusununguko, kune nyika yangu," Benjamin Franklin akambotaura kuna Paine. “Pasina rusununguko, pane nyika yangu,” Paine akapindura kudaro. Kuna Paine, basa remugari rakatambanudzwa kupfuura miganhu yenyika. Hondo yeavo vairarama pasi pegadziriro ipi neipi youdzvinyiriri yakanga iri hondo yake. “Pazvichanzi munyika ipi neipi yapanyika, ‘Varombo vangu vanofara; nokusaziva kana nhamo hazviwanikwi pakati pavo; mutirongo dzangu hadzina vasungwa, nzira dzangu dzavarombo; vatana havashayiwi, mutero haudzvinyiriri; nyika ine mufungo ishamwari yangu, nokuti ndiri shamwari yomufaro’: apo zvinhu izvi zvinogona kutaurwa,” Paine akanyora kudaro, “ipapo nyika iyoyo ngaizvirumbidze pamusoro pebumbiro rayo remitemo uye hurumende yayo.”

Kiyi yekuchinja kwevanhu, sezvakataurwa naEric Foner mu "Tom Paine neRevolutionary America," "kuchinja kwechimiro chemutauro pachawo, mukubuda kwemashoko matsva uye mumashoko ekare achitora revo itsva." Kushevedzera kwechimurenga kwakasimudzirwa naPaine, savanyori vakadai saJean-Jacques Rousseau, kwakauya kupfurikidza nomutauro mutsva wokufunga kwenyika, panzvimbo pomutauro wekare worudzidziso rwechivanhu. Asi Paine, kusiyana naRousseau nevamwe vazivi, akanyora mumutauro wezuva nezuva wevanhu vanoshanda. Akatora kubva pane zvakaitika kwavari. Uye aive munyori wekutanga kuwedzera gakava rezvematongerwo enyika kupfuura masalon akacheneswa kumataveni. Akavenga erudite, florid prose yevazivi vakadai saEdmund Burke, achidana rudzi irworwo rwemutauro weuzivi uye wedzidzo "Bastilles yeshoko." Akaona rusununguko sechinhu chakanyatsobatanidzwa nemutauro. Uye aiziva kuti avo vanotsvaga kutonga masimba vanogara vachidzokera mumutauro usingasvikirike kuvanhu vazhinji. Kujeka kwaPaine kuchafanirwa kudzokororwa. Nesuwo tichafanira kutanga mutauro mutsva. Tichafanirwa kutaura chokwadi chedu kuburikidza necommunitarian munguva yezviwanikwa zvishoma pane mutauro we capitalism. Uye isu tichafanirwa kuita izvi nenzira inosvikika. Foner inotaura izvi seimwe yezvakakosha zvikuru zvakaitwa naPaine:

Paine akanga ari mumwe wevasiki vouyu mutauro wenyika weshanduko, mutauro umo kusagutsikana kusingagumi, zvishuvo zvemireniyumu namagamuchidzanwa akakurumbira zvakaratidzirwa mumashoko matsva anoshamisa. Sirogani dzimene nemheremhere yatinobatanidza neshanduko dzekupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nesere zvinobva muzvinyorwa zvaPaine: “kodzero dzomunhu,” “zera rokurangarira,” “zera rokumukira” uye “nguva dzinoedza mweya yavanhu. ” Paine akabatsira kushandura zvinoreva mazwi akakosha ehurukuro yezvematongerwo enyika. InZviri pachena akanga ari pakati pevanyori vokutanga kushandisa “republic” nenzira yakanaka panzvimbo pokuzvidza; mu Kodzero dzeMunhu akasiya tsananguro yekare ye "democracy," senyika umo mugari wega wega akatora chikamu zvakananga muhurumende, uye akagadzira chirevo chayo chakafaranuka, chinofadza zvikuru chemazuva ano. Kunyange shoko rokuti “chimurenga” rakashandurwa mukunyora kwake, kubva pashoko rakabva pakufamba kwemapuraneti uye richireva maonero anotenderera enhoroondo kuenda kune anoreva kuchinja kukuru uye kusingadzoreki kwenzanga nezvematongerwe enyika.

Paine akanzwisisawo izvo hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hunoita kumweya. Hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri-uye pano hurumende yemubatanidzwa inoshanda semuenzaniso wemazuva ano-kuita hondo pakufunga uye kufunga kwakanaka. Vanocherekedza kutaura kwakasununguka uye kusangana kwakasununguka. Vanozvidza uye vanonyaradza vatsoropodzi. Ivo vanoita kuti masangano ese azviise pasi pehudzvanyiriri, kana kwatiri isu simba rekambani. Vanoshandisa mashoko anoparadzirwa asingaperi kuti vabire vanhu mutauro wacho kuti vatsanangure chokwadi chavo chezuva nezuva. Vanoita kuti vaparadzane nezvematongerwo enyika. Avo vanogara pasi pehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, Paine akadaro, pakupedzisira vanorasikirwa nekukwanisa kutaura zvinovanetsa zvakanyanya uye zvichemo. Uye kudzvinyirira uku, Paine akanzwisisa, kune mhedzisiro. “Vanhu ngavataure mirangariro yavo norusununguko,” akanyora kudaro Paine, “uye kutsamwa kwavo kubhururuke somoto unopfuta pamusoro; vanopfutidza, vanotaurirana sepfuti yakaparadzirwa; asi kuputika kwacho hakuna ruzha kana kuti kune ngozi—vachengete vakadzorwa, iwo moto uri pasi pevhu, une kudzvinyirirwa kusingaoneki kutozosvikira waputika nokudengenyeka kwapasi kana kuti gomo rinoputika.” Pakupedzisira, Paine akanzwisisa kuti hondo inogara iri basa rinofarirwa nevadzvanyiriri, nekuti, sekunyora kwaakaita, hondo ndiyo "hunyanzvi hwekukunda kumba."

Paine, uyo akaramba kuwana mhindu kubva pane zvaakanyora, akatambura nokuda kwoushingi hwake. Paakadzokera kuEngland, kwaakanyora kuti “Kodzero Dzomunhu,” akatambudzwa, sezvaaizotambudzwa muFrance nomuAmerica pakudzoka kwake kwokupedzisira. John Keane mune yake biography "Tom Paine: Hupenyu Hwezvematongerwo enyika" anotsanangura zvimwe zvezvakatsungirirwa naPaine seyakakura mukupera kwezana ramakore re18th England.

Vasori vehurumende vaimushora nguva dzose mumigwagwa yeLondon, vachitumira mishumo yakawanda kuhofisi yeMunyori Wezvemukati menyika. Idzo mativi enhau aishanda semutauriri wehurumende akamurova nechisimba. "Zvinokurudzirwa nemoyo wese kuna Mad Tom," akapopotaTimes, "kuti aende kuFrance, uye kuti agadziriswe munyonganiso yenguva dzose yedemokrasi." Mabroadsheets ane "tsamba dzakabatwa kubva kuna Satani kuenda kuCitizen Paine" dzakamufananidzira sechikara chine moyo mitatu, chinofema moto, chainzi "Tom Stich." Mabhii akazaruka, aiwanzonyorwa zvakafanana asi akasainwa nemazita echinyoreso akasiyana, aitenderedzwa mumatavern uye mudzimba dzokudyira. “Hama Weavers neArtificers,” vakadanidzira “murume munyoro” kuvagari veManchester neSalford, “Musatirega tichimbundirwa naVaPaine, vanotiudza Zvokwadi dzakawanda zvikuru, mubhuku ravo, kuti tisundire kure Nhema.” Mazana emharidzo nemasatire anonangidzirwa kuPaine akaburitswa, mazhinji acho akanyorwa zvisingazivikanwe kune vanhuwo zvavo nevepamusoro-kirasi vavengi vanonyepedzera sevanhuwo zvavo.

Simba raPaine, sezvakaitika kuna Orwell kana Baldwin, raiva rekuti akaramba kuva muparidzi weparagandist. Anogona kunge akagamuchira Chimurenga cheAmerica, sezvaakagamuchira Chimurenga cheFrance, asi aive mutsigiri anotyisa uye muvengi wekushandiswa kwehugandanga sechombo chezvematongerwo enyika, chimiro chaakapedzisira asungwa muFrance yechimurenga. Akabvunza vapanduki veAmerica "netsika dzipi, kana hunhu" "vanogona kunyunyuta zvakanyanya nekuedza kuvaita nhapwa, nepo vachibata mazana ezviuru muuranda." Akasimuka muNational Convention muFrance, kwaakange ari mumwe wevatorwa vaviri vakabvumidzwa kusarudzwa uye kugara senhumwa, kuti vashore kudanwa mukamuri kuti vauraye mambo, Louis XVI. "Iye achaita kuti rusununguko rwake ruve rwakachengeteka anofanira kuchengetedza kunyange muvengi wake kubva pakudzvinyirirwa," akadaro Paine. "Nekuti kana akatyora basa iri anogadza muenzaniso unozosvika kwaari." Matongerwo enyika asina kutariswa, akanyevera, angave akadzvinyirira semadzimambo asina kutariswa. Aivenga manyawi uye kuzvikudza kwesimba neropafadzo, achichengeta kuvimbika kwake kuboka revashandi raakakurira. “Mazita akakwirira” akafanana naIshe Wangu, iye akanyora, anobatira bedzi “kuvhundutsa kushatisa kwokudavira mashura” ndokuvaita kuti va“yemure muhukuru, uipi hwavaizoshora nomutoo wokutendeseka mavari vamene.” Akaseka zvake kodzero youmwari yamadzimambo. Umambo hweBritain, uhwo hwakazvironda humene shure mazana manomwe amakore kusvikira kuna William Mukundi, iye akanyora kudaro, hwakanga hwavambwa no“mupfanha weFrance aimhanyirwa nemakororo ane zvombo uye achizvigadza amene kuva mambo weEngland mukupesana nemvumo yavagari vemo.” Uye aivenga kutenda mashura nesimba redzidziso dzechitendero, achienzanisa chitendero chechiKristu nengano dzechiGiriki. “Masangano ose enyika emachechi, angava echiJudha, echiKristu kana kuti eTurkey, anongoonekwa kwandiri kunze kwezvakagadzirwa nevanhu, zvakagadzirirwa kutyisa nokuita varanda, uye kudzora simba nepurofiti,” akanyora kudaro. Paine akataura kuti “vanhu vakanaka” vaizopwanya mahwindo aMwari wechiKristu kana aigara pasi pano.

Kuzvipira kwake kusingaregi kuchokwadi nekururamisira, pamwe nekupanduka kwake kusingaperi, akamuona gare gare achinyombwa nevatungamiriri venyika itsva yeAmerica, avo vaive vasina kufarira nzanga yakaenzana inotsigirwa naPaine. Paine akarwisa vaimbove varwiri verusununguko vakaita saGeorge Washington kuUnited States naMaximilien Robespierre kuFrance avo vakashandisa masimba zvisirizvo muzita re“vanhu.” Akadzingwa muEngland nehurumende yaWilliam Pitt uyezve, mushure merinenge gore mujeri, akadzingwa kubva kuJacobin France. Panguva iyoyo akanga ava harahwa, uye kunyange vaimbove shasha dzake, mumakwikwi akanyatsorongwa ekutuka, vaigara vachimushora pamusana pechitendero chake nezvematongerwo enyika. Mapepanhau akakurumbira muAmerica akamuramba so“mutendi akadhakwa.” Asi Paine haana kumbobva papfungwa yekuti rusununguko rwaireva rusununguko rwekutaura chokwadi kunyangwe pasina aida kuzvinzwa. Akafa, zvakanyanya kukanganwika, ari murombo muNew York City. Vanhu vatanhatu vakaenda kumariro ake. Vaviri vacho vaive vatema.

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