Kunobva: Chokwadi
Iyo hombe yeCCIDID-19 yekudzivirira yekudzivirira gaka pakati penyika dzakapfuma nedzirombo inofumura dambudziko rinouraya rekodzero dzehungwaru (IP) uye simba rine njodzi reBig Pharma. Inoburitsawo mumashoko akajeka kukundikana kwehurongwa hwese hwemitemo yekutengeserana pasi rose inodzorwa neWorld Trade Organisation (WTO). Muhurukuro ino yakasarudzika ye Zvakashata, Jayati Ghosh, mumwe wevanotungamira hupfumi hwenyika, vanoparura mubvunzo wekodzero dzepfuma ine chekuita nejekiseni uye vanoti WTO imotokari yeimperialism yepasirese. Ghosh akadzidzisa zvehupfumi paJawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, kwemakore anoda kusvika 35, uye anga ari purofesa wezvehupfumi paYunivhesiti yeMassachusetts paAmherst kubva 2021. Gore rino, United Nations yakamutumidza kuti ave muHigh-Level Advisory Board pamusoro pe. Economics uye Social Affairs.
CJ Polychroniou: Dambudziko rehutano reCCIDID-19 rakaunza pamusoro nyaya dzakawanda, matambudziko uye zvikanganiso zvine chekuita nekushanda kwenyika yemacapitalist, isingaite iyo iri mitemo yeWTO pamusoro. ruzivo rwehupfumi kodzero dzine chekuita nemajekiseni. Ndedzipi chokwadi uye ngano dziri kumashure kweWTO's intellectual property mitemo?
Jayat Ghosh: Intellectual Property inotongwa pasi rose nechibvumirano cheWorld Trade Organisation chinonzi Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) chibvumirano. Ichi chibvumirano chaive icho pachacho mhedzisiro yekushanda kwekambani yekukurudzira: Susan Sell akapa yakadzama uye inoparadza account pamusoro pekuti varume gumi nevaviri vane simba kubva ku pharma, software uye varaidzo vakakurudzira zvakadii kuita kuti hurumende yeUS isimbirire pakubatanidzwa kwechibvumirano ichi museti yezvibvumirano zvakakurukurwa kuUruguay Round yeGATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), iyo yakasainwa muna 12. Chibvumirano cheTRIPS chakapindira mumitemo yenyika dzese dziri nhengo, nekuisa mutoro wehumbowo kune ari kupomerwa kwete kumupomeri, kutora tsananguro yakasununguka ye "zvakagadzirwa" iyo yaibvumira kudzora kwakavanzika kweruzivo, uyezve nekuita zvese. iyo mitemo yakanyanya kuomesesa uye yakanyanya kuomesesa zvekuti zvakava nyore kutaura kutyora. Izvi zvinopa humbowo pamusoro pezivo iyo makambani anogona kushandisa kudzikamisa kugadzirwa uye kuwedzera iwo ega emusika simba. Mumakumi emakore adarika, ichi chave chipingamupinyi chikuru pakuparadzirwa kweruzivo uye tekinoroji kune zvakanaka, uye zvakanyanya kubatsira makambani makuru ave akabata mazhinji eIP kodzero pasi rose.
Patents nemimwe mitemo yezvivakwa zvehungwaru zvinowanzoonekwa sekupa mubairo wemari unodiwa wekugadzira / hunyanzvi, pasina iyo shanduko yetekinoroji yaisazoitika kana kuve yakawandisa. Indasitiri yemishonga inopikisa kuti mari yekugadzira mishonga mitsva yakakwira zvikuru uye kune njodzi huru dziripo, nokuti mishonga yacho inogona kusabudirira kunyange pashure pemakore ekuedza, uye naizvozvo vanofanira kupiwa kodzero dzepfuma pamusoro peruzivo urwu uye kubvumirwa kubhadharisa mitengo yakakwirira. pashure.
Asi chaizvo, makambani emishonga anowanzoita "yekupedzisira mamaira" tsvakiridzo yemishonga mizhinji, vaccine uye marapirwo: iyo yakawanda yetsvakiridzo - kwete yekutanga sainzi, asiwo zvakatowanda zvakawanikwa zvinogonesa kubudirira - zvinopihwa mari pachena. Makambani makuru ari kuramba achingowana anovimbisa makomisheni uye rumwe ruzivo kubva kumalabhu nemakambani madiki anobatsirwa nekudyara kweveruzhinji. Makambani ePharma muU.S., semuenzaniso, ane akashandisa zvishoma paR&D - zvishoma kudarika zvavanoshandisa pakushambadzira uye kutengesa, uye chikamu chiduku chezvavanobhadhara kune vagoveri vemugove kana kushandisa muzvikamu zvekutenga zvakagadzirirwa kuwedzera mitengo yemasheya.
Uye zvakare, mune chaiyo nyaya yeCCIDID-19 vaccines, makambani makuru emishonga kwete chete vakabatsirwa netsvakiridzo yakapihwa mari neveruzhinji uye kuderedzwa kwemitengo yekuongororwa kwekiriniki nekuda kwevazhinji vakazvipira vasingabhadharwe kumiyedzo, vakawana rubatsiro rwakakura kubva kuhurumende dzakabhadhara mari yavo yeR&D. MuU.S. chete, iyo Makambani makuru matanhatu ekudzivirira akagamuchira mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri emadhora murubatsiro rweveruzhinji; dzimwe hurumende dzenyika dzakapfuma dzakapawo rubatsiro kumakambani aya ekugadzira mishonga yekudzivirira iyi. Zvakadaro makambani akapihwa kodzero dzakasarudzika pamusoro peruzivo urwu, rwavave kushandisa kudzikamisa kupihwa uye kuchengetedza mitengo yakakwira kunyangwe denda repasi rose richienderera mberi munyika dzichiri kusimukira.
MuUS chete, makambani makuru matanhatu ekudzivirira akagamuchira mari inodarika mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri erubatsiro rweveruzhinji.
Funga nezvejekiseni reAstraZeneca, rakagadzirwa nerabhoritari inopihwa mari neveruzhinji muOxford University. Yekutanga yekugovera modhi yaive yepuratifomu yerezinesi yakavhurika, yakagadzirirwa kuita kuti jekiseni riwanikwe pachena kune chero mugadziri. Nekudaro, iyo Gates Foundation, iyo yakanga yapa $750 miriyoni kuOxford yetsvakiridzo ine chekuita nehutano, yakanyengetedza yunivhesiti kusaina. dhiri yakasarudzika yekudzivirira neAstraZeneca izvo zvakapa hofori yemishonga yega kodzero. Kambani yakavimbisa kusaita purofiti pamushonga panguva yedenda, asi nekuda kwemakwikwi emadhora uye opacity muzvibvumirano, iyo huwandu hwemitengo yakashumwa yejekiseni yakakura, kubva pamadhora 2.19 kusvika pamadhora makumi mana pamushonga. Makambani makuru emishonga anogadzira COVID-40 vaccine ari kutofungidzira purofiti yakakura muna 19 nekuda kwekushomeka kwakagadzirwa zvisirizvo [kunoitwa ne] kutonga pamusoro peruzivo.
Muna Gumiguru 2020, South Africa neIndia dzakakurudzira kubviswa kwekodzero dzeIP dzekudzivirira kweCOVID-19. Nekufamba kwaisatarisirwa asi kunogamuchirwa, manejimendi eBiden akatsigirawo kuregererwa uye akakurudzira dzimwe nyika kuti dziite zvimwe chete nekuda kwemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa. Danho iri rawana rutsigiro kubva kunyika dzinodarika zana nemakumi maviri, asi rakashorwa nemakambani anogadzira mishonga. Kuregera kunofanira kunge kuri kwechinguvana here, kana kushanda zvachose kune ese akavanzika patent patekinoroji, ruzivo uye majekiseni ane hukama neCCIDID-120 nemishonga yakakosha?
India neSouth Africa yakakumbira WTO kuti ibvumidze nyika dzese kuti dzisarudze kusapa kana kumanikidza patent uye imwe IP ine chekuita neCCIDID-19 mishonga, vaccine, diagnostics, uye humwe hunyanzvi hwenguva yedenda, kudzamara kusadzivirirwa kwemombe pasi rose kwaitwa. Kuregera uku kwaizongoshanda kune COVID-19-inoenderana nejekiseni, mishonga uye marapirwo; hazvireve kuregera kubva pane zvese zvisungo zveTRIPS. Ivo vanogona zvakare kubatana zviri nyore mukutsvagisa nekusimudzira, kuendesa tekinoroji, kugadzira, kukwidza uye kupa COVID-19 maturusi.
Zviri pachena kuti hurongwa hwese hwehutano hune hutano hutsva, hunotsigirwa uye hunotsigirwa neveruzhinji, hunofanirwa kuvandudzwa kuti huve nechokwadi chekuti hunoshanda kune veruzhinji pasi rose.
Uku kuda kushoma, izvo zvinogadzira gakava riri muchibvumirano cheTRIPS chekuti mitemo yezvivakwa zveuchenjeri inogona kuregererwa "mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana." Zvose zvainoita kuchengetedza nyika kubva pakuita nzira dzekutengeserana-makakatanwa dzakaunzwa kwavari nehurumende dzakapfuma muWTO - haiiti kuti ruzivo rwekuendeswa kwezivo inodiwa, iyo inodiwa mamwe matanho: semuenzaniso, nehurumende dzinomanikidza makambani. iyo yakabatsirwa nerubatsiro rweveruzhinji kugovera tekinoroji yavo nevamwe vanogadzira.
Vamwe vanopikisa kuti chibvumirano cheTRIPS chatova nechikamu chinosungirwa kupihwa rezenisi nenyika dzine hunyanzvi hwekugadzira izvo zvinopa shanduko pamatendi. Asi izvi zvakashomeka muhukuru uye zvinopedza nguva, nekuti zvinofanirwa kuitwa chinhu-ne-chimwe chinhu pakati pemakambani, uye zvinozogona kuve pasi pekukakavadzana muWTO.
Kunyangwe ichi chishuwo chidiki chiri kurwiwa zino-ne-nail nemakambani emishonga (uye nekudaro nedzimwe hurumende dzakapfuma dzenyika). Nhau dzakanaka kuti Mutungamiriri Biden vasiya kupokana neUS pakuregera uku, asi hurumende dzinoverengeka dzeEurope dzine makambani makuru emishonga dzichiri kupokana nazvo. Izvi zvinokatyamadza, nekuti kumiswa kwakadaro kwaizobatsirawo veruzhinji kana kukaita kuti vajekiseni vawanikwe nekukurumidza, uye kuwanda kwaizoderedza mitengo yemamwe majekiseni, zvichiita kuti zvidhure kuhurumende nevateresi pasirese, vaine tarisiro yekuzounza denda pasi. control.
Iyi ndiyo system yakaputsika uye inoda kugadziriswa nekukurumidza. Ivo chete vanobatsirwa makambani makuru emishonga - vanhu pasi rese vanotambura, uye nemamwe mabhizinesi, sezvo zviitiko zvehupfumi zvisingagone kupora chero hutachiona huchiramba huchipararira nekuparadza hupenyu nemararamiro. Ikozvino kudiwa kwekuregererwa kunoshanda chete padenda iri, asi zviri pachena kuti hurongwa hwese hwekuvandudza hutano, hunotsigirwa uye hunopihwa mari neveruzhinji, hunofanirwa kugadziridzwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti hunoshanda kubatsira veruzhinji munharaunda yese. nyika. Zvikasadaro, kutyisidzira kwehutano mune ramangwana kuchavawo kwakaoma kurwisa pamwe chete. Kunyangwe mushumo wechangobva kuitika weUN Secretary General High-Level Panel paKuwana Mishonga vakanga vakurudzira kuti hurumende dziwedzere mari yadzo muzvinhu zvitsva zvine chekuita neutano uye kuti ive nechokwadi chekuwaniswa kwezvakabuda kuburikidza nekudzivirira kuchengetedzwa kweruzivo.
Zvakadiniko nezvezvakavanzika zvekutengeserana sekirasi yekodzero dzakachengetedzwa kune vane kodzero dzepfuma yepfungwa? Vanofanira kumiswawo here?
Chikumbiro chazvino muWTO chinobvunza nenzira kwayo kuregerwa pane zvese zvehungwaru zvine chekuita nekudzivirira, diagnostic uye maturusi ekurapa, nekuti mazhinji ezvirambidzo mukupihwa zvinobva kune dzimwe kodzero dzeIP senge idzo dzekugadzira maindasitiri uye zvakavanzika zvekutengesa.
Chibvumirano cheTRIPS muenzaniso wakanyanyisa wekuti mitemo yeWTO inokanganisa sei nzvimbo yenyika dzichiri kusimukira, asi haisiriyo yega.
Semuyenzaniso, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kune anosvika makumi matanhatu nemana ekodzero dzakasiyana dzeIP dzakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yekudzivirira mRNA, iyo yakapihwa rezinesi kuModerna nePfizer - asi vagadziri vatsva vanozofanira kunyorerawo marezinesi ese aya. Kuregererwa kwaizogadzirisa dambudziko iroro. Asi, ndinodzokorora kuti kuregera kweTRIPS idanho rekutanga. Izvo hazvivimbise kuti ruzivo rwunodiwa ruchagovaniswa - nekuda kweizvozvo, imwe dzvinyiriro inoda kushandiswa nehurumende kumakambani ane hanya.
Zvakapokana kuti mitemo yeWTO inoganhurira nzvimbo yemitemo yenyika dzichiri kusimukira kunyanya. Saka sei, uye kutengeserana kwenyika kunoda chaizvo World Trade Organisation?
Chibvumirano cheTRIPS muenzaniso wakanyanyisa wekuti mitemo yeWTO inokanganisa sei nzvimbo yenyika dzichiri kusimukira, asi haisiriyo yega. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zveWTO zvinoshanda kudzikamisa mitemo yebudiriro yenyika, kusanganisira nzira zhinji dzakatorwa nenyika dzakapfuma padzakanga dziri padanho rebudiriro. Nyika zhinji dzakasimukira dzakadzivirira โmaindasitiri evacheche,โ kubva kuU. zana remakore. Zvakadaro mazhinji emitemo yavakatora haichatenderwe neWTO nezvibvumirano zvayo zvakasiyana.
Kunyangwe zvibodzwa zvepasi rose zvinodikanwa zvezvakatipoteredza zvinotyisidzirwa nemabatiro anoita WTO.
Kunyangwe zvinonetsa zvakaita sekudzivirira nzara uye kuona kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu kune varombo zviri munjodzi. India payakada kuita mutemo weNational Food Security Act uyo waizopa mukana wekuwana chikafu chezviyo zvishoma pakati pevarombo nekutenga izvi kubva kuvarimi uye kutengesa nemutengo wakaderera kudzimba dzevarombo, yakabva yatarisana nekupokana nazvo muWTO yakaunzwa. nehurumende yeU.S. Kupokana uku kwaivimba nemazwi akadzama muChibvumirano cheWTO chezvekurima, chinodzivirira izvi kunyangwe zvichibvumidza iyo US kushandisa mari yakapetwa iyi mukupa zvitambi zvekudya kune varombo vayo. India yaifanira kutamburira kuwana "Peace Clause" kuibvumidza kuenderera mberi nechirongwa chekugovera chikafu cheveruzhinji, asi gakava richiri pairi.
Saizvozvo, nyika dzakabudirira dzinoramba dzichida kuti nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzideredzewo kabhoni yadzo (kunyangwe kuburitsa kwadzo pamunhu kuri kudiki kana kuchienzaniswa neiyo yeGlobal North). Asi pavanoedza kusimudzira simba rinogoneka kuburikidza nekupa rubatsiro, vanotarisana zvakare nenyaya muWTO. Vese China neIndia vakatotarisana nemakakatanwa akaunzwa neWTO vachipesana nerubatsiro rwavakapa kuvagadziri vemagetsi ezuva nemhepo. Saka kunyangwe zvibodzwa zvepasi rose zvinodikanwa zvezvakatipoteredza zvinotyisidzirwa nemabatiro anoita WTO.
Ichokwadi kuti munyika isina kuenzana umo masimba ehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika akagovaniswa zvisina kuenzana, kudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda kunogara kuri nani pane mamiriro ayo vatambi vane simba vanogona kutora nyika dzisina kusimba mumwe nemumwe. Asi mashandiro akaita WTO anomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pekugona kwayo kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwesimba uku. Pane kudaro, yagara iri imwe yenzira dzakasiyana-siyana umo mavakirwo emutemo epasi rose anoshanda kutsigira imperialism.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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