The Movement of Mortgage Victims ndeimwe yemafambiro akasimba eSpain. Carlos Delclós anotaura nemurongi wePAH Elvi Mármol nezve kiyi yekubudirira kwavo.
Iyo nyaya yeSpain yehupfumi, magariro uye zvematongerwo enyika dambudziko ndechimwe chezvivakwa, zvinodiwa uye kukosha. Uye pamwoyo wenyaya iyoyo pane mubvunzo unozivikanwa kusvika padanho rekuti: chii chinoita kuti imba ive imba? Zvinganzwika sezvisina basa, asi munyika umo mhuri dziri kurara mumugwagwa, zvivakwa zvese zvekuvaka hazvina vagari, uye dzimba dzinoramba dzisingasvikike kune ruzhinji rwevanhu (zvisinei nekuwanda kwezviratidzo zve "For Sale" mudhorobha. landscape), mubvunzo unoramba usina kupindurwa nevagadziri vemitemo.
Kweanopfuura makore mana, the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH kana kuti "Mortgage Victims' Platform", muChirungu) vakatsvaga mhinduro iri nyore uye yenhetembo kumubvunzo uyu: vanhu vanogara pamwe chete, kune mumwe nemumwe. Mushandirapamwe wavo wekubatsirana, kubatana uye kusateerera kwehurumende kunorova pakati pesimba reSpain, uye zvisinei nekuvharirwa kunowanzo kurira, vakagamuchira. tsigira kusvika ku90% yevanhu.
Kuti tinzwisise nezverutsigiro runoshamisa rwePAH, praxis inoshandura zvakanyanya uye matambudziko emasangano avanotarisana nawo, nguva pfupi yadarika ndakataura naElvi Mármol, muratidziri wePAH anobva kuguta reSabadell, kuchamhembe kweBarcelona. Kunyangwe akashanda kwemakore akati wandei seakaunzi, nhasi anozvishandira ari mumiririri wekutengesa. Izvi, anodaro, zvinomupa nguva yakati wandei yekupira kuPAH. Iye inhengo yePAH Sabadell's Cases Committee uye maneja wenharaunda kune yavo social network, pamwe nenhengo yeCollective Bargaining uye International Committees yePAH Catalonia.
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Wakauya sei kuzojoinha PAH?
Elvi Mármol (EM): Kufanana nevanhu vazhinji, ndakasvika paPAH pakati nepakati ne2011 kuburikidza ne15M kufamba. Ndakanga ndisiri chikamu chechikwata che15M muguta rangu, asi ndakagamuchira kabhuku kaikurudzira hurukuro nePAH panzvimbo yepakatarisana nehoro yeguta. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, ndakanga ndangonzwa nezvekufamba kuburikidza nevezvenhau uye ndisingazive kuti yaivepo muSabadell, saka ndakasvetuka pamukana ndokuenda kuhurukuro. Ndaiziva kuti ruzivo rwangu rwezvigadzirwa zvemari uye ruzivo rwangu mukubvunzana kwemari uye nhaurirano dzebhangi zvaizobatsira, saka ndakabva ndatanga kushanda ipapo. Ndakakwanisa kupa, asi chandaisaziva ndechekuti PAH yaizondibatsira zvakadii - zvakanyanya zvekuti taifanira kuita imwe bvunzurudzo.
Chii chakakurudzira kusikwa kwePAH?
IN: Muna 2007, mitengo yedzimba yakanga iri pamusoro-soro. Kana tikafunga nezvemitengo isingaenzaniswi iyi pamwe nekukwira kuri kuita mubereko uye kuderera kwemari yavanotambira (sezvo hurovha hwakabva pa8.3% muna 2006 kusvika pa17% muna 2009), tinozviwana tave neruzhinji rwevarombo uye vane zvikwereti, tichigara tichitya ramangwana risina kujeka.
Mu 2006, the V de Vivienda kufamba (kureva V yeVendetta iro rinoturikira ku “V for Housing”) akaberekerwa muBarcelona. Kwemakore maviri, vakatsanangura kurwira kodzero yekuva nedzimba dzakanaka uye vakashora bubble redzimba, vachidana kuti mhirizhonga yefungidziro yezvivakwa ipere. Pakaputika furo makore maviri gare gare, vamwe vevaratidziri veboka iroro vakaziva kuti vanhu vaizorega kubhadhara mbavha dzavo, uye kuti kurwisana kwaisazoitika. upindo kudzimba asi kuti mhuri dzakawanda dzaizosara dzisina pokugara. Vakaonawo kuti mutemo weSpain wemortgage waizovasiya vaine chikwereti chakarembera pamisoro yavo kweupenyu hwavo hwose. Saka muna February 2009, the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH) yakazvarwa, izvo zvakaisa kutadza kwemitemo yedzimba pachirongwa uye zvaizoratidza kurova kukuru kune manejimendi akange asundidzira huwandu hwevanhu kuti vave nechikwereti.
Musiyano mukuru pakati pe V de Vivienda kufamba uye PAH inhengo dzayo. Nepo yekutanga yainyanya kuumbwa nevadiki vari mumabasa asina njodzi vakaronga uye vakarwa kuti vasiye misha yevabereki vavo, ruzhinji rwePAH rwunoumbwa nemhuri dziri kufungirwa.
Ndehupi hukama pakati pe15M nePAH?
IN: PAH yakaumbwa makore maviri sangano re15M risati raputika panzvimbo; kwaitova nemapoka muBarcelona, Sabadell, Terrassa, Murcia nemamwe maguta. Iyo 15M kufamba mumaplaza, uye gare gare mumagungano emunharaunda, yakabatsira kuvhura maPAH muSpain yese. Ikozvino kune mapoka anopfuura mazana maviri ePAH. Uye kufamba kwe200M kwainyanya kubatsira kumushandirapamwe wekumisa Kudzingwa: takabva pakuva makumi mashanu kana zvakadaro pakudzingwa kusvika pamazana.
Hupenyu hwemazuva ese hweguta hwakaita sei muSpain izvozvi?
IN: Parizvino, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva muSpain hwakaoma uye huchiwedzera. Kodzero yekugara zvakanaka inotyorwa zvine hurongwa. Kune anopfuura mamirioni mana edzimba dzisina vanhu, kudzingwa kuchiri kwatekeshera, dzimba dzeveruzhinji dzinenge 1% yedzimba dzese uye mishumo yenhau iri kutaura kuti kunyangwe izvo zvichave zvega. Mwedzi mishoma yapfuura, Guta reMadrid rakatengesa 3.000 dzimba dzakatsigirwa kuGoldman Sachs. Huwandu hwekushaikwa kwemabasa huchiri parekodhi yakakwirira, ingangoita 28%. Zvinopfuura makumi mashanu muzana evechidiki, saka havazokwanisa kusiya misha yavo uye vanozofanirwa kuchengetwa nemhuri dzavo kusvika vasvitsa makore makumi matatu. Kudimburwa mudzidzo kuri kuita kuti zvinyanye kuomera vechidiki kuenda kuyunivhesiti uye kuderedzwa kumabasa ehutano kwave kutosiya zviuru zvevanhu vasingabatanidzwe kubva kuSpanish yeruzhinji hutano system.
Sei kurwira kuwana dzimba dzakanaka, uye kunyanya danidziro yePAH yekurambidza kudzingwa, hondo yakakosha kudai, kusiyana nevashandi, mabasa eruzhinji kana zvimwewo zvinonetsa munharaunda?
IN: Munhu asati arasikirwa nemba yake, zvine mukana wekuti vakarasikirwa nebasa ravo kana main source yemari. Chinhu chekupedzisira chero munhu anofunga kurasikirwa imba yavo, denga repamusoro pemisoro yavo, nzvimbo yavanonzwa vakachengeteka uye inodiwa nemunhu chero upi zvake, ringave riri bako zviuru zvemakore apfuura kana marudzi akasiyana edzimba aripo mune yedu yazvino vatengi. nguva. Mukati meichi chinodikanwa chikuru umo kurwira kukuru kwedzimba dzakanaka kuripo.
PAH inoronga magungano ayo chero munhu angauya, otsanangura mamiriro avo uye kukumbira rubatsiro. Hatimboudze chero ani zvake kuti nyaya yavo ichawana mhinduro nekuda kwekuti vakazviratidza. Chatinovaudza ndechekuti kana tikaramba tichishanda pamwe chete, mikana yekuti zvinhu zvavo zvigadzirike ichava nani. Takabudirira zvikuru nekuti takawana zvikumbiro zvidiki. Nguva dzose patinopemberera nyaya yatakakwanisa kuwana bhangi kuti rizivise chikwereti chisiri chekubhadhara mukutsinhana kweimba iri mubvunzo (chinyorwa: iyi haisi iyo mamiriro ezvinhu muSpain), nyika yetariro inozarura vanhu. vanoshuva zvimwe chetezvo. Kubudirira kwese kudiki kunosundira vanhu kuti vaenderere mberi nekurwa uye nekuti kukunda uku kunowanikwa kuburikidza nesimba rakasanganiswa remunhu wese ari kurwa pamwechete, vanhu vanotanga kupfuura dambudziko ravo rega kuti vaone nharaunda.
Mukurwisana kwaunotaura, zvakatonyanya kuoma kuwana kukunda kwakakosha kwakadaro uye kunobatika munguva shoma. Izvi zvinoita kuti matambudziko aya aite seasingakoshesi kune vanhu vasina zvematongerwo enyika. Tinofanira kuwana nzira yekushandisa mukana uyo PAH inotipa kuita kuti kurwisana ukure mune dzimwe nzvimbo, nenzira iri pasi rose uye yakabatana.
Ndehupi hukama huripo pakati pePAH nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika? Unoona here PAH ichipokana zvakananga nezvematongerwo enyika?
IN: Imwe yembiru dzePAH, sezvinoratidzwa mumitemo yayo uye sezvinodiwa pakuumba PAH itsva, ndeyokuti PAH inofananidzwa zvakajeka nechero bato rezvematongerwo enyika. Hatisi vebato chero ripi zvaro uye hatizombovi rimwe, uye ichi ndicho chikamu chikuru chebudiriro yedu. Magungano edu ane zvakawanda uye anosanganisira vanhu vane hukama nemapato akati wandei ezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira bato rekurudyi rePopular Party, chinova chinhu chandisingambonzwisise.
Hukama huripo pakati pePAH nemapurisa?
IN: Hukama nemauto emapurisa eSpain akasiyana anoshanduka zvichienderana neguta rega rega. MuSabadell, chiCatalan Mossos d'Esquadra vanga vari ma protagonist muzvikamu zvakawanda zvinotyisa. Makore akati kuti apfuura, mushure mekuita kweZuva reMadzimambo Matatu umo takaenda kubva kubhangi kuenda kubhangi tichisiya mabhegi emarasha, vakasangana nevevaratidziri vakakuvadza mwana mudiki. Mwedzi mishomanana chete yapfuura, patakatora chivako chikuru kuti titamise dzimwe mhuri dzakanga dzadzingwa, vaida kupaza vanhu 200 vakanga vakavhara suo. Rimwe remagweta edu rakaudza vechikwata ichi kuti havaikwanisa kupinda vasina waranti uye mangwana acho Mossos akamupomera mhosva pamwe nevatsigiri vaviri vekupikisa. Chokwadi, mutongi akazovabvisira mhosva idzodzo.
Nenguva isipi, hurumende ichaita shanduko yavo yekodhi yechirango uye kunyangwe tichiziva kuti zvavakaburitsa handiyo chaiyo vhezheni, zviri pachena kuti shanduko idzi dzine chinangwa chekukanganisa kuratidzira kwedu. Semuenzaniso, kuvharira kudzingwa kana kuita escrache (apo isu tinosarudza vezvematongerwo enyika vanopesana nekugadzirisa mutemo weSpain wemortgage uchifarira vanhu) vanogona kubhadhariswa chero kupi zvako pakati pe1.000 € uye €30.000. Kubatsira vanenge vabva kune dzimwe nyika nemagwaro ekugara akapera basa kuchaitwa hutsotsi. Kuramba kusinganzwisisi kurwiswa kwemukuru kunogona kubatwa se "chiremera chinotyisidzira", chinogona kurangwa nemakore maviri kusvika mana mujeri. Aya matanho achave akaomarara uye acharanga kubatana uye vanhu vanoshanda.
Ndeapi maitiro nemazano anoitwa nePAH uye nei?
IN: Zvichida mushandirapamwe wedu unonyanya kuzivikanwa ndewe Stop Evictions, akafemerwa naLluis wekuLa Bisbal uyo, paakagamuchira chiziviso chake chekudzingwa, akaenda kugungano uye akati akanga asiri kuda kubva pamba pake. Akakumbira rubatsiro akaiwana. Muna Mbudzi we2010, vanhu vanopfuura makumi mashanu vakamira kunze kwemba yake vakamisa timu yekutonga nemapurisa eCatalan kuita kudzingwa. Kudzingwa kwacho kwakamiswa kana kubva ipapo nanhasi, nyaya yakamhan'arwa, uye iye nemwanakomana wake Lloid vanosara mudzimba dzavo. Nanhasi, takamisa kudzingwa kwevanhu vanopfuura mazana masere.
Mushure mezvo, takatanga mushandirapamwe wekusimudzira chikamu cheCitizen Initiated Legislation chaida kushandura mutemo weSpain wekare wemortgage. Zvisinei nekuunganidza masiginecha anosvika miriyoni imwe chete nemazana mana, Bato rePopular rakazviramba, izvo zvakapa nzira kunhimbe yedu yazvino, inozivikanwa se Obra Social (kutamba pamazwi uchishandisa izwi rinoshandiswa nemabhangi eSpanish kureva zvirongwa zvavo zveCorporate Responsibility, uye zvinoshandura se "basa rezvemagariro"). Mushandirapamwe uyu une chimurenga uye usanduridzire zvishoma pane zvakapfuura, sezvo uchisanganisira kukambaira kwedzimba dzemafemu emari nekupa mhuri dzakadzingwa.
Kubva pane zvakaitika kwandiri, senhengo yePAH Sabadell ndinogona kutaura kuti yedu parizvino ndeimwe yemapoka akasimba ePAH. Takatora zvivakwa zvitatu kuburikidza nekwedu Obra Social mushandirapamwe, takarwira zvakanyanya kodzero yekuva nedzimba dzakanaka kupfuura mamwe mapoka, sezvo tichibatsirawo maroja kwete kungova nemba. Isu tinoronga maworkshops ega ega uye takaita basa rakarebesa rebhangi munhoroondo yePAH, iro rakatora mazuva mana nehusiku hutatu pahofisi yeUnnim, inotsigira yeBBVA.
Iwe unoona maitiro ako sechikamu chenguva refu yezvematongerwo enyika?
IN: Ini ndinofunga kuti kuwana mabhanga kuti azivise zvikwereti sezvisiri zvekubhadhara zvikwereti, kumisa kudzingwa uye kuwana yakaderedzwa rendi kuburikidza nekugara kwevanhu ndiko kumwe kukunda kudiki kwakatisimbisa uye kutisiyanisa kubva kune mamwe mafambisirwo emagariro nhasi. Ndingati matekiniki edu nemaitiro mazhinji ndeenguva pfupi uye anosanganisira kumisikidza zvinangwa zvinogoneka maererano nenguva-yazvo uye simba ravanoda. Kubudirira kwechinguva chidiki uku, kunobatika kunoita kuti vanhu vabve pakusuwa uye kuodzwa mwoyo kuenda pakupihwa simba nekuita budiriro munharaunda dzavo, munguva shoma. Vanotibatsirawo kuti sangano rirambe richionekwa, kusvika kuvanhu vakawanda uye kuramba tichibvunza vezvematongerwo enyika nemabhanga nezvekuchinja mutemo.
Panguva imwecheteyo, magungano edu anovimbisa kuti tinogara tichidzidza kubva uye kudzidzisana, kuitira kuti tisamborasikirwa nezvinorehwa izvo zvinoita kuti PAH ive yakakosha zvikuru, iyo vanhu vanobatanidzwa mumusangano. Pasina kupokana, kubudirira kukuru kwePAH kwave kupa vanhu simba. Ava ndivo varume nevakadzi avo pane imwe nguva vakatengeswa nepfungwa yokuti vakanga vari chikamu cheboka repakati, uye zvino vanoziva kuti ivo chikamu chevakawanda zvikuru, iyo iboka rekushanda. Rimwe zuva vaingova nhamba muvashandi uye zvino, nekuda kwePAH, ivo varatidziri vasingango dzivirira kodzero yekuva nedzimba dzakanaka asi vanoshanda nevarwi vavakasangana navo kubva kune mamwe masangano kuti varuke magariro enharaunda dzavo. .
Ndeapi anga ari makiyi ekubudirira kwesangano kusvika parizvino?
IN: Kubudirira kwePAH kuri mune yega yega magungano ayo emuno. Vanhu vanosvika pamagungano iwayo vachitsvaga mhinduro kumamiriro avo ega ega, asi vanokurumidza kuona kuti kuburikidza nekubatana uye kusateerera kwevanhu, havagone kuwana mhinduro kumatambudziko avo chete, asiwo kuti ivo chikamu chenharaunda inokwanisa hukuru hukuru. kubudirira.
Iyo PAH nhasi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yekufamba munharaunda yeSpain, asi haina kukwana kana kuti mushonga kumatambudziko ese enyika. Isu tinoita zvinhu zvakawanda zvaiitwa makore mazhinji apfuura, mumafambisirwo enharaunda, mafambisirwo ezvikwambo nezvimwe zvakadaro. Iyi puratifomu yakazvarwa panzvimbo chaiyo panguva chaiyo, uye yakanzwisisa nzira yekudzidza, kukura uye kuwedzera pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu hwayo. Zvichida nekufamba kwenguva, tichakwanisa kuunza pamwe chete ese akasiyana siyana matambudziko ari kuitika panguva ino munhoroondo.
Carlos Delclós Mudzidzisi weSociology paPompeu Fabra University uye Mupepeti paROAR Magazine. Ichi chinyorwa chakatanga kuburitswa pasi peCreative Commons Attribution Non-Commerce 3.0 rezinesi na openDemocracy.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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