[Ichi chinotevera chinyorwa, kubva mubhuku raTom Engelhardt, Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro, inotumirwa nemvumo kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMassachusetts Press.]
1. Kuuya Kwekutanga kwaG.I. Joe
Maiva muna 1964, uye muVietnam zviuru zve "vachipangamazano" vekuAmerica vanga vachitopa ruzivo rwavo kubva pazvigaro zveherikoputa kana kuona pfuti. United States yakanga yangosara negore kuti itumire boka guru rekutanga remauto epasi ikoko, vechidiki vaizopinda munzvimbo yehondo vachirota John Wayne uye vachifunga nezvenzvimbo inodzorwa nevavengi se "nyika yeIndia." Zvichakadaro, mugore riya rekutanga reLyndon Johnson's Great Society, chizvarwa chitsva chevana chakatanga kuona nyaya yehondo yeAmerica kuburikidza nemurwi wematoyi ane mukurumbira akambogadzirwa.
Zita rake, G.I. - ye "Government Issue" - Joe aive akatsiga muhondo yekupedzisira yekukunda yeAmerica uye aine generic. Pakanga pasina munhu chaiye ainzi Joe, uyewo hapana mumwe wevana “Joes” aiva nemazita. "Iye" akauya mumhando ina, imwe yebasa rega rega, kusanganisira Marines. Asi Joe wese aive, muchidimbu, akafanana. Sezvo akanga ari chitoyi cheGreat Society ine zviroto zvayo zvekubatanidzwa, zvakangotora gore kuti mugadziri wake, Hasbro, abudise "Negro Joe," uye mamwe maviri kuti awedzere iye-Joe (mukoti, zvakasikwa). Joe pakutanga akauya asina nyaya, asina mirairo, uye asina muvengi, nokuti yakanga isati yaitika kune vanhu vakuru (kana vagadziri vematoyi) kuti vasavimba nemwana kuti vasarudze muvengi akakodzera kupikisana naJoe.
Muzviziviso zvepaTV zvenguva iyoyo, Joe airatidzirwa sechinyakare chematoyi ehondo. Vakomana vadiki mungowani dzeHondo Yenyika II dzakaratidzwa dzichipinda muhondo neGI. Joe tank, kana kuratidza zvine hukasha midziyo yavo yaJoe uku kwaya yemanzwi akadzika, echirume ichiimba (kuinzi “The Halls of Montezuma”), “G.I. Joe, G.I. Joe, Kurwa nemurume kubva kumusoro kusvika kutsoka panyika, pagungwa, mumhepo. " Aive "echokwadi" ne "ten-inch bazooka" yake inoshanda chaizvo, "yake yekukanda murazvo wepamhenderekedzo yegungwa," uye "yake ine ruzivo rwechokwadi" yeU.S. Army Jeep ine "tripod mounted recoilless pfuti" uye "rocket projectiles" ina. .”
Aigona kutora chero nzvimbo yegungwa kana nzvimbo yekumhara muchimiro, akapfeka "chinhu chaicho," kubva pabhachi re "Ike" rine sikavha dzvuku kusvika ku "hembe yekurwisa kuneta kumahombekombe," bhurugwa, uye paki yemunda. Aigona kucheka pasi nekake mess kit, kana mubhedha mu "bivouac-pup tende set" yake. Uye akanga ari hofori yechitoyi, zvakare, akareba nhambwe. Kubva pavanga repingi padama rake kusvika pakumhanyidzana kwevakomana vane hukasha hwekushambadza vachishevedzera kuti, “GI Joe, tora chikomo! aiita semufananidzo wechitoyi chinorwa nemurume.
Asi Joe, kungofanana nezvimwe zvakawanda munguva yake, akanga asiri sezvaaiita. Akatangisa gore iro Lyndon Johnson akakwikwidza kuve mutungamiri wenyika semumiriri werunyararo achipokana naBarry Goldwater apo hutungamiriri hwake hwaironga muchivande kubhomba kukuru kweNorth Vietnam, Joe, zvakare, aive nechekuita mukuvhara. Nekuti kana Joe aive bhemoti wemusoja wekutamba, aivewo, kunyangwe izwi risingataurwe, chido. Hondo yekutamba Joe-maitiro aive, kutaura zvazviri, akanyanya kurongwa uye nekuda kwe "musikana" - Mattel's Barbie.
Barbie akanga asvika panzvimbo yetoyi muna 1958 aine chiso chakaomarara uye mazamu ake asina mazamu akatambanudzwa, chiyeuchidzo chekuti naiyewo aive nechakavanzika chakapfuura. Akanga ari budiriro, chidhori chekutanga che "pwere" chine chimiro che "pwere". Zvakadaro, musiki wake, Ruth Handler, akange amutevedzera kwete wepwere asi paGerman tabloid comic strip "playgirl" yainzi Lili, uyo, muchimiro chechidhori, akatengeswa kwete kuvana asi kuvarume "mufodya nemabhawa ... chipfuyo chemurume mukuru." Sezvo Joe aive ave kurova mahombekombe, saka Barbie akatora masalons efashoni, zvitoro zvemalt, boudoirs, nemakamuri ekurara, akazara zvakakwana, uye nekuwedzeredza kwakafanana. (Iyo yakakura mazamu, shure kwezvose, zviri nani kusungirira Barbie Wedding Gown.)
Joe akanga ari hwirudzuro yomugadziri wematoyi anonzi Stanley Weston, uyo aiva nechokwadi chokuti vakomana vaitamba naBarbie muchivande uye vaikodzera chidhori chavo. Sezvo aida mauto ematoyi achiri mwana, akasarudza dingindira remauto seyakanyanya kugamuchirwa kudhori remukomana uye akatora pfungwa yake kuHassenfeld Brothers (yakazonzi Hasbro), kambani yematoyi panguva iyoyo yainyanya kuzivikanwa nekugadzira Mr. Potato Head.
Mumazuva iwayo, munhu wose aiva mubhizimisi rematoyi aiziva kuti masoja ematoyi akanga ari matatu-masendimita-akakwirira, asingafambi, mapurasitiki kana kuti manhamba emutobvu, uye mhinduro yokutanga kuna Joe yaibva pakusava nechokwadi kusvika pakunyomba kusvika kuseka; asi Merrill Hassenfeld, mumwe wehama mbiri dzaitungamirira kambani, akadana shamwari yake yekare, Major General Leonard Holland, mukuru weRhode Island National Guard, uyo akapa mukana wezvombo, yunifomu, negiya kuitira kuti agadzire mauto akakwana. mufananidzo. Joe akapiwawo “grip” chaiyo, chigunwe nechigunwe chinopikiswa, zvose zviri nani kuti abate pfuti dzemuchina idzo dzechokwadi nemabazooka, uye akavakwa nemativi 21 aifambiswa kuitira kuti pakupedzisira vakomana vagone kutanga hondo.
Hassenfeld Brothers vakavhiringidza zvakapihwa bhizinesi rematoyi nekutengesa madhora 16.9 miriyoni aJoe nemidziyo mugore rekutanga raJoe pamusika, uye mushure meizvozvo zvinhu zvakazongoita nani. Neiyi nzira yaive murwi Adhama akagadzirwa kubva kumbabvu yepurasitiki yaEvha, murume akaoma ane zvipfeko zvake uye zvishongedzo, waunogona kupfeka, kusunungura, uye kuenda naye kunorara - kana tende pasi, zvakadaro. Asi hapana chimwe cheizvi chaigona kutaurwa. PaHasbro zvaisada kunzi Joe chidhori. Pane kudaro, kambani yakamutumidza kuti "chiito chinogoneka chevakomana," uye zita rekuti "chiito chiitiko" rakanamira kune yega yega-yekurwa toyi yekutevera. Saka Barbie naJoe, mazamu akaomarara uye mabara akapfava, bhomba rakanyanyisa uye murwi ane ganda kumeso, akauya kuzomiririra nyaya dzechikadzi dzeAmerica pakupera kwemakore gumi, apo nhoroondo yakavanzika yezviitiko yakanga ichinyura zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika padanho rekuti. uduku.
Kwenguva yakati, zvose zvakaramba sezvazvairatidzika. Asi Joe akave neshanduko inononoka iyo Barbie akapukunyuka zvakanyanya (kunyangwe mukutanga 1970s, akatarisana nehukadzi hutsva, kutengesa kwake kwakadzikira). Sezvo makore eVietnam aifamba, Joe akawedzera kuve murwi. Kuratidzira kwaive mumhepo. Kare muna 1966, boka ravanaamai vakanga vakapfeka zvipfeko zveMary Poppins rakasarudza kokorodzano yegore negore yeindasitiri yematoyi muNew York, maamburera avo airatidza sirogani yokuti, “Toy Fair or Warfare?” Chokwadi, Sears yakadonhedza matoyi ese emauto kubva pakatalog yayo. Maererano ne Tomart's Guide to Action Figure Collectibles, "Mukupera kwema'60s ... [f] vachinzwa kuramba kungangodaro kwe 'chitoyi chavo chehondo,' Hasbro akachinja chitarisiko chechiso chaJoe uye wadhiropu. Bvudzi rakatumbuka nendebvu zvakawedzerwa pamifananidzo yacho. Hasbro akabvisa zvidimbu zvinotaridzika zvechiuto mumaseti akasarudzika, uye pakazosvika 1970 iyo GI. Joe Adventure Team yakagadzirwa. "
Zvino, Joe akabatanidzwa nevavengi vake vekutanga chaivo, asi vaive vasiri vanhu. Paiva nengwe ye“White Tiger Hunt,” “hammerhead stingray” ya“Dhiyabhorosi Wepakadzika,” amai ve“Chakavanzika Cheguva raAmai,” uye “black shark” ye“Revenge of the Spy Shark, ” pamwe nemapere epolar akasarudzika, octopi, magora, uye ruzhinji rwevavengi vepanyama mumaseti ematoyi se "Sandstorm Survival." Kekutanga, mumakore iwayo okuvhiringidzika kwevanhu vakuru, kumwe kuratidzwa kwerangano, yokuti mwana anofanira kuitei chaizvo nematoyi aya, akatanga kuiswa mumazita akadai sekuti “The Search for the Stolen Idol” kana kuti “The Capture of the Pygmy. Gorilla." Kwete chete kuti Joe aive zvino ave mufambi, asi rwendo rwake rwakanga rwuchitsanangurwa zvisina hutsinye papakeji yaimuperekedza; uye zvishoma zvezviitiko zvitsva izvi zvakave nehukama hupi neipi nyaya yehondo yaakaberekerwa.
Uyu hipper, Joe mutsva aive, kana asiri kunyatsowana hunhu, obva aita maitiro emunhu. Akange asisaratidzike sechiuto nebvudzi rake idzva uye “A” (yekunakidzwa) insignia, iyo, sekutaura kwakaita Katharine Whittemore, “yaingoratidzika sechiratidzo cherunyararo.” Muchokwadi, akange ave kutanga kutaridzika seanofungira seanopikisa, achipera semurwi sezvaaingoita chidhori chisina kujairika. Pakazosvika 1974, akange atowana kubata kwekumabvazuva ne "kung-fu grip" itsva. Muna 1976, pasi pekumanikidzwa kwekuwedzera kwemutengo wepurasitiki, akadzikisa anenge masendimita mana; uye munguva pfupi yapfuura, akabva anyangarika panzvimbo. Iye, maererano naHasbro, "akasunungurwa," uye sekuziva kwaaiita chero munhu panguva iyoyo, akaiswa kukanganwa matoyi.
Kubvisa Hondo Munyika Yemwana
Mune izvi aifananidzira imwe nyaya yehondo mutsika dzevana mumakore iwayo. Zvaiita sekunge vapfuri veVietnamese vasvika munyika yeAmerica uye vakaputika nyaya yehondo isina hunhu hwayo, sekunge "maIndia" enguva iyoyo akatumira vatasvi vemabhiza kutiza uye vasina kugadzikana West. Saka makore mazhinji ekurwisa kweVietnamese akange ashandura mafaro ehondo-kutamba tsika kuita hutsinye, kunyara kutarisa. Pakazosvika ma1970s, zvigadzirwa zvetsika zveAmerica zvaiita kunge zvine chinangwa chekushoropodza ma mechanics nengano dzavo kana kuburitsa miganho mitsva yekuzvidzivirira.
Tora Sgt. Dombo, iro gamba reHondo Yenyika II noncom yeDC Comics ' Mauto Edu kuHondo series. Imwe neimwe nyaya yekushanya kwake yakange yave nechisimbiso chitsva chaidaidzira, "Usaite HONDO," ukuwo Hondo Yenyika II yakatsiga yakange ichidzikiswa nekuziva kutsva semuvengi. Somuenzaniso, butiro rechinyorwa chaJune 1971, rakaratidzira sajeni asingatyi asi achizununguswa achikakama achiti “B-asi vakanga vari vanhuwo zvavo!” uye vachinongedzera mitumbi yevarume vashanu, vasina kupfeka yunifomu, vaiita sevakarongedzerwa kumadziro ndokuurayiwa. Padivi pake, GI, pfuti yake yemuchina ichiri kuputa, anoti, "Ndamisa muvengi, Dombo! Hapana kana mumwe wavo akapona! "
Mukati, chikamu, "Headcount," yakaudza "pasi" yenyaya yemumwe Johnny Doe, akashongedzwa mushure mekufa, anotanga kupfura obvunza gare gare. “Bata, Johnny!” anoshevedzera Rock sePrivate Doe ave kuda kuita mukamuri yese yevasungwa veFrance nevatapi vavo veNazi, vachiti vese manyepo, "kana wakanganisa… against!” NezvaDoe, akaurawa naRock asati agona kuuraya nhapwa, nyaya yacho yakabvunza mubvunzo wokupedzisira uyo muna 1971 ungadai wakarovedzeka kuvaAmerica vezera ripi neripi: “Johnny Doe akanga ari mhondi—kana kuti gamba here? Ndiwo mubvunzo mumwe chete wamuchafanira kuzvisarudzira!"
Mwedzi miviri gare gare, mumagazini yaAugust ya Mauto Edu kuHondo, muverengi aigona kupinda mupfungwa dzaTatsuno Sakigawa mu“Kamikaze.” Sakigawa, ave kuda kupinza ndege yake muUSS Stevens, anoyeuka “apo amai vake vakamubata pedyo uye vachidziya! Akarangarira tsvina yehove yavaigara… kunhuwa kunotyisa kwegungwa nemhepo… akanga ari pane imwe nzvimbo… munguva yaifara zvikuru.” Sezvo ndege yake inorohwa nemoto unodzivirira ndege uye inoputika, unoona chiso chake chakarwadziwa. “BABA… MAI… MURIKUPI?” anozhambatata.
Chiitiko chacho chinocheka kwenguva pfupi kuvabereki vake pane tsvina yavo inopisa ("H-tibatsire ... mwanakomana wangu ... batsira ..."), uyezve kumufananidzo wekupedzisira we "mirazvo inokwira kubva mumaguta ari kupisa eJapan! Dzimba dzemapuranga nemapepa… imba yake.” Tatsuno Sakigawa, chikamu chinopedzisa, "akafira mambo ... nokuda kwenyika ... nokuda kwekukudzwa! Asi zvakanyanya… kutsiva rufu rwevabereki vake! Kuparadzwa kweimba yake! Kurasikirwa nehupenyu hwake!" Papeji pazasi, pazasi peDC's pacifist chisimbiso chemvumo, yaive "chinyorwa chenhoroondo: 250,000 maJapan akafira mumhirizhonga yemoto… 80,000 vakafa muHiroshima A-bhomba."
Kunyangwe mune iyo yakanyanya kuchengetedzwa yenzvimbo tsvene, bhuku rechikoro, nyaya yeAmerica yakatanga kuparara. Chekutanga mukati mayo, uyezve panzvimbo payo pakabuda nhevedzano yenyaya dzakambovanzwa. Mukupera kwema1960, mabhuku ezvidzidzo akawanazve “varombo,” boka rakanga risipo kubvira kuma1930. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1970, nyaya yevatema, nyaya yevakadzi, nyaya yeChicano, nyaya yeNative America - zvese izvo zvaimbonzi "zvisingaonekwe" nganonyorwa - dzaibuda kubva pasi pe monolithic nyaya yeAmerica yakambotemerwa rudzi rwevana. . Saizvozvo, padanho rekoreji, nhoroondo dzenyika dzisiri dzeEurope dzakabuda kubva pasi penyaya ye "nyika" ye monolithic iyo yakambotora mudzidzi kubva kuEgypt kuenda kuAmerica muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri kuburikidza neGreece, Roma, medieval Europe, uye Renaissance.
Idzi ngano itsva “dzemhemberero” dzekutambudzika nekukunda kwe“vadiki” vakasiyana-siyana dzakamuka zvakanyanya sekushoropodza kwakajeka kweNyaya yeAmerica yakanga yavatangira kana sehushumiri hwekuzvimiririra uye kunyanya kuzvimiririra sechimiro chitsva cheTV, maminimini. Chero zvazvingaitika, zvakaratidza kuve nehukama kune imwe rondedzero yakakura, kunyangwe muma1980s vese vaizounganidzwa pasi peumburera hwe "multi-culturalism."
Kuve kupemberera, vaisada muvengi chaiye, asi pachena muvengi ndiyo yaive nyaya yaive kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika yaita kuti vasaonekwe. Vaive chimwe chinhu chakaita semapoka echido aikwikwidzana nenzvimbo shoma yenzvimbo isina chinhu. Nyaya yenyika, iyo yaifanirwa kusanganisirwa zvakakwana kuti iunganidze mu“vazhinji vakaungana,” iyo yakanga ichangobvumira vanyori vemabhuku kugadzira mitsetse yakaita seyokuti, “Tinoshamiswa zvishoma nokunaka kusati kwamboonekwa kweU.S. mutemo wokune dzimwe nyika, uye nepfungwa yawo yakanaka,” akanga zvino avhurika.
Nenguva iyo Saigon yakadonha muna 1975, vana sevakuru vaivepo munzvimbo inoshamisa-isina nyaya. Shoko chairo hondo akanga abviswa mutsika dzevana uye uduku hwakashandurwa kuita chimwe chinhu chakaita sechiitiko chisiri cheAmerica. Hunhu hwepasi pevhu hunotyisa uye hunotyisa hwevana muma1950 hwakanga hwakwira pamusoro. Vechidiki vaive zvino vave kutyisidzira vanhu vakuru pachena. Vamwe vaipikisa simba reAmerica nehumbowo hwekuparadzwa kwevana vashoma kumba kana kunze uko ("Hey, hey, LBJ, vangani vana vawauraya nhasi?"), Asi vamwe, vangave vezvematongerwo enyika, chikamu checounterculture, kana maGIs muVietnam, aiita seari munzira yekukanganisa kumuvengi wekuMabvazuva.
Asi, zvinokatyamadza, muvengi iyeye anokunda akanga asipo - kwete mumafirimu, kwete paTV (pasinei nemufananidzo weVietnam sehondo yeterevhizheni), kwete kunyange mumapepanhau. Paifanira kunge paine maVietnamese, pakanga paine kusavapo. Nokuti zvakanga zvisingabviri "kuona" kuti ndiani akanga akunda United States uye saka nei maAmerica akanga arasikirwa, zvakanga zvisingabviri kunzwisisa zvakanga zvarasika. Saka kushungurudzwa kweAmerica, kurasikirwa kweAmerica - kusanganisira kurasikirwa kwemaitiro ehudiki - yakava nyaya pachayo, iyo yega nyaya, iwe unogona kutaura, nepo kusaonekwa kwemuvengi akange abvisa nyaya kwakakweretesa kurasikirwa kumwe kwekusaruramisira.
Saka, mukupedzisira, kushanduka kusinganzwisisike munguva iyoyo yekudzokera shure, "kuvakazve" kweAmerica kwaizotanga kwete muVietnam, iyo nyika iri matongo, iyo yaifanira kunge iri asi isiri nyika yakakundwa, asi kumba kune imwe nyika isina kumbobatwa. hondo, yaifanira kunge iripo asi isiri mukundi; uye kuvakazve kwaizotarisa kwete pane imwe nzvimbo yakaparadzwa yemuviri asi papfungwa yenyika. Muchikamu chino chemushure mehondo kubva kuna John Wayne kuenda kuna Sylvester Stallone, kubva kuPax Americana kuenda kuPecs Americana, kuedza uku kuvakazve rondedzero yekukunda yekuAmerica, vana vaifanira kuita basa rinokosha.
2. Empty Space
Manheru emusi waChivabvu 25, 1977, mutungamiriri webhaisikopo ane makore makumi matatu nematatu, akabudirira kuzita rake, akange achipedzisa Herculean mavhiki maviri "achisanganisa" bhaisikopo rake richangoburwa kune vateereri vekuEurope. Vachipedza kudya kwemanheru, iye nemukadzi wake vakananga kuHamburger Hamlet, resitorendi iri mhiri kwemugwagwa kubva kuMann's Chinese Theatre muHollywood, vakangopinda mumotokari zhinji uye nemhomho yevanhu. Achisvika pakona, akaona zita remufirimu wake mutsva nemavara makuru paimba yemitambo. Raiva zuva rekuvhura. “Ndakati, ‘Handidaviri izvi,’” akayeuka kudaro. "Saka takagara muHamburger Hamlet uye takatarisa mhomho hofori yaivepo, ndokubva ndadzokera ndikavhengana husiku hwese ...
Mutungamiriri George Lucas akanga atopemberera makore ake okuyaruka mukati American Graffiti ("Waivepi mu'62?"), iyo yakashamisika yakarova 1973, iyo yakamutsa mafungu ekufungidzira kwemakore pamberi peVietnam uye akafuridzira nhepfenyuro yeTV. Mazuva Anofara (1974). Semugadziri wemabhaisikopo, zvakadaro, akange aine chishuwo chekuda kusvika mukati mehudiki hwake hweCalifornia, kuti adzokere kunguva idzo dzaaive aridza Hondo Yenyika II nemasoja ematoyi, kana kuona ekare Flash Gordon serials, cowboy nemafirimu ehondo. terevhizheni.
Kufanana nevateereri vemamuvhi (semaresiti ehofisi yebhokisi yenguva yakaratidzwa), aida kudzoreredza huhu hwemubhaisikopo hwema1960. Mune izvi, akamira kunze kwevatungamiri vakasiyana saRobert Altman, Stanley Kubrick, Arthur Penn, Mel Brooks, uye mutungamiri wake Francis Ford Coppola, uyo kwemakore akanga achibvisa nzvimbo uye operas yemabhiza, hondo uye mafirimu emapurisa; muchokwadi, zvese zvinozivikanwa pa-skrini nzvimbo.
“Kune chizvarwa chose,” iye aizodaro gare gare, “chinokura chisina rudzi rwupi norwupi rwengano.” Kunyange zvazvo pasina mubvunzo aifananidzira nezvematongerwo enyika zvepanguva iyoyo, ake aive muono wekuchengetedza. Nechemumoyo, aida kudzikamisa manzwi ekunyomba uye kudzosa vateereri vemufirimu kwete kuhudiki hwake chete asi kumamiriro ekuona semwana.
Mukutanga kwe1970s, akanetsekana kuvaka script yaizovakazve iyo yakarasika nyaya yehondo munzvimbo yekunze. Denga rakanga risisina chinhu kubvira, mukupera kwema1960, Stanley Kubrick akaputika muzivi wemuchadenga wekuAmerica kuita mwana mudumbu. 2001: A Space Odyssey; Planet of the Apes yakatora vazivi vemuchadenga rwendo rwekunyomba kuenda kuPasi mushure menyukireya umo vanhu vakanga vasiri marudzi makuru; uye USS Enterprise zveTV Star kudii akasiya "final frontier" kuti aroverwe mothballed.
Muna 1975, Lucas akasaina neTwentieth Century Fox kugadzira firimu remuchadenga iro (akavimbisa mudzimai wake) "vakomana vane makore gumi vaizoda." Kuti azviite, aive nemabhuku ake ezvidzidzo zvemugadziri wezvokupfeka zvemayunifomu eHondo Yenyika II uye nhumbi dzokurwa dzeJapan, achitendeukira kumafirimu kubva kuna Frank Capra. Hondo yeBritain (1943) Mabhiriji kuToko-Ri (1954) kugadzira kurwa kwembwa munzvimbo. Mukukandira, akanzvenga madzinza evachena saDustin Hoffman naAl Pacino, akange atamba pa-screen vapanduki kwemakore, achifarira vatambi vasingazivikanwe veWASP-y vanogona kurangarira kuchena-kwemwe kwemufirimu wake wekare.
Achidaidza vavengi kubva paudiki hwake, akafananidza mambo wake akaipa pana Ming, mutongi weMongo mu. Flash Gordon (pamwe naRichard Nixon), uye akapfekedza Jedi yake yakasviba, Darth Vader, mune inopenya dema visor uye sutu yemuviri. Kunyangwe paizove pasina vatema pachiratidziri, akahaya mutema mutambi James Earl Jones kuti atambe Vader's hissing techno-voice. MuChewbacca, "Wookie" ane mabhandi ekaturiji ekuMexico akasungirirwa pachipfuva chake chine mvere, Vamwe vemakore gumi apfuura kubva kutsoko inokwira kuenda kuNative American vaizodzoserwa kunzvimbo yavo chaiyo. Uyu asiri muchena haatombokwanisi kuHollywood-style yakatyoka Chirungu; chete yeKing Kong-ish kuchema kwekuvhiringidzika kana kutsamwa (kunoitwa nekusanganisa bere, walrus, chisimbiso, uye mabheji anofona).
Mukutanga kwa1977, firimu rinenge rapera rakaita senge risingaite mukana wekubudirira. Tsvagiridzo yaFox yakaratidza kuti izwi hondo mumusoro waizodzima vakadzi, kuti marobhoti aizodzima munhu wese, uye kuti ngano yesainzi yaive yakafa chikamu. Fox's board of directors yakange ichingozengurira mari yefirimu; uye pakuongororwa kunokosha, vatungamiri vasina kuenda kunorara vakashatirwa. Sezvo varidzi vehoro yebhaisikopo vakaratidza kufarira kushoma, firimu rakavhurwa munzvimbo 32 chete munyika yose.
Kwete mukubhururuka kwake kwakashata kwekufungidzira kwaLucas akafungidzira kuti chiono chake chemubhaisikopo chaizotsvaira zvese zvisati zvaitika, kuti kudzokorodza kwake kwevateereri vemwana uye ne "vana vari matiri tese" kwaizove kwakakosha pakuvakazve rondedzero yekukunda, iyo. aizobatsira kupa chitarisiko chitsva chevaraidzo kune dhizaini yehondo uye kudzorera chitarisiko chekuuraya kune akawanda skrini eAmerica.
Kutarisa kweStar Wars Kunopinda Munyika Yehondo
Anenge makore maviri zvisati zvaitika Star Wars yakavhurwa, mudzidzi weMIT ane makore makumi maviri, Peter Hagelstein, akanyorera kuyanana kuHertz Foundation. Pakati penhengo dzebhodhi rayo pakanga paine Edward Teller, "baba" veH-bhomba uye muvambi weLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, nzvimbo yehurumende yekutsvagisa zvombo zvenyukireya muNorthern California. Kunyangwe hazvo John D. Hertz (wemukurumbira wekurojesa motokari) akanga atanga kuyanana “kusimudzira simba retekinoroji reAmerica” kutarisana neSoviet Union uye vamwe vaigamuchira vakapinzwa mukutsvagisa zvombo zveLivermore neavo vaibvunzurudza, hwaro hwakashambadzira. chete kuti "[t] yaakakurudzira ndima yekudzidza akapedza kudzidza inofanirwa kuve ine chekuita nekushandiswa kwesainzi yepanyama kumatambudziko evanhu, anotsanangurwa zvakanyanya."
Hagelstein akapiwa kuyanana uye basa rezhizha kuLivermore naLowell Wood, mubvunzurudzo wake uye mukuru weLivermore's O Group. Masayendisiti ayo madiki aishanda pakugadzira "chizvarwa chechitatu" chezvombo zvenyukireya (maviri ekutanga ari mabhomba eA neH). Maererano naHagelstein, Wood akamuudza chete kuti vakanga vachishanda pa "laser nelaser fusion, yandakanga ndisati ndambonzwa nezvayo, uye akati kune makodhi emakombiyuta kunze uko akanga akafanana nekutamba organ yeWurlitzer. Zvese zvaiita sezviroto… Lab yakashamisa, kunyanya magadhi newaya ine minzwa. Pandakasvika kubazi revashandi ndakaona kuti vaishanda kugadzira zvombo pano, uye ndiko kutanga kwandaiziva nezvazvo.”
Muzhizha ra1976, akaendako nguva yakazara, achienderera mberi Ph.D. shanda kuMIT. Akanga ari jaya rai“venga mabhomba” uye “raisada kubatanidzwa nechinhu chipi nechipi chenyukireya.” Aitove nerudo nemunhu antinuclear activist akatora lab. Asi akabatwa nehope yekugadzira laboratory x-ray laser iyo yaizobvumira masayendisiti "kuona" maitiro akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu, uye nevarume vechidiki vanofadza veO Group, vane jeans yavo nevhudzi refu, maitiro ekushanda usiku hwose, countercultural élan, uye kuseka kwakashata. (Pane imwe nguva, vakato "tora muunganidzwa" kutenga Lowell Wood chipfeko cheDarth Vader.)
Gore iroro Star Wars akakwira mubhokisi hofisi kudenga, mukuru O Group wesainzi akauya nepfungwa itsva yekushandisa kuputika kwenyukireya "kupomba" simba rakakwana rakatariswa kuita laser kuti riite chombo. Muzhizha ra1979, Hagelstein akaoneka pamusangano apo kushandiswa kwokuputika kwenyukireya kwepasi pevhu kuedza pfungwa yacho kwakanga kuchikurukurwa. Akavhunduka kubva kumaawa makumi maviri akatwasuka ebasa, akaita zano - "Muromo wakangozvitaura" - izvo zvaizotungamira kune laser mudziyo wainzi Excalibur uye zvakabudirira kuongororwa munaNovember 20. Nepo kurota kwaHagelstein kwerabhoritari x-ray laser kwakapera, chombo “chake” chakava musimboti weimwe mhando yefungidziro.
Muna February 1981, trade journal Vhiki yeAviation uye Space Technology yakataura nezve x-ray laser's yakasarudzika kuvepo, ichiti, "yakaiswa munzvimbo yekurwa yelaser" muchadenga, yaive "ine mukana wekukanganisa kurwiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya zveSoviet." Nhoroondo yemagazini iyi yaiperekedzwa ne “mufananidzo wevanyori” unoona nezvenguva yemberi unoratidza chiteshi chehondo chine manyawi “chainge chine ma laser rods marefu,” mufananidzo wakatorwa nevezvenhau vemazuva ose, zvichiita kuti chitarisiko chehondo chitaridzike. Star Wars.
Pakazosvika 1982, Teller akange atora nhau dzelaser yaPeter Hagelstein kuna Ronald Reagan. Space lasers nezvimwe zvombo zvechizvarwa chechitatu, akavimbisa purezidhendi, “nekushandura mabhomba ehydrogen kuti ave mafomu asati amboitika uye nekutungamira aya mumafashoni anonyatso kurwisa zvinangwa zvevavengi zvaizopedza nguva yeMAD [Mutual Assured Destruction] uye kutanga nguva yekuvimbiswa. kupona maererano nezvinodiwa nemubatanidzwa wekuMadokero. " Kunyange mutsvakurudzi wezvombo wechidiki ane thesis yezvidzidzo zvechiremba (“Fizikisi yeShort Wavelength Laser Design”) akataura zvinyorwa zvitatu zvesayenzi zvenhema zvine zvombo zvedanda aisambofungidzira kuti zano rimwe chete rakasiyana-siyana raizova chikamu chakakosha chekufungidzira kwenyika kwemabhiriyoni akawanda emadhora. "nhoo inodzivirira" pamusoro pekuvakwazve kwehondo paPasi.
[Chikamu 2, "Vechidiki Vari Munzvimbo" ichatumirwa neChina, Nyamavhuvhu 15.]
Tom Engelhardt, mubatsiri-muvambi we American Empire Project uye munyori we United States of Fear, inotungamira National Institute's TomDispatch.com, kwakatanga kubuda nyaya iyi. Ichi chinyorwa chakatorwa kubva munhoroondo yake yeCold War, Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro (ichangoburitswa mu a Kindle edition), nemvumo yemuparidzi wayo, the Yunivhesiti yeMassachusetts Press.
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