Iyo yeKorea Powder Keg III: Midzi yeGakava
naRichard Greeman
Zvita 12, 2010.Dambudziko reKorea rinoramba riri retinderbox. Kwandiri, ichangoburwa yeSouth Korea kutyisidzira kwemhepo inorova North Korea uye kuwedzera kweUS/ South Korea mitambo yehondo yemoto pamwe ne38.th Parallel inomutsidzira ndangariro dzinotyisa dzaChikumi 1950, apo kurwisana kwakafanana kwakakonzera kubuda kwemhirizhonga yakazara yemauto iyo, makore makumi matanhatu gare gare, ichiri isina kugadziriswa. Zvakaitika kuti ndakakurira mumhuri 'inofambira mberi' (pro-Soviet) mumazuva erima ehondo yeKorea ine ropa, uye ndakatanga kuziva zvematongerwo enyika panguva yekurwisana kweCommunist ('McCarthyite') yekurwisana neCommunist yaiva shamwari yavo yepamba. . Hechino uchapupu hwangu.
[Kuti uwane ongororo yakadzama yedambudziko riripo, ndapota ona zvikamu I uye II zveyangu 'Iyo Korean Powder Keg ']
Nhoroondo Yakavanzika yeHondo yeKorea
Ziso remwana wangu rekuona nyika rakanga raumbwa munguva yeHondo yokurwisana naHitler, apo vaRussia vakanga vari vabatsiri vedu vakashinga. Ipapo kwakauya Korea, uye kamwe kamwe mhuri yangu yaifarira nyika, yepasi peguta N.Y. yechiJudha yakava ‘vakaipa’ pa‘rutivi rusina kururama’ rwehondo itsva yeAmerica. Ndakanga ndichangopedza kuvaka Russian MIG-15 yakanyatso tsvinda yemakwikwi endege, asi ndaifunga zvirinani kuiendesa. Zvichakadaro imwe hama yekure, mutyairi weWII anga achangokwanisa kugara muhupenyu hwechiuto ndokutanga mhuri, akadanwa zvakare ndokutumirwa kuKorea. Ndakanzwa kuvhiringidzika somukomana wengano wehafu wechiJudha/hafu weJapan uyo pamusi wegore negore waDecember 7, 1941 ‘akarwisa Pearl Schwartz.
Pandaikura, kunzwisisa kwangu kwakadzamiswa nemutori wenhau akazvimirira weLeft wing I.F. Stone, mumwe wemagamba angu ehuduku uye shamwari yemhuri, ane bhuku rake Nhoroondo Yakavanzika yeHondo yeKorea Ndakatanga kusava nechokwadi nezvengano yeHondo Yemashoko ‘yechisimba chisina kudenhwa chechiKomonisiti.’ Gare gare, senhengo yeYoung Peoples’ Socialist League yakabatana nevadzidzi vokuKorea vaitsigira democracy, maziso angu akazarurwazve nekamwe kapepa keYPSL kakadhindwa kasinganzwisisike kainzi chimwe chinhu. se 'Kuseri kweKumukira kweKorea'[1] iyo yakarondedzera nhoroondo inosuruvarisa yechimurenga chakabviswa chinopesana neukoloni, hondo yevagari vemo ichiri kunetsa, uye mutemo wakakundikana unotungamirirwa nepfungwa yeU.S.
Nhasi, nekuda kweWikipedia uye makore makumi matatu ekudzokorora kudzidza, iyo 'yakavanzika' nhoroondo yedambudziko reKorea chakavanzika chete kune vezvenhau uye vezvematongerwo enyika vakasarudza kubatirira kuCold War ngano kuitira kururamisa kutsamwisa kweUS. Yemahara uye inowanikwa kune vadiki nevakuru zvakafanana, chinyorwa cheWikipedia nezve 'Hondo yeKorea' (ine zvinongedzo kune zvimwe zvakadzama zvinyorwa pane zvese kubva kuhondo dzakanangana kusvika pakutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu) yakanyorwa zvine hungwaru neinongedzo kumagwaro eruzhinji, nhoroondo dzemauto, komisheni. mishumo uye nyanzvi dzenhoroondo dzekare.
Mabhuku aya anonyora nyaya inotyisa iyo isu vekare Vatsva vekuruboshwe zvakanyanya kana zvishoma kunzwisiswa munguva yeHondo Yemashoko - zviziviso zvakaita kuti tikwanise kutiza pfungwa dzeUS vs. USSR, kutarisira Vietnam, uye kunzwira tsitsi shamwari dzedu dzepanguva ino yekuSouth Korea, vadzidzi uye nhengo dzemubatanidzwa idzo, panguva iyoyo, dzairwira democracy vachipokana neUS imperialism uye vabatsiri vayo vekuSouth Korea. Heino nyaya yavo, kana zvandinoziva nezvazvo.
Kusawirirana kweKorea kwakatanga muna June 1950 mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana neako nhasi. Nezvevezvenhau uye zvirevo zvepamutemo, kurwisa kweNorth Korea kuMaodzanyemba kwakaratidzika sebhaudhi kunze kwebhuruu, chiito chinonyadzisa chehasha chaidzo. Muchokwadi, mauto ese eKorea anga achingogara achinetsana nekukandirana uye kurova nhanho kuyambuka 38th parallel muganhu. Pasi pechiratidziro chekurwisa-kurwisa mhirizhonga yekuSouth Korea, KPA yakayambuka 38th parallel kuseri kwemoto wepfuti mambakwedza neSvondo 25 June 1950 mukurwiswa kwakanyatso kugadzirira.
Mhinduro yeMutungamiri Truman uye Secretary of State Dean Acheson yakakurumidza: hondo yese kuNorth Korea. Kudenha kweN. Korean kwakaratidzwa semhaka yakajeka ye‘chisimba chisina kutsarukana’ chakaparirwa nechishuvo chakashata cheCommunist Russia chokukunda. Kudai umambo hweKorea hwaizobvumirwa kuwa, Asia yose ‘yaizorasika.’ Korea yakaenzana ne‘Munich,’ uye ‘Kukwidziridzwa’ kwakanga kusingabviri. Ndizvo zvaiita kubvunza vanhu vekuAmerica, vakanga vachiri kunanzva maronda avo kubva kuWWII uye vakanga vasati vambonzwa nezvenzvimbo inonzi Korea. Truman naAcheson vakafunga maAmericans 'kumashure,' vakanyura mukuzvitsaura kweHondo Yenyika I isati yasvika, vasingazive basa rakakura rekutonga humambo hwepasirese, magumo ayo akange awira kune yavo. Saka vepamusoro vaifanira kuzvisarudzira ivo pachavo, vachizvisarudzira ivo pachavo.
Iyo UN Figleaf
Saka pakanga pasina gakava reruzhinji, uye mauto eUS aive ari muhondo yeKorea nehurongwa hwekutonga. Mazuva maviri mushure meJune 25 N. Korean kuyambuka muganhu, Truman akaenda kuU.N. kunotora shizha remuonde repamutemo kuti rivhare kupindira kweUS. Mukushaikwa kweRussia (uyo aive nesimba reveto asi sezviri pachena aifunga kuti hapana sarudzo yaigona kusungirwa pasina vhoti yake). Kune rumwe rutivi, vaRussia vangave vakafarira pachivande muedzo wesimba. Chero zvazvingava, rump Security Council yakapfuura Resolution 83 ichibvumidza nyika dzenhengo kubatsira South Vietnamese muchiuto, ichiregeredza chokwadi chekuti mhirizhonga yeKorea yakarongedzerwa, nenzira kwayo, se 'hondo yevagari vemo,' ichidzivisa kupindira kwekunze.
Chero zvazvingava, Chisarudzo 83 chakakwikwidza ndicho chaidiwa naTruman, uye musi waChikumi 27, ingi isati yaoma, akarayira mauto emuchadenga eU.S. kuti arwe. Truman nokudaro akapa veruzhinji a fait accompli uye, kudzivirira kupokana, haana kana kunetseka kukumbira mvumo kubva kuCongress. Izvi zvakavhara miromo yevane hasha veRepublicans, avo chero zvakadaro vangadai vakadaidzira kune hukasha hunopesana neCommunist. Yakavharawo miromo yevanofambira mberi mumubatanidzwa, vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu uye vanorwira runyararo, avo vaimbotsigira Soviet Union kunzwira tsitsi zvino kwakanga kwava uchapupu hwe‘kupandukira hurumende.’ Truman akasumawo mhiko dzokuva Akavimbika dzinomanikidzirwa uye akapomera vatungamiriri vechiKomonisiti veU.S.
Kurwa muKorea kwaityisa, pachiyero cheWWII. Paitove 'zvinofadza' (kubva pamaonero evana vane makore gumi nematatu) kurwa kwembwa pakati peRussia MIGs neU.S. Saberjets mu'MIG Alley' parwizi rweYalu. Paive neamphibious D-day-type landings, kukurumidza kurwisa uye blitzkrieg kupokana, uye hondo huru dzakarebeswa nemakore maviri eiyo WWI mhando yehondo.[2] Makore makumi matanhatu gare gare, mamiriro emauto akaramba akaoma senhunzi muamber, pasinei neS. Korea 'chishamiso chehupfumi' uye N. Korea yakaparadzaniswa senyika yekupedzisira iripo yeStalinist. Hapana chingadzivise kumuka zvakare muna 2010. Chokwadi, panguva yaunoverenga mitsara iyi mabhomba eN. Korean anogona kunge achifamba akananga kuTokyo neSeoul.
Kuchinja kusati kwapera kweAsia
Midzi yedambudziko ranhasi inodzokera kumashure kusati kwave kusati kwapera Kupokana kweKorea kwema1950s, zvechokwadi kumashure, kusvika kuhafu yezana ramakore rekutapa kwemaimperiya eJapan peninsula yeKorea (1890s-1945), kusvika kumakore zana echishuwo chevanhu veKorea. yekubatana kwenyika, kune anti-Japanese kuramba uye anti-colonial Revolution ya1945, kune yenguva pfupi uye yakakanganwika yakabatana, yedemokrasi yeKorea Republic, kusvika pakuzobviswa kwayo nemasimba eUS neRussia, uye pakupedzisira kusvika pakubuda. yeCold War, iyo Hondo yeKorea yaive prototype.
Kunyangwe Kupokana kweKorea kunowanzoonekwa semumiriri-hondo pakati peUS neUSS.R. (ndiyo maonerwo akaitwa vagadziri vemitemo veUS), maKomonisiti ekuNorth Korea aive asina kana nguva pawns eRussia, kana nenyaya iyoyo yeChinese. MaKomonisiti, avakanga vabatsira kutonga muna 1949. Chokwadi, Kim Il Sung, mukuru weBato reNorth Korea akanga ari murwi wechiKomonisiti ane mhare. Juche (enda wega) bato rakakwanisa kuburitsa uye kuchenesa mapato ese eStalinist neMaoist Party, vachitora rubatsiro kubva kuRussia neChina.
Midzi yeAsia yekukonana kweKorea iri muchimiro chisina kupera cherusununguko rwenyika yeKorea, yakabviswa panguva yekukunda kwayo kutonga kweJapan nesarudzo yakasarudzika neUS/USSR yekutora yakasunungurwa peninsula yeKorea vozoipatsanura nepakati, pasina kubvunza chero vamiriri veKorea. Korea irudzi rwechinyakare-budiriro, inofungidzirwa nevamwe kuve pamudzi (kuburikidza nekutengeserana uye kutama) yetsika dzechiJapan dzemazuva ano, dzine mabviro azvino. Zvisinei muma1890 yakavakidzana Japan yakabuda sesimba remauto nemaindasitiri rine zvishuvo zveumambo muManchuria (umo maJapan akakunda Hushe hweRussia muna 1905) neKorea, iyo yavakabata zviri pamutemo muna 1910. Vakundi veJapan, vaizviona sevakuru verudzi, vakamanikidza maKorea kuti achinje mazita avo kuva mazita echiJapan, vakaedza kutsakatisa mutauro wavo (seBritish muIreland) uye vakavadzikisa kuita semi-uranda hwekoloni (kusanganisira huranda hwepabonde munguva yeWWII). MaKorea akaunzwawo kuzoshanda kuJapan, uko vazukuru vavo vanoramba vari vanhu vemarudzi.
Bato rokuzvitonga reKorea rakatanga muna 1919 nekuratidzira kwaipesvedzerwa ne‘kodzero yaWilson yokuzvisarudzira.’ Rakarwisa kutapwa kwavaJapan kubva mukutapwa uye nomupasi pevhu kutozosvikira pana Aug. 15, 1945 Gavhuna Mukuru weJapan akapa simba kuna Yuh Woon— Hyung asiya zvine mwero kuKorea Provisional Government. Sezvakaita muFrance panguva yeRusununguko, paive nekubatana kwakasimba pakati pevenyika dzakatwasuka, maDemocratics nemaKomonisiti, ivo vakarongeka kuita mapoka akasiyana akazvimirira ekupikisa.[3] Musi waGunyana 6, 1945, kongiresi yevamiririri yakaitwa muSeoul, ichitanga nyika yeKorea yemazuva ano, ine gutsaruzhinji mavhiki matatu chete mushure mekutonga kweJapan.
Basa reBrutal U.S
Zvino, sezvazvino, imperiya yeUS yakaratidza ruvengo rwayo rwemabvi kune democracy. Musi wa8 Gunyana, zuva rakatevera mushure mekuzvitonga kweKorea, mauto eUnited States achitungamirirwa naGeneral MacArthur akamhara paIncheon, akaisa kumaodzanyemba kweKorea pasi pehurumende yeU.S. chengetedza kurongeka. Vanhu vekuAmerica vakaramba kusangana neYuh Woon-Hyung's Provisional Government uye vakabata zvese zvekuedza kuzvitonga sehupanduki hwemakomunisti. Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu hwakakwira, iyo US yakarambidza kuramwa kwakarambidza Provisional Government nePRK People's Committees.[4] Kusungwa uye kuurayiwa kwemuratidziri wekuzvimiririra kwakaitwa nemubatanidzwa weMapurisa eKorea, akange ashanda sevanomanikidza maImperiya eJapan uye zvino akashandira Vagari veUS.
Senge sop kune manzwiro erudzi rweKorea, iyo US yakamisa nyika yezvidhori pasi peSyngman Rhee, anopesana neCommunist wekurudyi uyo akange apedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake ari muhutapwa kuUS Rhee akaisa hudzvanyiriri hune hutsinye, hwakavakirwa kune vaimboshandira pamwe, kuitira kuti aparadze simba rerusununguko rweRusununguko, atambudze vanomupikisa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye aite mauto ekurwisa varovi, vadzidzi nevapanduki veruboshwe vakamanikidzwa kutora zvombo kurwisa hurumende. Pakati pe30,000 uye 100,000 vanhu vaizorasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo panguva yehondo yaRhee kurwisa vapanduki veruboshwe.[5]
Panguva iyo US Command yakatarisa, mapurisa emauto eRhee uye bapiro rekurudyi paramilitary(vanhu) mauto akauraya zviuru zvevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika vekuruboshwe nevechikomonisiti paDaejeon Prison uye muJeri. Jeju Uprising(1948–49). Mumiriri weUS, Gregory Henderson, panguva iyoyo kuKorea, anoverenga vamwe vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika zviuru zana vakaurayiwa uye vakavigwa makuva mazhinji. The South Korean Komisheni yeChokwadi nekuyananisayakaunganidza mishumo yemazana ezviuru zvokuurawa kwavarwi hondo isati yatanga uye mukati mehondo.[6] Saka hudzvanyiriri hwaRhee hunotyisa hwekurwisa chiKomonisiti hwakasundidzira mhomho yevanoda nyika yavo nevane democrat kupinda mumapoka emaKomonisiti, ayo aiverengerwa pakati pemamiriyoni, akapararira zvakaenzana kuMaodzanyemba nekuMaodzanyemba.
MaNorth Korean Communist Anobatanidza
Zvichakadaro, muna Nyamavhuvhu 1950 hafu yekuchamhembe kweKorea peninsula yakanga ichigarwa nemauto eSoviet, akanga achangobva kupinda muhondo yekurwisa maJapan pakukumbira kweU. (Vamwe Leftist vakatenda kuti Truman akadonhedza bhomba rechipiri reatomu paNagasaki sechiratidzo kune vanhu vekuRussia, avo kukurumidza kufambira mberi kwepasi muAsia kwaipindira zuva nezuva kuUS spheres of influence). Pamusangano wekukurumidza weMoscow umo maKorea akabviswa, nyika yeKorea ichangobva kusunungurwa yakakamurwa kuita maviri, neUS neRussia sevatorwa.
Kusiyana nemaAmerican, vagari vekuRussia vakasarudza kucherechedza maKomisheni ekuzvimirira eKorea akakurumbira, ainyanya kutungamirwa nevanopikisa maKomonisiti, uye vakavabvumira kuti vaenderere mberi nekuzvitonga, uku vachiisa pakati pemapoka akazvimirira uye vachiisa maKomonisiti munzvimbo dzakakosha. SekuMaodzanyemba, maKomonisiti ekuchamhembe akakamurwa kuita zvikwata, uye kunyangwe Kim il Sung, uyo akazotonga Bato, akapedza chikamu cheHondo muManchuria pasi pevaRussia, akange asiri stooge yeRussia (kusiyana nevamwe vake vekuEast Germany. )
Kim akaisa mukurumbira wake kumaruwa, uko Bato rakaita shanduko yevhu yakabudirira, pasina mhirizhonga yakawandisa seyakaitika kuChina. Kim akatumirawo mauto eN. Korean anozvipira kuChina kunobatsira Mao Tse-tung's Red Army kukunda hurumende yaitsigirwa neU.S. yaChang Kai-Shek muna 1949. MaChina akadzorera mubatsiri wacho muna 1950 apo US yakavhozhokera North Korea, asi Kim akadzivisa. Bato rinotsigira maChinese kubva pakutonga Bato reKorea, uye hutongi hwake hunoramba hwakasununguka nanhasi, pamwe kusvika pakugumburwa kukuru kweChina.
Huwori hweParty
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emvura iyi, bato reKorea Communist Party rakachengeta humwe hunhu hwerevolutionary mass-based socialist movement. Maiwe, panguva yeHondo iyo North Korea Party-nyika yakave yakarongeka zvachose, Kim Il-Sung achichenesa maitiro akazvimirira, achigadzira yake kuwedzera kunze. hunhu, uye nekubatanidza yake Stalinist-maitiro ehudzvanyiriri ehurumende, akamanikidzwa kugara muurombo hwehurombo nemakore makumi matanhatu ehondo yeUS uye zvirango.
Iyo brittle gerontocracy inotonga iyo DPRK Party-nyika nhasi inoziva mazuva ayo akaverengerwa, neimwe nzira kana imwe. Nekurasikirwa zvishoma, varume vakuru ivavo vangave nekuzengurira kutumira nukes dzavo kana hurumende yavo ichityisidzirwa zvakanyanya. Chinangwa chavo ndechekupedzisa hupenyu hwavo muumbozha, sevakakunda North Vietnamese Communist veterans vari kutungamira chishamiso chinodzorwa nehurumende. Zviripachena, kukunda ndiwo mukana wavo wega wekupona, uye chirwere yagara iri dzidziso yavo yechiuto. VaObama vangatarisira kuwana chii nekumutsa dendere rakashata renyukireya?
Kudzokera muna 1945-1948, kupatsanurwa kweKorea kwanga kuchiri kutorwa sedanho renguva pfupi tichitarisa sarudzo dzenyika uye kubatanazve kwenyika, kwaidiwa nemativi ese. Paive nekufamba kwakawanda kudzoka nekudzoka, se "North" yeKorea inogona kunge yakazvarirwa kumaodzanyemba uye zvinopesana, saka hazvina kumbobvira zvajeka kuti ndiani aive kupi sezvo vapoteri kubva kumativi ese vakatamira kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba. Uye saka hondo yevagari vemo ine ropa pakati pehudzvanyiriri hweRhee nekupikisa kunotungamirwa nemaKomonisiti kumaodzanyemba kweKorea yakapararira ichienda kuchamhembe, uye yakanga isingaparadzaniswe kubva mubato reCommunist ipapo uye kubva mukushuvira kwakawanda kwekubatana pamwe nekuzvitonga kwenyika.
Mamiriro akafanana akawanikwa muVietnam mushure me1954, apo mushure mekunyadziswa kwemauto eFrance neGeneva Accords, Communist North Vietnam yakatongwa naHo Chi Minh (wekumaodzanyemba) yakamirira sarudzo dzenyika yese uku kuSouth, US yakamisa semudzvanyiriri wepombi anopikisa- Kutapwa kwechiKomonisiti ainzi Diem (wekuchamhembe). Sezvakazoitika muVietnam, maAmerican akasiya vimbiso yesarudzo dzenyika. Muna 1948, US yakagadza mudzvanyiriri Syngman Rhee seMutungamiri wekutanga weRepublic of Chammhembe Koria(ROK). Sezvineiwo, iyo U.S. yakabva yabvisa mauto ayo kubva kuchiri kukamukana peninsula. Nehondo yevagari vekuKorea ichiri kuenderera, uku kwaive kukokwa kwekupinda nechisimba kubva kuNorth.
Iyo Inopfungaira YeKorea Hondo Yevagari Vemo Inopisa Mumoto
Kurwa kwakazara kwakatanga muna Chikumi 23 apo Peoples 'Army yeNorth Korea yakayambuka makumi matatu nemasereth Parallel mune yakakura, yakanyatso kurongeka yekupinda uye yakapinda mukati maodzanyemba, ichipfuura-ichimhanyisa guta guru kuSeoul uye kusundidzira mauto eSouth Korea muchikamu chidiki chakatenderedza Pusan paSE mahombekombe. Uku kungwara kwekutanga kubata kwechiuto kunofananidzwa nekurwiswa kwe1941 kweJapan paPearl Harbor, zvese zvakabudirira pamberi pekufungira kusagadzirira kweUS. (Mauto eUS akange asina hanya nemwedzi yeROK yambiro uye zvikumbiro zvekubatsira).
Asi hondo yaChikumi 1950 inonzwisiswa zvakanyanya sechiitiko muhondo yevagari vekuKorea irikuenderera mberi - gakava pakati pehudzvanyiriri hwebapiro rekurudyi hweUS hwakavakirwa muchipurisa anodzvanyirira akagarwa nhaka kubva kuvakuru veJapan vekuKorea kune rumwe rutivi uye mukurumbira, wakawanda-wakavakirwa. Bato rerusununguko rwenyika rinotungamirwa neBato reCommunist rine simba rakawanda rakazvimiririra kubva kuMoscow nePeking. Izvi zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei mauto eSouth Korea asina simba akanyunguduka pamberi peNorthern mberi, nehafu yemauto eROK achienda kuchamhembe kunobatana nehama dzavo dzeCommunist uye vamwe vakatiza Maodzanyemba vakananga kuPusan kuti vachengetedze matehwe avo.
Kwakanga kune kuurayiwa kunotyisa kumativi ose maviri. Hudzvinyiriri hweRhee, vasati vabuda muSeoul, vakaita kubviswa kwakawanda kwevanosvika zana rezviuru 'maCommunist' - vezvekutengeserana, vadzidzi, vakasununguka uye maKomonisiti kwenguva refu vakachengetwa mumisasa kana pasi pekutariswa. Makuva mazhinji ezviuru zvevarume, vakadzi nevana vakapondwa naRhee achangobva kufukunurwa nekuzivikanwa. Kune rimwe divi, panguva yekutonga kweKomonisiti yezvikamu zvina kubva muzvishanu zveMaodzanyemba, pakanga paine kutongwa kwakawanda uye kuurayiwa kwe'matsotsi' aipomerwa kushandirapamwe nemaJapan uye nehudzvinyiriri hweRhee, hwakafanana nerwaiitwa muFrance panguva yekutonga. Rusununguko, asi pamwero mukuru uye wakanyanya hutsinye.
IU.S. Inopindira
Pakupera kweWWII, iyo U.S. yakanga yabvisa zvombo nekukurumidza kunoshamisa, kusiya kana kurova moth-mahombe emidziyo yemauto. Kukundwa kunonyadzisa kwemubatsiri weUS South Korea yaive chikonzero chakanaka chekudzoreredza mauto. Zvichakadaro, pakanga pachine mauto eUS anoshanda muJapan, uye Truman akamhanyisa ndege nematangi kuti asimbise homwe yakakombwa yePusan mauto aRhee asati aendeswa mugungwa.
Semukuru mukuru wemauto eUS muAsia/Pacific, Truman akange agara nhaka yeWWII General Douglas MacArthur, aizvitutumadza nerudyi-mamaniac ane vavariro dzezvematongerwo enyika uyo, mushure mekusiya mauto ake muBataan nenzira yehumbwende 1941, akazokunda Japan kuburikidza. inodhura yakatevedzana yeamphibious invesions yezvitsuwa zvakadzivirirwa zvakanyanya seIwo Jima. Zvichipesana nezano rePentagon nevari pasi pake, MacArthur akakurumidza kuronga kurwisa kunoshamisa kweAmphibious kuIncheon 100 mamaira kumashure kweN. Korean mitsetse (uko mwedzi wapfuura Adm. Mullen akaita zvinotsamwisa mhenyu amphibious invasion exercises). Hurongwa hwaMacArthur hwaisanganisira kutumira makoramu ane zvombo achityaira kuchamhembe akananga kumuganhu weChinese paRwizi rweYalu, kutora guta reDPRK kuPangyong, uye kusunungura peninsula yeKorea kubva kumuvengi wechiKomonisiti.
MunaSeptember 1950, MacArthur's D-Day style landings uye blitzkrieg madhiraivha ezvombo kuchamhembe akaenda sekuronga kwaainge aita, achidzora zvakanyanya mamiriro echiuto uye achimuita gamba rezuva iro uye angangoita 1952 Republican mumiriri wemutungamiri wenyika. Mirairo yaTruman kuMacArthur yakanga isina kujeka. Akanga abvumirwa kuyambuka 38th Parallel chete kana pasina humbowo maChinese aizopindira. Muna Gumiguru, Mutungamiriri akakumbira musangano neMutungamiriri wake Mukuru, wakaitika paWake Island sezvo MacArthur achizvikudza akaramba kuenda kuWashington. Ikoko akasimbisa Truman kuti pakanga pasina njodzi yekupindira kweChina muKorea sezvo mauto eUN akasunda kuchamhembe kuYalu. Mauto ange ave kumba ‘neXmas.’
MaChinese Anopinda Mutambo
MaKomonisiti echiChinese, akange atora masimba muPeking gore rapfuura uye vachiri kurwisana nehondo yevagari veChiang Kai Chek's Nationalist Army, yakachengetedzwa neU.S.th Fleet Formosa, vakavhunduka. Peoples 'Republic of China (PRC) yakaratidzira kuburikidza neUN uye nzira dzakazvimiririra dzezvematongerwo enyika dzichijekesa kuti vaizopindira kana mauto eUN akatyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwavo - kutaurirana kwakarambwa naTruman se "kuedza kwemhanza kunyomba UN."[7](Zvakajairwa?) Zvichakadaro, zvisingaonekwe, uto guru re‘vazvipiri’ vekuChina rakanga richiungana muManchuria richipinda muNorth Korea rakavanda uye murima.
Muna Gumiguru, nemauto eUN akatambanudzwa pamusoro pemitsara mirefu yekutakura munzvimbo dzisingafambike dzeNorth Korea, maChina akangoerekana aburitsa masaisai pakurwisa kwevacheche husiku, zvichishamisa vanhu vekuAmerica vaive vasina kugadzirira uye nekupfuura mitsara yavo. Muhondo dzinopembererwa dzeKisimusi 1950 dzakatenderedza Chosin Reservoir, ] yeMarines echiChina . 'Frozen Chosin' yaive kukundwa kweropa, kufananidzwa neiyo yeFrance kuDien Bien Phu muIndochina makore mana gare gare, kunze kwekunge vasara veMarines vakakwanisa kurwisa nzira yavo kuenda kumutengo mukurebesa kudzoka uye kubuda kukuru munhoroondo yemauto eUS. . Muhondo dzemaona, N. Vietnamese/Chinese dzakabatanidzwa zvakare dzakasundidzira mauto eUN kure kumaodzanyemba.
Kukundwa kweU.S
Hapana maGI akaendeswa ‘kumusha nokuda kweXmas.’ Panzvimbo pezvo, zviuru zvavarwi navakuru vakuru vakakurirwa ndokunyadziswa veU.S. Vachibatwa noutsinye uye vachiziya nenzara (kufanana navaN. Korea vamene), vamwe vakanyengetedzwa nedzvinyiriro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika yechiKomonisiti kuti vaite mashoko anorwisana neUnited States, zvichiita kuti pave nengano yoku‘geza pfungwa.’[8]
Mhinduro huru yaMacArthur pakukundwa kwemauto eUnited States zvinonyadzisa uku kwaiva ‘kupedza basa,’ kutakura hondo yekurwisa maKomonisiti kuenda kuchamhembe, kuChina chaimo, uye kushandisa kwake zvombo zvenyukireya kwakakurukurwa zvakakomba zvikuru. Asi Mutungamiriri Mukuru weAmerica aizvitutumadza aizvidza Mutungamiriri wake asiri varwi, aimbove bhizavha uyo ainzi nevanhu vose 'Harry.' Murume werudyi akanga ari paHorseback akatamba-tamba neruoko rwake, achitaura zvikumbiro zvake zvehondo kune vavhoti uye Congress pamusoro paTruman, uye Truman akamudzinga.[9]
General Ridgeway akatora UN Command, uye hondo yenyukireya ingangove neChina yakadziviswa. Pakupedzisira, mushure memakore ekurwa kwakanyanya (kusanganisira hondo dzinotyisa senge 'Porkchop Hill') uye kupindira kukuru kwemauto eUS mativi maviri aya akaderedzwa kuita mhirizhonga pamwe ne38th Parallel. Zvese mune zvese, kwaive kukundwa kweUS, South Korea, mubatanidzwa wavo weU.N. Vasingadi kubvuma kukundwa, ma imperialists haana kukwanisa kukunda maNorth Koreans kana kuchengetedza hondo inopfuurira. Hurukuro dzeArmistice dzakavhurwa uye dzakakweverwa mberi kwemwedzi nemakore. Makore makumi matanhatu gare gare, hapana chakakosha chakachinja pasi. Chete matanda emutambo akura zvakanyanya. VaObama vakatarisana nedambudziko rakafanana naTruman naMacArthur, uye North Korea inoramba iri kadhi remusango risingafungidzike.
Iyo 'Korea Syndrome'
Panguva yehurukuro dzakambomira kuti Cold Warrior Truman arambe achishora maCommunist, ukuwo vazukuru vekuRepublicans vakaita saJoe McCarthy vaipomera maDemocrats e "20 Years of Treason". rudyi rwakashanda kusimbisa iyo bi-partisan imperialist drive kuhondo uye kuvhara iyo US muchimiro chakaomarara. Kunyanguvezvo, pashure pamakore maviri, pasinei zvapo nokuvhima varoyi neparadziro huru inorwisana nechiKomonisiti, inoda kusvika hafu yavavhoti yakaona chisarudzo chokupinda muhondo ‘chikanganiso.’[I] Truman naAcheson vaive vakarurama mukufunga kuti veruzhinji vekuAmerica ‘vakadzokera shure’ vaisazotsigira mutoro wekuva mupurisa wepasi rose. Nokudaro, kusarudzwa kweRepublican muna 1951 hakuna kuenda kune aikurudzira hondo MacArthur, asi kune gamba rine mwero reWWII, General Eisenhower, uyo akatsvairwa kuhofisi pachivimbiso chiri nyore chokuti 'Ndichaenda kuKorea.'
Panguva yemushandirapamwe wemutungamiri wenyika, ini ndisingazivi ndakanyadzisa vabereki vangu pamberi peshamwari dzavo dzeKuruboshwe, avo vakanga vachikakavadzana zvakasimba kana vaifanira kutsigira Democrat Stevenson kana Progressive candidate, mumwe Vincent Hallinan. Mumwe mukadzi anofambira mberi akandibvunza maonero angu, uye Richard muduku akapindura kuti aifunga kuti mutungamiriri wemauto aiziva kuipa kwakaita hondo aigona kuita rugare. Aitaura chokwadi. Kusiyana naNixon, ane 'chirongwa chakavanzika' cha1968 chekupedza Hondo yeVietnam chaive manyepo, Mutungamiri Eisenhower vakabva vasaina chibvumirano chekumisa moto cheKorea.
Eisenhower zvakare aive nemvumo yekunyararidza dhema yaJoseph McCarthy uye kudzosa nyika kune yakajairika. Eisenhower akatonhodza Hondo Yemashoko, akaramba kubatsira maFrench, akanga akabatikana muVietnam uye aida kuti ashandise A-bhomba; Ike akavharira mafambiro ake emaimpiriyamu kune CIA coups muIran neGuatemala, uye akanyevera zvine mukurumbira nezve 'mauto-industrial complex' uye njodzi yekurwa 'nehondo yepasi muAsia.' Panguva iyoyo, hapana akataura nezve 'Korea Syndrome. ' kutapurira ruzhinji rweAmerica nekusavimbika kwekupindira kwemauto ekunze.
Dzidziso yeTruman Yakamutsiridzwa
Zvakatora hunyoro hweDemocrat Jack Kennedy kumutsidzira Hondo Yemashoko yaTruman uye Hutungamiri hweImperial. Kusiyana nekusagadzikana kweEisenhower-nguva, chiratidzo chitsva chaKennedy chekuAmerica chaida 'hukuru' uye 'kuzvipira' kukunda 'New Frontier' yepasirese, kudzoreredza Communism uye kuratidza muenzaniso wetsika kupasirese 'nekumira kureba'. à the John Wayne mumamiriro ese ezvinhu. Nyanzvi inopikisa Communist (mukoma wake Bobby aishandira McCarthy), Kennedy akabudirira kubuda muRed-baiting Tricky Dicky Nixon achipomerwa zvengano 'missile-gap' (mimvuri yeWMDs yaSaddam) uye 'akakunda' sarudzo dza1959 nebvudzi. , nekuda kweimwe nguva yekuvhota-stuffing neChicago's Boss Daley.
Munguva pfupi yehutungamiriri hwake JFK, ane mukurumbira wakanaka mushure mekufa kwake kusingatarisirwi, akabudirira kudzinga Khrushchev's 'Peaceful Co-existence' Policy se 'Commie propaganda,' akapinda muCuba kuBay of Pigs, akatarisana neRussia ziso- bhora reziso muBerlin, rakaisa mungozi hondo yeatomu pamusoro peCuba, yakatora pachivande chinzvimbo chevaFrance vakakundwa muhondo yevagari veVietnamese yaienderera mberi uye akaisa muKatorike akadzingwa webapiro rekurudyi ainzi Diem semudzvanyiriri wake wemudzvanyiriri kumaodzanyemba (sezvakaita Truman. yakaiswa Rhee), ichigadzirira nyika kukundwa kutsva kweKorea-style yeUS.
Kamwe Kennedy akamutsiridza Domino Theory, akaita kuti Vietnam ive 'yedzo yekuda kweAmerica' uye akazivisa kuti kudzoka pasi kwaizokonzera US 'kurasika kwekuvimbika kusingagamuchirwe,' akashandura kupokana kubva pakugara kweimpiriyasi koloni-kubata kuenda kuhondo inotungamirwa nedzidziso. pasina kudzoka kunobvira, zvichiita kuti kurasikirwa nerutsigiro rwemumba uye kwekupedzisira kunonyadzisa kukundwa kwemauto kusingadzivisike. Kunyange Johnson, neBay yake yekunyepedzera yeTonkin Incident kana Nixon ane 'chirongwa chake chakavanzika' akakwanisa kuunganidza rutsigiro rweveruzhinji kana kusiya hutongi hweUS hwekusimba, hunotungamirwa nedzidziso, hutsika. Vakatongerwa kurwa, vachitsvaga 'chiedza chinogara chisingabviri pamagumo emugero,' kudzamara maAmerican amanikidzwa kubuda mumiriri weUS muSaigon neherikoputa, vachisiya vabatsiri vavo veVietnamese kune yavo uye vachizvipedza zvavo. -kuzadzisa chiporofita nezve kuparadza 'kurasikirwa kwekuvimbika kweAmerica.'
Realpolitik kana Imperial Madness?
Kudzokorodza: Muna 1950 mukuroverwa kweHondo yeKorea, Harry Truman akagadzira yanhasi National Security State, achitarisira yanhasi USA PATRIOT ACT yakazara neFBI wiretaps, kutongwa kwevapanduki, uye (isina kumbobvira yashandiswa) misasa yevasungwa muSouth kune vanhu vakaita seyangu. vanhu. Truman aivewo Baba vechokwadi vehondo yePresident, zita risingaremekedze rakapihwa zvisina hanya kune vamwe vakasununguka JFK neLBJ, kune maRepublican saNixon uye papipsqueak Bush nemaWMD ake engano. Tichitarisa kumashure, vaive nguruve vaifamba mutsoka huru dzeiyi ine mwero Missouri asiri munhu akawana nzvimbo yake yakakodzera munhoroondo semuvaki weCold War uye Muvambi weImperial Presidency.
Iyo geo-yezvematongerwo enyika hwaro hweTruman's National Security State hwaive hune musoro, kana husingafungi: sekureva kwechipangamazano wake akasununguka George Kennan, kana US ichida kuramba ichitonga zviwanikwa zvepasi neane makumi maviri.th yehuwandu hwayo, yaizofanira kubvisa zvakanaka zvakaita sedemocracy uye kururamisira. Izvi zvaireva kupindira chero zvishuwo zveUS zvingatyisidzirwa nemafambiro akakurumbira, kutsigira hudzvanyiriri hwepro-US kwese pazvinogoneka, uye kuchengetedza danho repamusoro rekunyepa kwekuda nyika, kudzvanyirira uye kupokana neCommunist kudzikamisa kushoropodzwa kumba.
Dambudziko raive rekuti zano raTruman rezvematongerwo enyika neo-colonist geo-zvematongerwo enyika rakazova musungwa wepfungwa dzakaomarara dzakagadzirirwa kuzvipembedza kune munhu anozvisarudzira ega. Korea muna 1950 ndiyo yaive yekutanga domino. Ipapo ndipo apo mutemo weUS wakatanga kuomeswa kuita zvimiro zvisina musoro zvesimba risingachinjike uye kusimba kwehunhu husingachinjiki izvo, kunyangwe neAmerican imperialism ine simba risingarambiki remauto uye zviwanikwa zvehupfumi zvisingaperi, zvakatungamira kune tambo yezvigumbu uye kukundwa kunonyadzisa (pamwe nekukunda kuviri kudiki: kupindira. yeGranada nePanama).
Kufamba Kweupenzi
Mushure mekukundwa kweAmerica muVietnam, munyori wenhoroondo Barbara Tuchman akaburitsa Kurume kweUpenzi: Kubva Troy kuenda kuVietnam, kufungisisa kudzokororwa kwezvakaitika kare kwehurumende dzaitevedzera mitemo sezviri pachena zvinopesana nezvadzinoda uye dzichiramba dzichiita upenzi ihwohwo, pasinei neuchapupu hunodzokororwa hwezvakaitika kare uye mazano ane musoro evatsoropodzi nevatsigiri. Kunyangwe makore makumi matanhatu ekumira, quagmires uye kukundwa kunonyadzisa, Imperialism yeUS ichiri musungo mukufamba kwehupenzi. Kana hondo yacho ichinzi ‘anti-Communism,’ hondo ye‘zvinodhaka’ kana kuti hondo ye‘ugandanga,’ hapana Utongi hunoda kubuda pachinzvimbo, teerera kufunga, funga kuita rugare.
SaTruman, JFK, LBJ, Nixon-Kissinger naBush pamberi pake, Obama musungwa we 'Frontier Myth' yeAmerica anoratidza tarisiro yekutonga 'vanhu vadiki' (kutanga nemaIndia) ne "kuvasunungura" kuburikidza nezvakaitwa naRichard. Slotkin mubhuku rake Gunfighter Nation inodana 'mhirizhonga inodzikinura.' Saka inogara iri 'High Noon' paAmerica pasi rose 'New Frontier,' uye semusherifu wekuHollywood ane mukurumbira wekudzivirira, iyo U.S. iri pasi pechisungo chenguva dzose kuipfura nayo. wechidiki wese anopisa ane pfuti matanhatu anofamba mu saloon uye anoburitsa dambudziko. Kuita nhaurirano nemuvengi anotsanangurwa se 'Communist' kana 'gandanga' kwaizoonekwa sehumbwende hunonyadzisa - kana zvisiri nevamiriri vedemocracy yeUS (avo vangangonzwa kurerukirwa) - ipapo nemuchina wekure-kurudyi weAmerica. , izvo zvingashevedzera 'kupandukira' pane zvishoma kuratidza kushanduka. Nekudaro mutambo waObama unopenga wehuku yenyukireya nehutongi hweNorth Korea hwakaomarara hweStalinist.
Zvinogoneka Mhinduro
Pane nzira yekubuda nayo mudambudziko iri rinouraya reAsia here? Panogona kunge pasina mhinduro chaiyo ipfupi yedemocracy, yakabatana Korea. Kwezana ramakore vechidiki, vakangwara uye vashandi vakarongeka veKorea vanga vachirwira demokrasi uye hutongi hwenyika, kutanga mukupokana neJapan uyezve vachipesana netambo yehudzvanyiriri hwebapiro rekurudyi hunotsigirwa neUS. Muna 1960, kuratidzira kwakaitwa neboka revadzidzi vekuKorea (iyo isu veYPSL takabatana nayo) yakapidigura Syngman Rhee, asi vimbiso yedemocracy yakakanganiswa nemauto. cheka. Kutonga kwechisimba kwemauto eGeneral Park, uko hupfumi hweKorea hwakabudirira kuburikidza nekupindira kwenyika, hwakagara kusvikira kuurayiwa kwaPark muna 1979. Maiwe, kumutsidzirwa kwedemocracy kwakavhiringidzwa neuto raGeneral Chou 1980. kupidigura hurumende, kunyandura kuratidzira kukuru, kudzvinyirirwa zvine utsinye.
Muna 1987 chete, mushure mezvakazarurwa zvekurwadziswa-rufu rwemudzidzi, kumukira kwevashandi nevadzidzi kwakabudirira mukudzorera hutongi hwemutemo. Nhasi, kirasi yevashandi vekuKorea, yakabatana nevadzidzi, zvine nharo ndiyo inonyanya kurwa, yakarongeka uye inoziva zvematongerwo enyika munyika. Zviratidziro zvine mukurumbira zvakabudirira kuisa iyo "Sunshine policy" (mukuda kuwirirana neNorth) yePresident Kim naRoh (aimbova mutungamiriri wevashandi), vakamisa kumuka kwe2003 kwehutsinye neNorth, ndokumanikidza mauto. kubviswa kweuto reAmerica muSeoul, vazhinji vevarwi ve37,000 veUnited States vaigara vachiita zvechisimba, kudhakwa, rusaruraganda uye zvepabonde kunze kwemaitiro. Chokwadi vachataurawo zvavo mudambudziko riripo.[10]
Kana vari vanhu veAmerica, kunyangwe kusava nehanya kwenyika kwakashandiswa nemakore makumi matanhatu ehurumende yakasimba inopokana neCommunist uye inorwisa magandanga, ruzhinji rwakagara rwaramba se "kukanganisa" hondo dzakaiswa muKorea, Vietnam, uye zvino. Irak maererano nesarudzo dzakasiyana siyana. Zvirokwazvo, pasi pekunyepedzera kuti Barack Obama aizounza runyararo, sezvakaitwa naDwight Eisenhower muna 60, vachena vekuAmerica vakatokunda rusaruraganda rwavo uye vakasarudza Mutungamiriri weBlack, nekuda kwezvose zvakanaka zvaakatiitira.
Usacheme, ita nyika!
Sezvataona, Imperialist National Security State yakanga yakagadzirwa nerusununguko rweDemocrats (Truman, Acheson, Brennan) avo, panguva ino, vakavimba nekuchema kwevatsoropodzi vavo veRepublican vane hasha kuti vadzivise vatsoropodzi vehondo uye vaonekwe 'vanonzwisisa.' Saka vanhu vanopesana nehondo chenjerai: pane kuita sevanofara muCorporation-sponsored quadrennial Donkeys. ne Nzou Stuperbowl, isu vanhu vekuAmerica tinofanirwa kumutsiridza sangano redu rakazvimirira rekurwisa hondo, kuisa Korea pamusoro pezvirongwa, uye kuvaka hukama hwekubatana nevamwe vedu pakati pevadzidzi vekuKorea, mubatanidzwa uye masangano anopesana nehondo emaKorea. Mubatanidzwa wepasi rose weU.S./Korea unopesana nehondo ndiyo nzira yechokwadi yekupaza nepakati peCold War shibboleths yakagadzirirwa kutipatsanura uye kuvaka sangano rakasimba rekubatana.
Kuti tibatane nemakomuredhi edu ekuKorea, tinofanira kutanga tanzwisisa mamiriro avo, nhoroondo yavo uye basa renyika yedu mumatambudziko avo. Ndinovimba kuti ino Cold War era New Left humbowo / ongororo yeKorean Nhamo ichabatsira iyo inodiwa kunzwisisa. Ndinokurudzira shamwari dzangu nevaverengi kuti vagovane ruzivo urwu zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.
Richard Greeman
Montpellier France, Zvita 11, 2010
KUKURUMIDZA KUKURUMIDZA: Korea inoramba iri tinderbox iyo inogona kuputika zvakare chero miniti. Tinofanira kuzivisa vanhu uye kusimudza kuratidzira, kutanga nesangano rerunyararo uye Kuruboshwe vanoita sevasina ruzivo nezvenyaya iyi. Please contact http://www.endthekoreanwar.org/
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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