Chinyorwa ichi chinobva mugwaro richangoburitswa City Lights Press anthology, (www.globalizeliberation.org) Globalize Liberation: Maitiro ekudzura sisitimu uye kuvaka Nyika irinani, rakapepetwa naDavid Solnit.
Maitiro ekuyerera kwemari ane mhedzisiro inooneka kunharaunda dzevashandi muUnited States. Dzimwe nharaunda dzinoona zvidyarwa zvakavharwa, zvitoro zvakasiiwa, dzimba dzekugara, mabasa mashoma. Ndizvo zviratidzo zvekusaisa mari. Capital yakatamira kune imwe saiti mutsetse wekugadzira wepasi rose.
Mune dzimwe nguva uye nzvimbo kupinda kwekudyara kunopisa gentrification. Upscale condos inovakwa, dzimba dzinogadziriswa. Maresitorendi ane mwenje uye vintage fenicha emporia inobvisa bodegas uye zvitoro zvemidziyo zvakashandiswa. Rent dzinokwira sezvo varidzi vemba vanoziva kuti vanogona kukwezva nyanzvi uye mabhizinesi semaroja. Nzvimbo ye รขโฌลinokosheswa guta real estateรขโฌ iri kucheneswa nevagari vayo vanoshanda.
Zvikamu zviviri izvi zviri kukonzera kusawirirana. Squatters vanogara muzvivako zvisina munhu. Maroja anotyisidzira kuramwa rendi nekuda kwekumisikidzwa kwekugadzirisa. Vanoroja vanorwira kuti vatore mitemo yekudzora rendi vachipindura kukwira kwerendi. Anti-gentrification activists jam kuronga komisheni kunzwa kumisa upscale condo mapurojekiti. Kumucheto kwakanyanyisa, vamwe vanoenda kunopisa macondos ari kuvakwa.
Tinogona kuzviona zvese izvi seratidziro dzekurwisana kwemapoka pamusoro penzvimbo yakavakirwa.
Zvese zviri zviviri gentrification uye disinvestment maitiro anoumbwa nezviitiko zvemamwe marudzi emasocial agents kana masangano. Varidzi venzvimbo, vanogadzira, uye mabhangi vese vanoita mabasa akakosha.1
Zvivakwa zvinomiririra mari huru. Nechikonzero ichi, ivo havatsiviwa kwemakore mazhinji mushure mekunge vavakwa. Nzvimbo yechikuru muguta reAmerica inogona kunge yakashandurwa kubva kumunda wekurima kuenda kukushandiswa kwemadhorobha muzana ramakore re19 kana kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20. Sezvo mijenya iri munzvimbo ichangobva kupatsanurwa inovakwa pairi, vavaki nevanopatsanura vanoenda kunze kune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri kunze vachitsvaga nzvimbo nyowani dzekuvaka.
Chivakwa chakafanana nechidimbu chemuchina kana mota รขโฌโ chinodzikira mukukosha nekufamba kwenguva. Denga ringada kuchinjwa mushure memakore ekurova zvakare mvura. Chimiro chekuvaka chinogona kubuda mufashoni. Shanduko dzetekinoroji dzakadai sezviyero zvitsva mumagetsi kana pombi masisitimu zvinogona kukanganisa kukosha kwechivako.
Dzimwe nharaunda dzinoramba dzichichengeta kugona kwadzo kukwezva nyanzvi nevemabhizimisi kuti vagare ikoko. Varidzi venzvimbo munzvimbo dzakadai vanova nekurudziro yekusimudzira zvivakwa zvavo nekuti vanogona kuraira marendi akakwira zvakakwana kuti vaunze kudzoka kwakanaka pakudyara ikoko.
Musika wedzimba unowanzo kurongedza huwandu hwevanhu nemari inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Rusaruraganda runogona kuwedzera imwe mhando yekuronga. Kana nzvimbo iri kuwedzera kuzadzwa nevagari vane mari shoma, varidzi vemba vane kurudziro yekusachengetedza zvivakwa zvavo. Kana vaizoisa mari mukusimudzira, vaizoda kubhadharisa rendi yepamusoro kuti iyi iite mari inobatsira. Vanhu vaigona kubhadhara rendi dzakakwirira vangasada kugara munharaunda iyoyo. Saka varidzi vemba vanongoti รขโฌลmukakaรขโฌ zvivakwa zviri kuora zverendi. Nokurega kugadzirisa, vanogona kuchengetedza mari yekutenga zvimwe zvivako kune imwe nzvimbo.
Maitiro ekubvisa mari mukati meguta akanyanya kurebeswa muUSA mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Kukwira kwemubairo chaiwo, mitemo yechikwereti cheFederal Housing Administration, kubvisirwa mubereko wemuridzi wemba pamutero wemuhoro, sarudzo dzemakambani kuendesa zvidyarwa kunzvimbo dziri kunze, kuvaka migwagwa yemahara, kubhururuka kwechena - zvese izvi zvinhu zvakakonzera kubuda kwekudyara mumaguta uye kushomeka. mari munzvimbo dzeguta rekare.
Sezvo nzvimbo yemadhorobha ichikura, nzvimbo yave kugarwa nezvivakwa zvakasakara uye vanhu vanotambira mari shoma vanogona kunge vari padyo nenzvimbo dzekuita zvehupfumi zvakaita sedhorobha. Kuva pedyo nemabasa emudhorobha uye chivakwa chekare chinonakidza chinogona kupa nzvimbo iyo mukana wekukwezva vagari vanotambira mari yakawanda kana mamwe mabhizinesi ane ruzivo rwakakwana.
Saka musiyano uripo pakati pemarendi anogona kupa nzvimbo yezvivakwa zvakasakara uye vagari vanotambira mari shoma uye mari yerendi ingangowanikwa nenzvimbo yacho kana ikavakwazve kana kuvandudzwa kuti โishandiswe zvakanyanya uye inonyatsoshandiswa zvakanaka.โ Neil Smith akavamba mutsara wekuti รขโฌลrent gapรขโฌ kureva chiitiko ichi.2 Kana mukaha uyu werendi ukakura zvakakwana, nzvimbo yacho inogona kunge yaibva kune imwe nzvimbo yekudyara. Vafungidziri vanogona kutanga kutenga zvivakwa vachitarisira kuwedzera kukosha kwemusika wezvivakwa.
Kuita kuti mari mukuvaka kutsva uye rehab iwane pundutso, vanogadzira vanofanirwa kukwanisa kukwezva vagari vanogona kubhadhara rendi dzepamusoro senge nyanzvi nemamaneja (mudhorobha รขโฌลgentryรขโฌ ). Kana hurongwa uhu hwatanga, รขโฌลvaridzi vemba vanova nekurudziro yekudzinga vagari vanotambira mari shoma vachifarira maroja akapfuma anokwanisa kubhadhara rendi yepamusoro.3 Panguva iyi varidzi vemba vangada kudzinga maroja ane mari yepasi. Kuti vaite izvi vanogona kudzivisa kugadzirisa, kurega denga richiputika, nezvimwe zvakadaro.
Mabhangi nemamwe masangano emari anobatidza faucet yezvikwereti zvemba uye zvekuvaka. Kuvakwa kwemacondos uye zvivakwa zvehofisi zvinosimudza hunhu hwezvivakwa sezvo vamwe varidzi venzvimbo vachiziva kuti kuwedzera kushandiswa kwenzvimbo kwave kuitika.
Gentrification muBay Area
Gentrification muBay Area inoratidza kuti sarudzo dzekudyara nevashandirwi vemaindasitiri dzinogona sei kukanganisa nzvimbo dzekugara mukati mekufamba chinhambwe chenzvimbo dzebasa. Kubva kumakore ekuma1970 zvikamu zvehunyanzvi hwepamusoro รขโฌโmamicrochips, midziyo yeInternet, software nezvimwe zvakadaro รขโฌโ zvakauya kuzotonga hupfumi hwedunhu. Kwemakore indasitiri iyi yakatevera zano rekutsvaga nzvimbo zhinji dzekugadzira kunze kweBay Area. Semuyenzaniso, pakati pe-รขโฌโข80s Atari akatamisa chirimwa chake chekugadzira mitambo yemavhidhiyo kuenda kuMalaysia nekuda kwekuedza kwakaitwa nevashandi kubatanidza chirimwa ichi.
Izvi zvakagadzira chimiro chebasa chakatsveyama, chine chikamu chikuru chemabasa anotambira mari yakawanda รขโฌลmukusimudzira bhizinesi,รขโฌ kushambadzira, kugadzira neuinjiniya, zvichingodaro. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuvharwa kwemafekitari ekugadzira chikafu uye kudzikira kwekutakura ngarava nekugadzirisa ngarava kwakakonzera kurasikirwa kwemabasa anobhadhara zviri nani, akabatana. Somuenzaniso, muna 1990 chirimwa cheMayonesi yeZvikafu Zvakanakisisa muSan Francisco chakavharwa; oparesheni yakatamira kuGuatemala.
Zvichakadaro, kuvakwa kwedzimba muSilicon Valley kwakawira kumashure kwehuwandu hwemabasa. Kushomeka kwakakurudzira kukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo dzevashandi (zvine chekuita nenharaunda dzemavara) kubva kuEast Palo Alto kuenda kuOakland kumabvazuva kweSan Francisco.
Shanduko idzi dzinoratidza kubatana pakati pekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose uye gentrification.
San Francisco's Mission District yaive pamberi peichi chiitiko mukupera kwema รขโฌห90s. Dunhu reMishoni rakanga rapfuura nemunguva yekubvisa mari kwenguva refu mukati memakore ekutanga kweHondo Yenyika II. Kuvakwa kwechiteshi chepasi pevhu cheBART pasi pemugwagwa mukuru wezvokutengeserana wenharaunda, Mission Street, kwakasimudzira ndege dzebhizimisi muma รขโฌโข60s. Kusadyarwa kwacho kwakatungamira kune chisungo chekuvandudzwa kwemadhorobha izvo zvingadai zvakaparadza nzvimbo yepakati penharaunda. Izvi zvakarwiwa zvinobudirira, kuburikidza nekuronga kukuru kwenharaunda, nerutsigiro rwemibatanidzwa.
Pakazosvika ma1980 nzvimbo dzakavakidzana kumadokero nekumabvazuva kweMission dzakanga dzave nehunyoro. Nharaunda yaive yave moyo wenharaunda yeLatino muSan Francisco. Kuungana kwevanhu vakawanda vanotambira mari shoma vachena, pamwe chete nenhau dzezvinobudisa nhau pamusoro peutsotsi uye zviitiko zvezvikwata zvinogara zvichitambudza nzvimbo dzine mari shoma, zvakanga zvaodza mwoyo nyanzvi dzevachena dzinotamira munharaunda yacho. Mafurati akanga achiri akachipa.
Zvakadaro nharaunda iri pakati pepakati, ine nyore kuwana 46 miriyoni masikweya tsoka dzehofisi nzvimbo mudhorobha reSan Francisco. Migwagwa yemahara inotungamira kunzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzebasa kumaodzanyemba kweSan Francisco. "Mugero werendi" saka waivepo pakati pekurojesa kwazvino kwakagadzirwa nevanhu varipo uye vanogona kurojesa kana mitengo yezvivakwa iyi yemukati-muguta real estate inogona kuunza kana yaigona kuvandudzwa kuitira kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevashandi veBay Area. uye mamaneja.
Mhando dzinoverengeka dzemumiriri wezvemagariro evanhu dzakapayona nzira yekusimudzira muDunhu reMishoni. Pakati pe-'90s anti-union makondirakiti eResidence Builders Association akatanga kutenga nzvimbo yakachipa mudunhu rekare refekitori kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMishoni kuti vavake dzimba dzepamusoro.
Pakazosvika 2000 vakanga vachitengesa nehafu yemamiriyoni emadhora pop. Mumwe mutengesi wezvivakwa akandiudza kuti macondo akadaro aizowanzotengwa nevaroorani vaduku, mumwe nomumwe achiita $90,000 XNUMX pagore.
Mutemo weEllis State, wakadzikwa muna 1996, wakabvumira varidzi vedzimba "kubuda mubhizinesi" uye kubvisa zvivakwa zvavo zvemaroja. Mukupera kwema90s muongorori aikwanisa kutenga fourplex muMission nemadhora mazana mashanu emadhora, odaidza Mutemo weEllis kuti uibvise, obva atengesa mayunitsi acho nemadhora mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu ezviuru chimwe nechimwe setendi-yakajairwa.
Kudzingwa kweEllis Act mudunhu reMission kwakawedzera kubva pa14 muna 1995 kusvika vanopfuura 660 muna 2000. Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevakadzingwa muguta reEllis Act vaive vanhu vechikuru.
Iyo Mission Anti-Displacement Coalition (MAC) yakaumbwa muna Kubvumbi, 2000, kurwisa kutamiswa kwenharaunda yevashandi veLatino. Kurwiswa kwakatevedzana kwakaitika umo mapurojekiti ehofisi kana condo akarambiswa, kuburikidza nekuratidzira pamisangano yekomisheni yekuronga maguta, kufora kwevanhu vakawanda, mishandirapamwe, kugara kwezvivakwa zvisiri pamutemo, kutumira uye agit-prop yemarudzi ese.
Izvi zvakakonzera mushandirapamwe weMAC wekusimudzira pfungwa dzekuronga madhorobha, uye kuda kuti nharaunda itore chikamu mukuronga kwenharaunda รขโฌโ vachipikisa "Chirongwa chePeopleรขโฌโข kune zvirongwa zvevagadziri. Zvinoda dzimba dzinodhura uye dziviriro yeblue-collar maindasitiri mabasa (anotyisidzirwa nekudyiwa kwenzvimbo dzeindasitiri.4 yemahofisi nemacondos) zvave zvakakosha pakuedza kweMAC.
Zvakadaro, makumi masere nemana kubva muzana edzimba dziri muMishini dzinoroja. Pasina muridzi wevhu, nharaunda inoramba iri patsitsi dzevaridzi venzvimbo nevagadziri.
Zvisinei nekuparara kwepashure-2000 dot-com uye kudzikira, rendi muSan Francisco ichiri yakakwira. Muchengeti wemubatanidzwa muSan Francisco anoita madhora gumi nemashanu paawa haakwanise kubhadhara madhora chiuru nemazana matatu pamwedzi yeimba yekurara imwe chete muMission.
Sezvo imba yega yega-inodzorwa nerendi inova isina munhu, rendi inokwira kune chero iyo musika unobereka. Mutemo wehurumende unodzivisa guta kuti rirege kudzorwa rendi kune mumwe muroja anotevera.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kutamiswa kunotungamirwa nemusika kwevashandi kubva kuSan Francisco kuchakanganisa hunhu hwezvematongerwo enyika hweguta. Mibatanidzwa nevarendi vachasangana nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika asina hushamwari muguta rine magweta, maboss, mainjiniya esoftware nezvimwe zvakadaro.
A Self-management Approach to Housing
"Zvakapesana nekugadzirisa," anodaro Peter Marcuse, "hazvifanire kunge zvakaora nekusiiwa asi kuve nedemocratization yedzimba."5 Nharaunda yeminda trust inogona kunge iri nzira yekushanda yakanangana neichi chinangwa.
Vanosvika zana nemakumi maviri neshanu venharaunda dzepasi (CLTs) dzakaumbwa munharaunda dzemuUSA vachipindura kubvisirwa mari kana gentrification. Iyo CLT inotora ivhu kuti ibvise zvachose pamusika uye iite kuti iwanikwe kuti ishandiswe nenharaunda. Sesangano regutsaruzhinji, CLT ine chinangwa chekupa nharaunda simba mukuona kuti chii chinoitwa nevhu munzvimbo iyoyo. Iyo CLT inogona kugadzirisa zvivakwa zviripo, kuvaka dzimba nyowani kana zvivakwa zvefurati, kana kuita mamwe marudzi ebasa rekusimudzira. Izvo zvakajairika zvinangwa zveCLT maitiro ndeaya:
? Vagari kutonga kwedzimba
? Kutonga kwenharaunda pamusoro pekushandiswa kwevhu nekusimudzira
? Kubviswa kwevhu nedzimba kubva pamusika wekufungidzira
? Kuita shuwa kuti dzimba dzinoramba dzakachipa zvachose kuvanhu vanoshanda.
Vagari varidzi vezvivakwa asi CLT inoramba iine muridzi wevhu. Aya ndiwo masimbisirwo anoitwa kugona zvachose. Dzimba dzepanyika yeCLT haigone kutengeswa chero mutengo unotengeswa nemusika. Pane kudaro, pane chirevo muchibvumirano chepasi chinogonesa CLT kutenga zvakare imba yekugara pamutengo unorambidzwa kana mugari achida kuitengesa. Iyo CLT inosimbisa kufarira kwenharaunda kuchengetedza kugona kwedzimba.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura kuvandudzwa kwedzimba kusingaite mari muUSA kwakaitwa nevecommunity development corporations (CDCs) vanovaka dzimba dzekurojesa. Izvi zvinosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pavo asi vazhinji vari kushaya kuzvidavirira kwedemocracy kune vanoroja kana nharaunda dzavanoshandira. Kazhinji varoja muzvivakwa zvavo vane hukama hwakafanana nasaimba weCDC sevaroja vari pachivande, zvivakwa zvekurojesa.
Dambudziko iri rinoratidzwa nemhirizhonga ichangobva kuitika paMission Housing Development Corporation (MHDC), CDC mudunhu reMission. MHDC's self-perpetuating board yakafunga kudzokera kure nedzimba dzine mari shoma muMission, kuenda kudzimba dzemusika, kusanganisira budiriro kunze kweguta. Izvi zvakakonzera kumukirana kwevashandi avo vakabatana vachiti nhengo dzebhodhi dzisiye basa pamwe nekuchinjwa kwemaitiro kuitira kuti MHDC ikwanise kuzvidavirira kunharaunda nevagari vemuzvivakwa zveMHDC.
Iyo yenharaunda yenzvimbo yekuvimba modhi inosiyana neyakajairwa CDC pakuti inoisa mukana wekuzvitonga wega nzira yekugara. Isu tinokwanisa kutora kuzvitonga kuti tifukidzwe mune inotevera musimboti:
Munhu mumwe nomumwe anofanira kuva nechisarudzo pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvinomutapura uye nemwero wakati mukuwirirana nezvinotapurwa.
Vanhu vanogara mumba vanokanganiswa zvakanyanya nezvisarudzo pamusoro pezvinoitika ipapo kupfuura chero ani zvake; saka, vanofanira kuva nesimba pamusoro pezvinoitika munzvimbo yavo. Asi kushandiswa kwevhu uye mutengo wedzimba zvinobata munhu wese munharaunda; saka munhu wese anofanirwa kutaura pamusoro peizvi.
Iko kukwereta kwepasi kunopa nharaunda vamwe kutaura pamusoro pezvinoitika nezvivakwa paivhu reCLT. Sarudzo idzo CLT inoramba ichitaura pamusoro pezvinhu zvingave nemhedzisiro munharaunda yakapoteredza. Nharaunda inogona kudzora mhando yekushandiswa kana shanduko huru pachivako, uye inogona kudoma mazinga mashoma ekugadzirisa. Kana coop kana sangano revaridzi vemba rikatadza kuzadzisa zvisungo zvavo zvemari, CLT inogona kupindira.
Muridzi wemba imhata yekodzero, iyo inopa mabhenefiti akasiyana. Iwe unogona kudzora nzvimbo yaunogara, unogona kugadzirisa kana kugadzirisa mukati kuti zvienderane newe. Wasununguka kubva pakuda kana kupinda kwemuridzi wemba. Kana iwe uine imba yakamira wega, unogona kuvaka yekuwedzera kana kugadzirisa kunze, uye nzvimbo yeyadhi iripo yekutamba, yekurima gadheni.
Nekune rumwe rutivi, chimiro chemba sechinhu chinotengeswa zvinoreva kuti imba inogona kushandiswa senzira yekuwana purofiti kubva mukukoshesa kukosha kwemusika.
Mumuenzaniso weCLT, izvi zvikamu zvevaridzi vemba zvakaparadzaniswa. Kutanga, ivhu rinobviswa zvachose pamusika. Chechipiri, kodzero yekuwana purofiti kuburikidza nekufungidzira kwekudyara inobviswa nekuisa kurambidzwa zvachose pamutengo wekutengesa wekugara. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvemuridzi zvinochengetwa รขโฌโ kuchengetedzwa kwekugara uye kodzero yekutonga pamusoro penzvimbo yako.
"Iwe uri wega, Jack" ndiyo nzira yechinyakare yekugara muUSA. Fungidziro ndeyekuti zviri kumhuri yega yega kuwana uye kubatirira pekugara panogona kugarwa uye nemazvo. Haasi munhu wese ane mari, hunyanzvi uye ruzivo rwekuita izvi nekubudirira kwakaenzana.
Kana vabereki vako varidzi vemba yawakakurira, kana iwe ukaita manejimendi emari sechikamu chebasa rako, unogona kunge uine ruzivo runobatsira pakubudirira pakutarisira pfuma. Tichifunga nezvekusaenzana kukuru munharaunda yeAmerica, havasi vese vane mukana wakafanana wekuwana ruzivo rwakadaro.
Kumira-yega maco-ops anogona kubatwa nemakondirakiti asina hunhu kana mafemu ekutonga zvivakwa. The community land trust inogadzirisa nyaya iyi nekuronga nhungamiro uye kugovana ruzivo kune masangano evaridzi vedzimba.7
Kumwe kushaya simba kwekumira-yega kwakaganhurirwa equity dzimba co-ops kwave kuti nhengo dze-co-op dzine chido chekutyora zvirambidzo pamutengo wekutengesa padzinoda kutengesa. Maco-ops akadaro aripo mumamiriro emusika we capitalist real estate, iyo inobvumira fungidziro yekutora purofiti. Nharaunda yakakura yevashandi vanorasikirwa nedzimba dzinodhura apo vagari vemucoop vanoshandura chivakwa chavo kuita musika-chiyero co-op.
CLTs dzakagadzirirwa kuve mhinduro kudambudziko iri. Matrust enzvimbo dzenharaunda anowanzo aine makirasi maviri enhengo. Rimwe boka ndere vagari vane dzimba, makondomu kana masheya mumaco-ops anogara paCLT land. Kuburikidza nekuparidzira uye kuronga munharaunda, CLT inotora vamwe munharaunda vanotsigira zvinangwa zvayo pamwe chete nevanhu vari kutsvaga dzimba dzisingadhuri.6
Muridzi nevasiri varidzi venhengo vanosarudza nhamba imwechete yevamiriri kubhodhi revatungamiriri veCLT. Mitemo yeSan Francisco Community Land Trust inodawo mavhoti akapatsanurwa pamagungano enhengo, zvinoda chibvumirano chemapoka maviri. Pfungwa iyi ndeyekuenzanisa zvido zvevagari vane zvivakwa zvavo neruzhinji kufarira kwenharaunda. Ichi chimiro chinoita kuti kubviswa kwezvirambidzo pamutengo wekutengesa kuome zvakanyanya kupfuura mune yakamira-yega coop. Kuvapo kwevanoroja uye avo vari kutsvaga dzimba dzinodhura zvakare kunofambisa CLT kuti irambe ichigadzira dzimba nyowani dzinodhura.
SFCLT yakagadzira chirongwa chekushandura zvivakwa zvekurenda kuti zviite varidzi vakaungana. Isu tinokurudzira kuti vanoroja vatenderwe kusarudza CLT yekutenga chivakwa chavo, kuita chero chinodiwa rehab, uye kutengesa dzimba kune varipo varipo nemutengo unoenderana nekugona kwavo kubhadhara. Zvirambidzo zvekutengesa zvakare zvaizoita kuti zvigone kukwanisika zvachose.7
Iko kugona kuzvitonga kweiyo CLT modhi inogona kuvandudzwa nenzira dzakati wandei.
In Kugadzirwa kweDzimba, Christopher Alexander anotsanangura purojekiti muBaja California mumakore ekuma1970 umo boka remhuri dzeMexico rakanga riri vatori vechikamu vanoshingaira mukugadzira dzimba dzakanga dzavakirwa. Alexander akagadzira seti ye modular dhizaini zvinhu zvaimiririra akasiyana dhizaini sarudzo, uye hunyanzvi hwekubatanidza sarudzo dzekugadzira mukuita kwekuvaka. Mhedzisiro yekuzvigadzira yekuzvigadzira yaive yekuti imba imwe neimwe yaive yakasarudzika, zvichiratidza zvakakosha zvemhuri yaizogara mairi.
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