Kunobva: TomDispatch.com
Musi waAugust 26, 2020, Alice muna inoshamisa achawana imwe kambani. Iye achabatanidzwa muNew York City's Central Park naSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, uye Sojourner Chokwadi, zvidhori zvekutanga ikoko zvevakadzi avo, kusiyana naAlice, vaivapo chaizvoizvo. Chiyereso ichi chipo kupaki kubva kuMonumental Women, sangano risingaite purofiti rakaumbwa muna 2014. Boka iri rakaunganidza mari inosvika miriyoni imwe chete nechidimbu yemadhora inodiwa kuunza, kuisa, nekuchengetedza โMonument yeWomenโs Rights Pioneers Monumentโ kuti ibudirire. chinangwa ye "kuputsa sirin'i yendarira" muCentral Park.
Gadziriro dzekuvhurwa kwayo pamakore zana ekutenderwa kwe19th Amendment, iyo yakapa kodzero (kureva, kodzero yekuvhota) kuvakadzi, dziri kufamba zvizere. Mhemberero nyaya zvakanyorwa. Mhemberero iyi ichange ichiratidzwa. Viola Davis, Meryl Streep, Zoe Saldana, Rita Moreno, uye America Ferrera vakarekodha monologues muChirungu neSpanish saStanton, Anthony, uye Chokwadi. Iyo Pioneers Monument, ichityora changa chave kumisa, ndiyo yekutanga chifananidzo chitsva chakaiswa muCentral Park mumakumi emakore.
As zvidhori zvinodonha munyika yose, iyo Pioneers Monument inyaya yekuyedza yeramangwana reruzhinji art muAmerica. Nechepamusoro, ndizvo chaizvo zvanga zvichidiwa nevaratidziri: boka rakasiyana-siyana revanoremekedzwa vanoratidza zviri nani nhoroondo nenyika yedu. Asi vatsoropodzi vanotya kuti chiyeuchidzo chacho chinosimbisa rondedzero huru yevakadzi vechichena uye, mukuita kudaro, inovharidzira zvose zviri zviviri marwadzo enhau nokusaruramisira kunopfuurira.
Ini handisi Mukadzi here?
Muna 2017, Vakadzi veMonumental vakakumbira maartist kuti ataure chiyeuchidzo chine zvidhori zvevachena vane suffragists Anthony naStanton apo "vachikudza ndangariro" yevamwe vanorwira kodzero dzekuvhota. Muna 2018, vakazivisa kusarudzwa kwavo kwe Meredith Bergmann's patani umo Anthony akamira pedyo naStanton uyo akanga akagara padhesiki rekunyora paibva pakabudiswa mupumburu wairatidza mazita evamwe vairwira kodzero dzokuvhota.
Mumiriri wevakadzi ane mukurumbira Gloria Steinem akakurumidza kutaura kuti magadzirirwo acho akaita kuti zviratidzike sokunge kuti Anthony naStanton vakanga โvakamira pamazita evamwe vakadzi ava.โ Mhinduro dzakada dzakafanana dzakateverwa uye, mukutanga kwa2019, boka rakaita nekugadzirisa patsva chiyeuchidzo. Mupumburu wacho wakanga waenda, asi Anthony naStanton vakasara.
Mhinduro: kuwedzera kutsamwa kubva kune vatsoropodzi pane izvo New York Times'Brent Staples akadana chivako chacho chinonzi โruvara ruchena rwenhoroondo.โ The proposed monument, akanyora mumwe mutsoropodzi nenzira yakafanana, "anokwanisa kudzokorodza kusarudzika kwakaonekwa nevakadzi vechitema panguva yebato rekurwira kodzero," sepaya varongi vevachena vakamanikidza varwiri veBlack kuti vauye. kufamba kumashure yekufora kwevakadzi muna 1913 kuWashington. Munyori wenhoroondo Martha Jones in an op-ed mu Washington Post yakatsoropodza nzira iyo shongwe yakarongwa yakasimudzira โnganoโ yokuti kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi kwaitungamirirwa naAnthony naStanton โmuono wakamanikana, unowanzoita rusaruraganda,โ uye yakadana kuwedzera muranda akapukunyuka, muparadzi, uye mutsigiri wekodzero dzavakadzi. Sojourner Chokwadi.
Kunyangwe New York City Public Design Commission yakatendera dhizaini naAnthony naStanton chete, Monumental Women vakanyatso gadzirazve chiyeuchidzo, vachiwedzera mufananidzo weChokwadi muna Chikumi 2019. mufananidzo weChokwadi, kusanganisira kushandura mamisikirwo emaoko nemuviri wake kuti aite anonyanya kushingaira muchiitiko ichi. (Mune imwe shanduro yapfuura, akanga agere kure netafura yaStanton, maoko ake achizorora chinyararire sekunge aingoteerera kune vachena vanoshaya.)
Kuchinja kwavo hakuna kugutsa munhu wese. Vanopfuura makumi maviri vanotungamira nyanzvi dzedzinza nevakadzi, semuenzaniso, vakatumira a tsamba kuVakadzi veMonumental, vachiikumbira kuti iite basa ririnani rinoratidza kusawirirana kwemarudzi pakati pevaratidziri. Tsamba yavo yakabvuma kuti Chokwadi akanga ari muenzi mumba maStanton panguva yemusangano waMay 1867 Equal Rights Association. Vakacherekedza, zvisinei, kuti izvi zvaive pamberi pevachena vakamirira zvizere gakava riri pakati pekurwira kodzero yevakadzi yekuvhota uye yekutora chikamu chezvematongerwo enyika kwevaAfrica America, vachangosunungurwa neHondo yeVanhu, muAmerican democratic system. Stanton naAnthony vakasvika pakutenda kuti, pakurwisana kuviri, (vachena) mavhoti evakadzi anofanira kutora nzvimbo yekutanga, kunyange zvazvo akazorasikirwa apo Congress yakapfuura 15th Amendment muna 1870, ichiwedzera vhoti kuvarume veBlack.
Makakatanwa pakati perudzi nekodzero dzevakadzi akamuka zvakare, muna 1919, Congress yakazopasa 19th Amendment, ichida kupa vakadzi kodzero yekuvhota. Kubvumidzwa kwayo, zvisinei, kwakanonoka zvakanyanya nekuti nyika dzekumaodzanyemba dzaitya iyo pfungwa yekupa vhoti kuvakadzi veBlack. Munguva yezhizha ra1920, vachiziva kuti vakanga vachiri kuda kutendesa imwe nyika yeSouthern kuti igamuchire kugadziriswa, white suffragists vakatanga mushandirapamwe chiyeuchidzo vachena vekumaodzanyemba kuti mitemo yeJim Crow yatova pamabhuku avo kuchengetedza varume veBlack kubva pakuvhota vaizoita zvimwe chete kune vakadzi veBlack. Tennessee yakabva yavhota kuti ibvumidze.
Ivo vachena vanosuffragists vaizoratidza kuti zvese ndezvechokwadi. Apo vakadzi veMaodzanyemba Vatema vakaedza kushandisa kodzero yavo itsva yekuvhota, vaizokanganiswa nemiedzo yekuverenga nekunyora inosarura, mutero wesarudzo, kana mhirizhonga iri pachena. Muna 1926, semuenzaniso, Indiana Little, mudzidzisi muBirmingham, Alabama, akatungamira kufora kwemazana evaAfrica muAmerica pahofisi yeguta rekunyoresa kuvhota. Ivo havana, zvisinei, kubvumidzwa kunyoresa uye Little aive ese ari maviri kurohwa uye kubatwa chibharo nemupurisa. (Zvichakadaro, vakadzi veNative America akaramba pasina hukama hweAmerica, zvakanyanya kodzero yekuvhota, kusvika 1924.)
Kune vakadzi vatema, maererano ne Martha Jones, munyori webhuku riri kuuya Vanguard: Vakadzi Vatema Vakaputsa Zvipingamupinyi, Vakakunda Vhoti, uye vakasimbirira paKuenzana kune Vese., Mutemo weKodzero dzeKuvhota wa1965 waizoratidza kuva "15th and 19th Amendments yakaiswa mune imwe." Zvaizopa mazino kune izvo zvanga zvangove vimbiso kana tosvika pakuvapa vhoti. Uye ivo vaizoratidza chikamu chakakosha chekurwira kuti zviite chokwadi. Amelia Boynton Robinson, mukadzi wechitema wekutanga muAlabama kukwikwidza kuCongress (dimikira rake remushandirapamwe: โVanhu vasina kuvhota vanhu vasina tariroโ), akatoshandura rusando rwechirangaridzo chemurume wake kuita musangano mukuru wekutanga waSelma wekodzero dzekuvhota. Akazove murongi akakosha wekufora kwa1965 kubva kuSelma kuenda kuguta guru renyika, Montgomery, panguva iyo mauto ehurumende yeAlabama akamurova zvakaipisisa paakaedza kuyambuka Edmund Pettus Bridge. A mufananidzo wakabudiswa zvakanyanya zvekurara kwake pasi, aine ropa uye asina chaanoziva, zvaizoita chikamu chemushandirapamwe wakatungamira kupasiswa kweMutemo weKodzero dzekuvhota mwedzi mishoma yakatevera.
Glamour Shots muBronze
Nemifananidzo yakapfava yaStanton, Anthony, uye Chokwadi, Monument yeWomen's Rights Pioneers iri kure nemufananidzo wemuratidziri ane ropa. Mukutevera muenzaniso werudzi chairwo rwechiyeuchidzo chetsika chinoreva kutsiva, chinosiya kunze marwadzo nekunetsa kwekufamba kwevakadzi.
Zvaisafanira kuva zvakadaro. Muna 2015, mumwe wevatungamiriri veMonumental Women Akaudzwa ari New York Times kuti vaida chirangaridzo chaisazova โchechinyakare.โ Zvakadaro, dhizaini yavakazosarudza, neiyo chaiyo, yakakura-kupfuura-yehupenyu zvidhori zvepikicha pane pedestal, yaizoratidza kuve mumaitiro chaiwo iwo echinyakare.
Boka iri rakati kubvumirana kwakadaro kwaidiwa nekuti New York Parks Dhipatimendi rakaramba kubvumidza "zvakanyanyisa zvemazuva anoโ chivako muCentral Park. (Dhipatimendi iroro haribvumirani kuti rinofanira kupiwa mhosva nokuda kwemaitiro echiyeuchidzo. Mutariri waro wenhau akandiudza kuti โvanokurudzira unyanzvi hutsva hwemazuva anoโ uye vakanongedzera kumienzaniso inoverengeka yezviumbwa zvazvino uno, zvisingaoneki izvo โzvinofadza mapaki eduโ mu. Queens, Manhattan, Staten Island, uye Brooklyn.) The Pioneers Monument inogara panzvimbo ine mashizha inonzi โLiterary Walkโ nemhaka yezviumbwa zvayo zvevanyori vakadai saWilliam Shakespeare naRobert Burns. Inokodzera zvakakwana ipapo, uye yaizoenda zvishoma zvishoma neramangwana "Gadheni reNyika reMagamba eAmerica" โโMutungamiri Trump akadaro vachipindura kupikisa kweBlack Lives Matter. Mukuraira kwake kuti zvidaro, akatsanangura kuti zvidhori zviri mubindu rake zvinofanirwa kuve zvechokwadi, "kwete zvisingaoneki kana zvemazuva ano."
Monumental Sarudzo yemaitiro evakadzi inoburitsa mameseji akakosha. Kune imwe, zviyeuchidzo zvinogara zvichiratidza vanhu vavanokudza muchimiro chinobata kumeso chaungafungidzike uye ichi ndicho chimwe chete. Bergmann akaveza vakadzi zvinokwezva sezvinobvira (apo achinyanya kutendeka kune rekodhi rekodhi). Kana iyo monument ichimiririra nguva muna 1857 apo vakadzi vatatu vaive pamwe chete, Chokwadi angadai aine makore makumi manomwe uye Anthony, gotwe, ave mukupera 70s. Asi zvese zviri zvitatu zvinoratidzwa zviso zvisina kuunyana, maoko akatsetseka, uye mitsipa yakasimba. Bvudzi raStanton rinowira mumakona akakwana. Kunyange zvazvo vangasaratidzika kuva vaduku chaizvoizvo, uyewo havasi kuchembera. Funga nezvechiyeuchidzo chakaenzana ne Glamour Shots mubronze.
Semunyori wenhoroondo Lyra Monteiro, anozivikanwa nokuda kwake dzinonetsa wenzira iyo munyori wemitambo Lin-Manuel Miranda akadzima muranda munguva yake yeBroadway hit "Hamilton" - kunyangwe paakazadza mabasa emadzibaba ekutanga nevatambi vemavara - akandiratidza, chiyeuchidzo chinoita kuti vakadzi vatatu vave vakadzi mhando inogamuchirika kunyange kuvaoni vanochengeta. Kunze kwokuzviratidzira sezvinowanzokwezva, chivezwa chinoshandisa zviratidzo zvinosimbisa mativi echikadzi echinyakare oupenyu hwavo: Chidya cheChokwadi chizere nokuruka; fenicha yaStanton yakapfava, yakapfava; nehandbag yaAnthony. Ndiani angakahadzika kuti bvudzi ravo remuhapwa riri pasi pesimba?
Zviso zvevakadzi, nenzira, zvinoshamisa zvisinganzwisisike, izvo zvisingashamisi kune chiyeuchidzo mumutauro wechinyakare. Kubva kare-kare kweGreco-Roman, heroic statuary yakatamba zviso zvekudzikama kusati kwaitika. Kutaura kwakadaro, zvisinei, kunongobetsera bedzi kune icho Monteiro akadana kuti kuvanzwa kweโrwisanoโ iyo yakaratidzira ukadzi kubva panguva dzayo dzokutanga.
Sojourner Truth, semuenzaniso, yaizivikanwa nekutaura senge โIni handisi Mukadzi here?โ paakatsanangura kutambura kwaakasangana nako asati atiza uranda. Kudzikama kwekukunda kwePioneers Monument kunodzivirira manzwiro iwayo uye nekudaro ndekwetsika refu mumifananidzo yeAmerica inopemberera zviito zvechimurenga se, mumashoko aMonteiro, "chembere uye zvakaitwa kwazvo." Zviyeuchidzo zvakadaro zvinokumbira vaoni kuti vape kutenda nokuda kwokukunda panzvimbo pokuvakurudzira kupfuurira kurwa.
Monteiro anonongedzawo kuti sarudzo yekurangarira suffrage yepasirese iri kutaura pachayo. Hazvina mhosva kuti makakatanwa akawanda anotyisa sei akambokurudzira, pfungwa yokuti vakadzi vanofanira kuva nekodzero yekuvhota haina nharo nhasi. Asi dzimwe nyaya dzekodzero dzemadzimai dziri kuramba dzichinetsa. Fungidzira statuary ichipemberera kurwira kodzero yekubvisa pamuviri kana kushandisa imba yekugezera yako sarudzo.
Semuenzaniso wezviyeuchidzo zvinosimbisa vaoni mukurwa kunoenderera mberi pane kuvadzikamisa kuti vafunge kuti kukunda kwakundwa, Monteiro akanongedza kuMexico City. antimonumentos (anti-monuments), hombe kana zvisiri pamutemo zviratidziro zvine chinangwa chekudaidza hurumende kuregeredza. Yakajairika, yakagadzirwa nesimbi uye ichiratidza chiratidzo chepasi rose chevakadzi vane chibhakera chakasimudzwa pakati payo, Akaiswa panguva yekufora kwekuratidzira muna 2019 mune imwe yenzvimbo huru dzeguta iri, ine chinyorwa chinoratidza kuti varatidziri vaisazovhara kana zvasvika pamhirizhonga yakanangana nevanhukadzi iyo inoramba ichienderera mberi munyika yavo. Vakuru veguta vakarega zvakadaro antimonumentos ramba uri munzvimbo, pasina mubvunzo uchitya kushambadza kwakashata kubva pakubviswa kwavo. Saka vanoramba vachiita sezviyeuchidzo kuti zviri kuitwa nehurumende zvine mubvunzo uye zviri kuongororwa.
Kukunda kwePioneers Monument kunoratidza kuti dambudziko rekodzero dzevakadzi rapera. Asi hongu, muzera raDonald Trump kunyanya, marudzi ehudzvanyiriri akarwiwa neChokwadi, Stanton, naAnthony haagone kuve azvino. Vakawanda vevakadzi vemavara nzwa kuti vakadzi vechichena vachiri kuda kufuratira nyaya dzemarudzi uye havawanzove neshungu dzekugovana hutungamiri mukuratidzira.
Uye nhasi, kunyangwe musarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika yeDemocratic Alliance, VaJoe Biden, sarudzo ichangoburwa yaKamala Harris semumiriri wake, kodzero dzekuvhota dzevakadzi vane ruvara dzichiri munjodzi. Kubva 2013 mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro rwisa imwe yedziviriro yakakosha yeMutemo weKuvhota, vavhoti vashoma vazviwana zvakanyanya kuoma kushandisa kodzero yavo yedzidziso yekuvhota pakati kuwedzera kuedza nevakuru veRepublican kudzvinyirira vashoma (uye saka Democratic) mavhoti kazhinji. Kurwira mavhoti evakadzi hakusati kwapera, zvisinei kuti Pioneers Monument ingataurei nezvazvo.
Todd Fine, murwiri wekuchengetedza, akandiudza kuti anoshuva kuti Monumental Women vakanangana nhaurirano dzavo pane izvo nharaunda ine vanhu vakasiyana-siyana ingave yakada kurangarira kwakadaro pane kupindura kutsoropodzwa nekushoropodzwa zvine mwero kwechifananidzo chavo chavanenge vafunga.
Imwe tsananguro yekuramba shanduko kweboka iri ndeyekuti rinotungamirwa nemhando chaiyo yevakadzi vakapfuma, vakadzidza, vachena vane kodzero yekuvhota isati yave mubvunzo kubvira 1920. chiyeuchidzo chavo chekusabatanidzwa kwevakadzi vane ruvara, ndakaona kuti Monumental Women's mafomu emitero ratidza kuti vakawedzera vakadzi vatatu vemavara kubhodhi ravo revatungamiriri. Kusiyanisa kwehutungamiri idanho rakanaka, asi mutungamiri wesangano nevamwe vakuru vanoramba vakafanana. Uye vanenge vaviri vevatungamiri vatsva vakanga vatokwidza mari yezvakarongwa Stanton uye Anthony monument, vachinyora uye vachitaura zvakanaka pamusoro pesangano nezvinangwa zvaro, uye saka zvinogona kutarisirwa kuva vatsoropodzi vane mwero nzira yayo.
Nhoroondo Nhema uye Anonhuwirira Makenduru
Kumwe kuita kune gakava rakatenderedza Pioneers Monument kufunga kuti Monumental Women havana kuita sarudzo yakanaka pamusoro pekuti vokudza ani kana kuti vozviita sei. Asi munyori wenhoroondo Sally Roesch Wagner haana kupokana kuti kutsvaga anoremekedzwa akakodzera pachayo haisi iyo nzira chaiyo yekuenda. Akandiudza kuti, kana zvasvika kune bato rinorwira kodzero dzevanhukadzi, zviyeuchidzo zvevanhu โmanyepo enhoroondoโ nekuti kodzero dzevakadzi dzakahwinwa โnenhoroondo yakadzikama yemamiriyoni evakadzi nevarumeโฆ vachishanda pamwechete panguva dzakanakisa, vakasiyana. pakaipa.โ Wagner anotenda kuti kukudza vanhu nekuda kwebudiriro yakadai nhasi kusasimbaradza bato racho pacharo.
Vechikadzi vekare vakavhundutsa veruzhinji. Iyo Pioneers Monument yakagadzirirwa kunyaradza. Inokukoka kuti ubatidze kenduru inonhuhwirira pane kupisa braa yako. Bronze inogara kwenguva refu, asi pamwe haisisiri iyo yakanakisa zvinhu zvezvivakwa. Nenguva iyo mutungamiri weAmerica aimbove asingafungidzirwe ari kudzivirira zvechinyakare Confederate monuments munzira huru, pamwe chimwe chinhu chinodiwa.
Munyori wemitambo Ming Peiffer ndiye achatungamira "Pedza Kurwira,โ basa remitambo yepaIndaneti, panopera August. Ane chinangwa chekuti titeerere kune vamwe vevatema, vekuAsia, veLatinx, neveNative America vanoita mabasa avo mukurwira vhoti akanganwa. Zvichida muna 2020, zviyeuchidzo zvakanakisa zvekurwira kodzero dzevakadzi - zvekodzero dzedu dzese - zvinogona kutaridzika zvisina kufanana neizvo vazhinji vedu vangafungidzira.
Erin L. Thompson ndiye a TomDispatch dzose uye purofesa we art crime paJohn Jay College (CUNY). Nyanzvi pamusoro pekuparadzwa nemaune kweunyanzvi, ndiye munyori wezvichauya Kupwanya Zvidhori: Kusimuka uye Kudonha kweAmerica's Public Monuments (Norton, 2021). Mutevere pa Twitter @artcrimeprof.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta