Nyika yemuganho inoshandura mutemo wevashandi pamusoro wayo wekare, yakasimbiswa kodzero dzemutemo ingori inki yakawanda pabepa, uye kunyangwe danho revatongi vemubatanidzwa rekusimbisa mutemo rinongofuratirwa. Basa reNAFTA uye zvakatipoteredza 'zvibvumirano-zvibvumirano' hazvina kupa rubatsiro kune chero basa kana nharaunda.
I. Industria Fronteriza
Tijuana yekare maquiladora yakavharwa gore rapfuura.
Izvo hazvina kuwira pasi pemakwikwi anotyisa eChinese, achivhiringidza maaramu ari pedyo-ane-hysterical mumapepanhau ekumaodzanyemba-kumuganhu, yambiro kuti mazuva emafekitori ese eMexico akaverengeka. Pane kudaro, Industria Fronteriza yakakwereta kuparara kwayo kune chimwe chikonzero cheprosaic: vakadzi vakamira kupfeka naironi.
Kweanoda kusvika makumi mana emakore, vasonani mune iyi inoputika sweatshopu vakaburitsa icho chaimbove kureba kwehaut couture. Kutanga pakati pemakore ekuma1960, bhiza rakapfava rinopuruzira makumbo matete rainyangira richidzika nemigwagwa yefashoni yeNew York rakapfuura nepakati pemaoko emazana evakadzi vekuMexico vakakotama pamichina pauriri hwefekitori inodikitira, inovhara nzeve mukati mekukanda kwedombo kweU.S.-Mexico. border.
Tichifunga nezvekuchinja masitaera, pamwe kuguma kwekambani kwaigona kufanotaurwa zviri nyore. Zvirongwa zvinogona kunge zvakaitwa zvekurerutsa maveteran etsono neshinda kuita mabasa mune imwe bhodha sweatshop. Kana kuti vangave vakadzidziswa kuzadza chimwe chezvinzvimbo zvepamusoro-soro izvo zvinosimbirwa nebumbiro remitemo zvinofanira, uye zvichatsiva mabasa ekare anodiwa nevashandi akatanga kumhanyisa goridhe mumaindasitiri pano makore makumi mana apfuura.
Mutemo wechivanhu wekuMexico webasa ungadai wakabatsira kubviswa kwevasonani ava. Kubva kuma1930s, apo vezvematongerwo enyika vakanyora mutemo wevashandi wenyika (uye vakauita modhi muLatin America yose), Federal Labor Law yakadaidza chimwe chinhu icho vashandi vemuUS vangada kuve nacho: muripo wekusiya basa. Muripo wevhiki wegore roga roga pamuchina waingoratidzika kuvamutsiridzi vezera iroro rekuenzanisa.
Kune vasonanisi vemazuva ano, mari shoma yekubhadhara zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa, imwe mari yekusiya basa kuti urarame uye hurumende inofarira kutsvaga mabasa matsva evashandi vakura zvingave zvakaita musiyano mukuru.
Kwete munyika yemuganhu. Nyika ino inoshandura mutemo wevashandi pamusoro wayo - kodzero dzekare dzepashure-revolutionary ingi yakawandisa pabepa, uye kunyangwe sarudzo dzevatongi vemubatanidzwa kuti vatevedze mutemo zvinongofuratirwa.
Izvo chaizvo zvakaitika kuIndustria Fronteriza, zvisinei, zvinoshamisa kunyangwe neTijuana zviyero. Chekutanga, vashandi havana kuziva kuti kambani yaironga kuvhara. Izvo pachazvo, izvo hazvina kujairika muguta uye muindasitiri umo zvitoro zvinongoerekana zvabviswa michina yavo husiku, zvichisiya vanhu kuti vauye kubasa pamasuo egomba risina munhu mangwanani anotevera. Chechipiri, vashandi veIndustria Fronteriza vaive vemubatanidzwa wepro-company charro, avo kushaya hanya nekugarisana kwavo ndiko kwakabva hondo zhinji dzemumaindasitiri. Izvo hazvina kujairika zvakare.
Chii chinosiyanisa chiitiko cheIndustria Fronteriza, zvisinei, ndechekuti muchirimo cha2003, kambani yakarangana nemubatanidzwa wecharro ndokuronga kurwisa kwayo. Chinangwa chega chekuramwa mabasa kwacho chaive chekupa chipingamupinyi chepamutemo pakuitwa kwechisungo chemubhadharo wekusiya, uye kusiya vashandi vasina chinhu. Mutemo weMexico unoti kana pakaitika kuramwa mabasa, zviri kutaurwa nesangano revari kuramwa mabasa zvinofanira kuzadzikiswa kambani isati yavhara. Sezvo kuvharwa zviri pamutemo kweIndustria Fronteriza chaive chisungo chekugovera mubhadharo wekusiya basa, kuramwa kwakaziviswa kwakamisa nzira yekuripa. Izvo zvaive zvakanyanyisa kunyanyisa, kana tichifunga nezve tsika yakagara yakadzikwa pamuganho yekubvumidza varidzi vefekitori kutiza chero chinhu.
MuMexico mose, varidzi vemafekitari vanosaina 'zvibvumirano zvekudzivirira' nevanotsigira hurumende uye vemakambani emubatanidzwa, anonzi sindicatos charros. Mutsara uyu pakutanga waireva mibatanidzwa inotungamirwa naLuis Morones, mutungamiri wevashandi vekuMexico kubva kuma1920s. Morones aive nemukurumbira wekupfeka kunge mukomana wemombe, kana charro. Mumwe ane mukurumbira wakashata mubato rebasa reMexico, akasaina zvibvumirano zveshungu nevashandirwi; nokudaro, vashandi โvanopembereraโ ndangariro yake kupfurikidza nokunongedzera kumasangano emakambani seโmibatanidzwa yecharro.โ Zvibvumirano zvedziviriro nemibatanidzwa yecharro ndiyo gadziriro huru yokudzora kwamabasa nokuda kwamasangano ekunze akavaka mafekitari pamuganhu. Iyi sisitimu inovabvumidza kubhadhara mibairo yakaderera zvakanyanya, kunyangwe nemiyero yeMexico, uye kuchengetedza njodzi uye kunyangwe zvisiri pamutemo mamiriro ekushanda, nekutya kushoma kwekurongeka kwevashandi kuramba.
Jesรยบs Campos Linas, mukuru wemagweta evashandi vekuMexico, anoti zviuru zvezvibvumirano zvakadaro muMexico hurongwa hwekurerutsirana pakati pemibatanidzwa yehuori, hurumende nevanoita mari kunze kwenyika vane mafekitori. โMakambani,โ iye anotsanangura kudaro, โanobhadhara zvikuru nguva dzose kuvatungamiriri vemibatanidzwa pasi peizvi zvibvumirano uye mukudzoka anowana rugare rwebasa.โ
Kwemakore maviri akatevera kuvharwa kweIndustria Fronteriza, mhosva yevashandi yakapinda mumatare. Pakupedzisira, vashandi vana, avo vakadzingwa zvisiri pamutemo muna Chikumi 2002, vakakunda mutongo wakamanikidza Tijuana Labor Board kuti iudze kambani kuti ibhadhare vashandi madhora zviuru makumi mashanu mukusiya basa. Chokwadika, kambani haina kubhadhara, saka vashandi vaifanira kuwana imwe odha, iyi yaida kuti bhodhi ritore michina yekusonesa, simbi dzemaindasitiri nemimwe michina yakasara mufekitari yakasiiwa.
Musi waDecember 7, 2004, vashandi vakamira vakagadzirira pagedhi, vauya nerori, forklift, gweta raibva kuMexico City uye vatsigiri kuti vatakure midziyo yacho. Vakanga vakatochengeta imba yekuchengetera mubhari yevashandi ve maquiladora yeMaclovio Rojas kuti vachengete michina yakatorwa. Asi mubatanidzwa wecharro wakamira pamusuwo wechirimwa wakagadzirira kunetsana nevanhu vangangosvika makumi mana, kusanganisira vaimbove vatariri vekambani, vakabata tsvimbo hombe vakagadzirira kutanga kurwa nevashandi.
Havafaniri kunge vachinetseka. Mumwe mukuru mukuru weDare reLabour Board akaona mureza wokuramwa mabasa pamusuo wefekitari, akaramba kubvuta nokuti โkuramwaโ kwakanga kuri kuitika. Vashandi vakaratidza kuti mubatanidzwa wecharro pachawo wakanga wapedza kuramwa mabasa, asi bhodhi revashandi raingoda chikonzero. Mumutambo wekupopota kumahofisi avo emudhorobha, mutungamiri weLabour Board, Raรยบl Zenil y Orona, akaramba kukurukura nezveimwe danho rakanangana nekambani, uye akazivisa kuvashandi kuti kutorwa kwacho hakufe zvakaitika.
Mune dzimwe nzira, vashandi vakaita rombo rakanaka kuti havana kuguma mujeri. Baja California ndiyo nyika yemahara-yekutengeserana, uko murindi wepamberi weindasitiri yeMexico uye kutengeserana anogara nemitemo iyo nyika yese iri kutanga kutora. MuBaja, kupokana neboka remaneja, vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye masangano anotevedzera anoisa mitemo iyi zvinomutsa ruvengo rwakaipa uye rwune ngozi. Majeri ehurumende anga ari musha kune vakawanda vanoita zvekuratidzira kubva kumagariro evanhu ve 'los de abajo,' vanhu vanobva pasi.
Munguva yekurohwa kuviri kwevashandi veHan Young muna 1998 na1999, yekutanga kuramwa mutemo nemubatanidzwa wakazvimirira muMaquiladoras, vatungamiriri vekuramwa mabasa Enrique Hernandez naJose Peรยฑaflor vakapedza mwedzi yakawanda vachitsvedza nemumimvuri kubva kuhofisi kuenda kuhofisi yakavanzika, vachitsvaga kudzivirira kusungwa. . Julio Sandoval, mutungamiri wevashandi vekumapurazi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, akapedza makore matatu mujeri reEnsenada achitungamira kupinda nechisimba kwevhu kuti awanire vashandi vemumapurazi pekugara. Hortensia Hernandez akavharirwa mutirongo reTijuana nguva yakareba yekurwira ivhu uye dzimba dzevashandi veguta maquiladora muMaclovio Rojas barrio.
Achishanda mumoyo wemufekitori wakakosha wemuganho, Margarita Avalos anotsanangura kushushikana kwehupfumi kuri kufambisa mafambiro aya. Avalos akashanda kuIndustria Fronteriza kwemakore maviri nehafu, uye anoyeuka nguva yake achiaina hembe dzakapfava dzakasonewa neshamwari dzake: โMufekitori, manejimendi aive nehutongi hwechokwadi. Vakapopota vachiraira. Vakakanda pasi zvinhu zvataifanira kushandisa. Vakatimanikidza kushanda nguva yokuwedzera, uye kana taisagona kuzviita, vakati vaisazotibhadhara chero ipi zvayo yenguva yatakashanda zvachose. Dzimwe nguva ndaifanira kushanda maawa 24 zvakananga, kunyange ndisina kudya, kuti ndiwane maodha avanoda. Makemikari acho uye kupisa kwacho zvakanga zvakandiomera muviri wangu, uye kunesu takanga tine pamuviri, zvakanga zvakatoipisisa.โ
Nekuda kweizvozvo, Avalos aibhadharwa madhora makumi matanhatu neshanu pasvondo. Kana akanyatso kudzura naironi nemabhureki nenzira yaidiwa nemaneja, aigona kuita imwe madhora makumi matatu, asi zvaireva kuaina zvakanyanya kudarika zvidimbu 65 30 mumaawa masere, kana imwe chete mumasekonzi gumi nemashanu.
Raรยบl Ramรrez, Muchuchisi weHuman Rights kuBaja California, anokanganisa chishuwo chehurumende chekuchengetedza mari kupfuura zvese. โZviremera hazvina basa nourombo hwenzanga idzi, kana kuti zvinetso zvadzo zvenzanga zvakadai sokushaikwa kwepokugara kana kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka. Asi vane hanya zvikuru nemubvunzo wemazita eminda yevaridzi vevhu vakakura. Vanoda kutarisira mari yavo. Saka hurumende inoshandisa mutemo, mapurisa, kunyange mauto. Vanoti izvi zvinopa kuchengetedzwa nekugadzikana kwevanoisa mari. Uye vanosiya varombo.โ
Mutengo wemagariro emutemo uyu, Ramรrez anodaro, unogona kuwanikwa muminda yeBaja California pane chero zuva rakapihwa mumwaka wekukohwa, apo vashandi vanononga madomasi nemastrawberries kuzvitoro zvikuru zveU.S. Mhuri dzese dzinoshanda pamwechete mumaquiladoras aya ekurima - vana pamwe chete nevakuru. Felix, mukomana ane makore 12 okukura ari kutanha cilantro kuManeadero muna June 2003, akati vabereki vake vaiwana mari inosvika 70 pesos pazuva (inoti pfuurei madhora matanhatu), iye achiunza kumba hafu iyoyo. โHatigoni kurarama kana tose tisingashandi,โ akadaro, nenzwi romumwe munhu aitsanangura zviri pachena.
Pamuhoro chegumi cheavo vanobhadharirwa basa rimwe chetero muLos Angeles, zvingaite sezvakanaka kana vashandi vemaquila vakangobhadhara chegumi chemitengo yeL.A. yechikafu, rendi kana chero chezvakakosha zvehupenyu. Asi iyo haisi iyo nyika yemuganhu zvakare. Makore maviri apfuura boka revasisita veNew England, vakaronga Center for Reflection, Education and Action (CREA), vakaita ongororo yakakwana yemitengo yemuganhu. Vakawana kuti pakirogiramu yomupunga, mushandi weTijuana maquiladora aifanira kushanda kweawa nehafu. Kunyangwe mushandi asina kunyoreswa anotakura ndiro muBeverly Hills pamuhoro wepasi anogona kuendesa mupunga mumwe chete kumba nemubhadharo wemaminetsi gumi chete.
Semazuva ese, zvinoita sedambudziko remutemo - mune iyi nyaya yekutevedzwa kwemitemo yevashandi - ndeye mari. Iyo nzira yekupokana, uye pese pamuganho wekumanikidza kwehupfumi kuri kukonzera kusagadzikana kwemaindasitiri.
Iyo National Labor Policy yeMutungamiriri weMexico Vicente Fox inobata kune vanoisa mari, kwete vashoma-muhoro maquila vashandi. Muna 2001, World Bank yakakurudzira kunyorazve Bumbiro reMexico uye Federal Labor Law, kubvisa dziviriro yevashandi kubva kuma1920s [Ona 'Kuwedzera Kunetsana NezveMutemo Webasa weMexico,' p. 16]. Mutemo mutsva uyu waizodonhedza muripo wekusiya basa uye zvisungo zvinoda kuti makambani ataurirane pamusoro pekuvharwa kwemafekitori. Vashandirwi havachafanire kupa chinzvimbo chemushandi zvachose mushure memazuva makumi mapfumbamwe, kudzikamisa basa renguva-yenguva kana kugara nevhiki yemaawa makumi mana. Uye mutemo waizobvisawo kurambidzwa kwenhoroondo yekutyora mutemo. Zvivimbo zveMexico zvekudzidziswa basa rinobhadharwa nemushandirwi, hutano uye pekugara, zvaizoraswa futi. Chaizvoizvo, idzi shanduko dzinokurudzirwa dzaizoisa mune imwe Mexico mhando yehukama hwevashandi hwagara huripo, pasi, mumaquiladoras.
Fox akatambira zvakataurwa neBhangi, achiti โzvinonyatsoenderana nezvatakafunga.โ Mazano acho akanga akanyanyisa zvokuti kunyange mukuru wesangano revashandirwi, Claudio X. Gonzalez, akaati โpamusoro-soro,โ achicherechedza. Bank harina kuita zvivindi zvekuda kuita zvikumbiro zvakadaro munyika dzakabudirira. โNeiko ipapo dzichirumbidzwa nokuda kwenyika dziri kusimukira?โ akabvunza kudaro.
MuMexico City, Jesรยบ Campos Linas, mukuru wemagweta evashandi, akagadzwa kuti atungamire bhodhi revashandi venzvimbo naMeya Andres Manuel Lรยณpez Obrador. Campos Linas anoramba nharo yaFox yekuti kudzivirirwa kwevashandi kuchaita kuti hupfumi huwedzere kukwikwidza, kukwezva mari yakawanda uye kugadzira mamwe mabasa. "Mexico yatove neimwe yemazinga emuhoro akaderera pasirese," anopomera kudaro, "asi kuchine kuchema uku kwekuwedzera kuchinjika. Muhoro wepasi muMexico City [pasi pemadhora mana] pazuva - hapana anogona kurarama pane izvi. Uye [muna 4] takarasikirwa nemabasa 2002. Kuchinja mutemo wevashandi hakuzopedzi dambudziko iri.โ
Tiburcio Perez Castro, purofesa wedzidzo paNational Pedagogical University, anopomera hurumende yeBaja California nekungoteedzera zviga zvemutemo izvo zvinodzivirira zvinhu zvevanhu. โKune mutemo unovimbisa vanhu kodzero yokuwana utano, asi hapana anahwo,โ anodaro nehasha. โKune mutemo unodzivirira kodzero yezvokudya, asi zviuru zvevanhu zvinoziya nenzara mazuva ose.โ
Saka pakupedzisira, maererano naPerez Castro, hutongi hwemutemo pachahwo huri kunetsa muBaja California, โzvichida kana uchidzivirira vanhu, kunyanya varombo, mukutevedzwa kwekodzero dzavo. Vanodzika mitemo kuti vadzivirire maquiladora, saka kutonga kwemutemo kuripo mupfungwa iyoyo,โ anobvuma kudaro. 'Asi kune ngozi kune kugadzikana kwevanhu, nokuti iyo yakarerekera divi rimwe.'
Ndivanaani vanokoshesa zvichavepo muMexico, izvo zvevashandi kana izvo zvemahara-vatengesi vemari? "Shanduko dzakarongwa neBhangi ingave nhanho huru yekudzokera kumashure kune vashandi," Campos Linas akasimbisa. 'Vabhengi havanzwisise kuti zvakatora shanduko - miriyoni yevanhu vakafa - kuti tiwane bumbiro redu nemutemo wevashandi. Dambudziko redu harisi rekuti tinoda mutemo mutsva; ndeyekumanikidza yatinayo.โ
MuBaja California, iyo yemahara-yekutengeserana nyika, izvo hazvisi nyore.
II. Customtrim/Autotrim
Mukutanga kwaGunyana 2002, mubatanidzwa weJustice muMaquiladoras (CJM), boka rinounganidza mibatanidzwa, machechi nemapoka enharaunda munyika nhatu dzeNAFTA, vakadaidzira kune vanorwira miganhu, vachivakurudzira kuti vaite nekukurumidza kununura zvichemo zvishoma zvakasara zvakaiswa pasi peNorth American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC): nyaya yevashandi vakabatwa zvisina kunaka paCustomtrim and Autotrim plant.
Chii chakatevera kudanwa ikoko, uye magumo echichemo cheCustomtrim/Autotrim, hausi chete mufananidzo wakajeka wekutadza kweNAALC, asiwo yambiro inotyisa. Sezvo Bush Administration ichisundira zvakasimba kuCentral American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) uye Free Trade Area of โโthe Americas (FTAA), vadziviriri vekutengeserana kwekusununguka vanopikisa kuti kodzero dzevashandi muCentral neSouth America pasi pezvibvumirano izvi zvinogona kuchengetedzwa mune zvakawanda. nenzira imwechete iyo NAALC yakadzivirira kodzero dzevashandi muMexico. Chiitiko chinovava chevashandi veCustomtrim/Autotrim nevatsigiri vavo, zvisinei, chinoratidza kuti zvakapesana ndezvechokwadi. Kudzivirirwa kwevashandi kunowanikwa muNAALC hakuna kungokundikana mune imwe nyaya iyi chete, asi mune kumwe kuedza kwese kwakaitwa nevashandi kushandisa nzira imwechete kuchengetedza hutano hwavo, kuchengeteka kwavo uye kodzero dzavo pabasa. Basing dziviriro yevashandi muzvibvumirano zvenguva yemberi pane chiitiko ichi zvinovapa mhosva kune imwe chete.
Chibvumirano chekubatana kwevashandi chinowanzo kunzi chibvumirano chedivi revashandi kuNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Yakagadzira nzira iyo vatsigiri vemahara-vatengesi vaikakavadzana kuti yaizodzivirira hutano, kuchengetedzwa uye kodzero dzevashandi dzevashandi munyika nhatu dzeNAFTA - United States, Mexico neCanada. Pasi pechibvumirano chedivi, vashandi, masangano evashandi pamwe nemasangano enharaunda vanogona kumhan'ara kana mitemo yekudzivirira kana yehutano nechengetedzo isiri kutevedzerwa. NAFTA zvakare yaive nechikamu chechipiri-chibvumirano, North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation. Maitiro ayo, akafanana neaya echibvumirano chevashandi, anofungidzirwa kuti akabvumira nharaunda kumhan'ara nyaya dzekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Zvibvumirano zviviri izvi zvakakosha kuvagari vemuganho weUS-Mexico, sezvo kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevashandi, njodzi kuhutano hwevashandi nekuchengetedzeka, uye nyaya dzakanyanya dzekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza dzave dzakajairika mudunhu rino kubvira kare zvibvumirano zvisati zvarongwa. Matambudziko aya mhedzisiro yegwaro rebudiriro rekusimudzira umo hurumende dzeMexico neUS dzakakurudzira makambani kuti aendese zvigadzirwa kumafekitori emuganho, kana maquiladoras, nekugadzira nzvimbo yemuganho mukati umo kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi, hutano nekuchengetedzeka, uye mitemo yezvakatipoteredza yakanga isiri. enforced. Pakazosvika 2001, mafekitori akadaro anodarika zviuru zviviri anga achipinza vanhu basa vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni imwe chete nemazana matatu, uye maguta ari mumuganhu akaita seTijuana neJuarez akanga apinda mumaguta emaindasitiri ane vagari vanopfuura miriyoni imwe neimwe.
Kudanwa kwekukurumidzira kweCJM kwaGunyana 2002 kwakakurudzirwa nekudzidza kwayo nhaurirano yakavanzika pakati pevakuru vehurumende yeUS neMexico, yakaitirwa muSan Diego Convention Center, vachinzi vawane nzira dzekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa uye hutano hwevashandi ve maquiladora. Kubva pamaonero eboka revarwiri vehondo, musangano wepachivande wakaratidza kuti zvipikirwa zvezvibvumirano zvepadivi hazvina zvazvinobatsira sei. Dambudziko rekutanga raive rekuti vashandi ivo pachavo, ivo vakawirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ayo zvibvumirano zveparutivi zvakaitirwa kugadzirisa, vakabviswa mukuita.
Vashandi vepaCustomtrim neAutotrim zvidyarwa, zveUS auto-parts hofori Breed Technologies, vakamhan'ara kuti vaive vaoneswa makemikari ane muchetura kubasa vachityora mitemo yehutano nekuchengetedza yeMexico. Vanorwara zvakanyanya vainzi nevatungamiriri se "vashandi vasina simba" uye vakamanikidzwa kushanda munzvimbo yakakosha. Apo vashandi vakatanga kuronga mubatanidzwa wakazvimirira kuti varatidzire, vatori vechikamu vaishingaira vakadzingwa, kutyora mutemo webasa weMexico. Zvichemo kune zviremera hazvina kwazvakaenda, uye vashandi vakamhan'ara nyaya pasi pechibvumirano chevashandi, vachibatsirwa neCJM pamwe chete nevanorwira hutano nekuchengetedza veUS.
Boka rine mutoro wekugadzirisa chichemo chevashandi - Boka reBinational Working Group on Occupational Safety and Health - rakaronga musangano weSan Diego, asi nhaurirano mukati menzvimbo yekokorodzano yakanga iri yokurasa nyaya yevashandi, kwete kuigadzirisa. Gore rakapfuura, mushumo wakabudiswa neNational Administrative Office yeU.S. Department of Labor wakagumisa kuti kutyorwa kukuru kwemitemo yehutano nechengeteko yeMexico kwakaitika mumiti miviri yeBreed Technologies muMatamoros neValle Hermosa.
Vashandi vakapa humbowo pakunzwa kwakaita kuti mushumo uyu uitwe, vachiisa mabasa avo panjodzi uye nekuona kuti vaizomiswa kwemakore. Nyanzvi dzakazvimirira dzehutano nekuchengetedza kubva kunyika mbiri idzi dzakaendesawo zvinyorwa zvakakura. Vashandi nevatsigiri vavo vakafunga kuti pachine mukana wekuti, kekutanga, zvirango zvemari zvibviswe kuMexico nekusateedzera mitemo yayo, sezvo chibvumirano chepadivi chichibvumira faindi dzinorema munyaya dzekutyorwa kwehutano nekuchengetedzeka.
Pakupedzisira, zvisinei, musangano wakavanzika uye wakasarudzika weSan Diego wakaratidza kuve iwo chete chaiwo mhedzisiro yeNAFTA maitiro. Musangano uyu waive โwekunyadzisa uye unonyadzisa,โ akashatirwa nemukuru weCJM Martha Ojeda. 'Panzvimbo pekuita kwakananga, kunoshanda kugadzirisa mamiriro eAutotrim/Customtrim, uye muindasitiri yese ye maquiladora padivi pemuganhu, vashandi vakakuvara vanovimbiswa 'chat' pakati pevakuru vehurumende vanoramba kuteerera uye kuita ndicho chikonzero chaicho chekunyunyuta. chekutanga,' akatuka.
Pakazosvika gore ra2002, huwandu hwezvichemo zvitsva zvakamhan'arwa pasi pechibvumirano chevashandi hwakanga huchidzika kusvika pakuderera uye pakupedzisira pasina zvachose. Pasi peMutungamiri Clinton, vanogadzwa kuNational Administrative Office yeDhipatimendi reVashandi, iyo inotarisira kunzwa humbowo pane zvichemo, kazhinji vaiedza kuchengetedza kutaridzika kwekuzvipira kukodzero dzevashandi. Kune vamwe vatongi, saIrasema Garza, akatora humbowo kubva kuvashandi veCustomtrim/Autotrim, kuzvipira ikoko kwaipfuura chitarisiko chete. NeBush Administration, zvisinei, United States yakarega kunyange kunetseka nekunyepedzera. Mharidzo yaBush isingakanganisi yaive yekuti chero kuedza kumisa kutengeserana nekudyara kwaive kwakanangana nezvematongerwo enyika. Uye kune divi rake, Mutungamiriri weMexico Vicente Fox hapana chavakaita kushandura ruvengo rwekutanga kumhan'arirwo yairatidzwa nevakamutangira.
Dambudziko nehurongwa hwechibvumirano chedivi, zvisinei, hausi mafungiro evakuru vakuru vehurumende vane basa rekuzvitungamirira, kunyange zvazvo vanowanzojekesa kuti kunyange kuonekwa kwekururamisira kunoenderana nekuda kwezvematongerwe enyika kwehutungamiri huri nesimba. Vangave vakasununguka kana vanochengetedza vanobata hofisi, muWashington, Mexico City kana Ottawa, vese vakazvipira kutengeserana kwemahara kwakatsanangurwa. Kusimbisa kodzero dzevashandi uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunopesana nechinangwa icho NAFTA yakataurirwa - kugadzira mamiriro akanaka ekudyara.
Iyo Bush Administration yakangovhurika zvakanyanya mukugashira kwayo chinangwa ichi uye haioni chakaipa nekuita mari kubva kune yakaderera mihoro uye yakasununguka kutonga pamusoro pekusvibiswa. Aya maitiro achavewo chiratidzo chezvibvumirano zvakagadzirirwa kuwedzera NAFTA kumaodzanyemba - CAFTA neFTAA. Tichifunga nezvenyaya yeCustomtrim/Autotrim, avo vanofunga zvinzvimbo zvavo zvine chekuita neCAFTA neFTAA vanofanirwa kuteerera yambiro yakaitwa naConnie Garcia weSan Diego-based Environmental Health Coalition paakanga akamira kunze kwemusangano wakavharwa weSan Diego: 'NAFTA yakundikana kuchengetedza vashandi. kana zvakatipoteredza. Mitemo yaro haifaniri kudzokororwa muzvibvumirano zvitsva.โ
Danho rekuita dare repachivande paCustomtrim/Autotrim mamiriro ezvinhu akashamisa hapana, uye vazhinji vevaratidziri vepamuganho vakazviona sezvazvaive - kupera kwekupedzisira kweNAFTA chibvumirano chedivi-chibvumirano chakamira.
III. Metales y Derivados
Metales y Derivados chirimwa chakasiiwa chekudzokorora bhatiri chakagara pamuromo weOtay Mesa inobatana neTijuana. Wakamira kunze kwemadziro echirimwa panzvimbo yakavharirwa makemikari, zvinokwanisika kutarisa kumucheto kwemesa uye kuona vanhu vachifamba-famba mumusha wevashandi weChilpancingo pazasi. Ikoko, makore matanhatu zvisati zvaitika, Border Region Workersโ Support Committee (CAFOR) uye Citizensโ Committee for the Restoration of Caรยฑon del Padre vakanga vanyora nhamba inokura yevana vanoberekwa neanencephaly; i.e., pasina uropi. Vaviri vevarongi veCAFOR vekuMexico, Eduardo Badillo naAurora Pelayo, pamwe nevatsigiri vavo veUS vakamiswa kuita maverengero egore ehuwandu hwemhosva mushure mekunge nyaya yatanga kubuda mumapepanhau. Asi data rakakwana rakanga raunganidzwa, vakatenda, kutaura Metales y Derivados sengangove sosi yekusvibisa kukonzeresa hurema hwekuzvarwa.
Muna 1998 San Diego-based Environmental Health Coalition (EHC) uye Citizens' Committee muTijuana vakamhan'ara nyaya pasi pechibvumirano chezvakatipoteredza. Vakataura kuti zviremera zveMexico hazvina kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza vachipokana nevaridzi vechirimwa, iyo New Frontier Trading Corporation, inogara muSan Diego. Vashandi vanoshandira North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NACEC) vakaferefeta chichemo ichi uye vakataura zvavakawana muna Kukadzi 2002.
Ongororo yavo yakaratidza kuchengetwa zvisiri pamutemo kwe7,000 matani emarara ane muchetura uye kuvapo kwemutobvu, arsenic uye simbi inorema muvhu rakatenderedza chirimwa chisisashande. Yakataurawo ongororo isina kujeka yekusvibiswa kwemutobvu pakati pevagari veChilpancingo yakaitwa nechikwata cheYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuIrvine. Cesar Luna, gweta raitungamira chirongwa chemuganho weEHC panguva yakamhan'arwa nyaya, akanyora nyaya yeanencephaly pachake uye akanzwa mishumo kubva kuvagari vevamwe vangangosvika hafu yegumi nevaviri.
Asi vashandi veNACEC vaive vasina simba rekuferefeta mamiriro chaiwo ehutano muChilpancingo, uye hapana rekodhi yehutachiona yaivepo nekuti zviremera zveMexico hazvina kumbobvira zvaita ongororo yehutano mubarrio. Vaiva nechikonzero chakanaka chokusadaro. Mishumo yeanencephaly yanga ichiwanda munharaunda dzemaindasitiri pese pamuganho, asi kusateedzerwa kwemitemo yezvemamiriro ekunze kwakakosha, kunyangwe kusingataurwe, nzira yekukwezva mafekitori matsva. Kunyomba pamusoro pevana vasina uropi kunogona kuodza mwoyo kufambiswa kupi zvako kwemari mune ramangwana.
Saka sezvazvakaita munyaya yebasa, ndizvo zvazviri. "Zvese zvatakawana ishumo, uye isina kukwana ipapo," akanyunyuta mumiriri weEHC mutemo Connie Garcia. โHapana chakachinja pasi. NAFTA inopa hapana chirongwa chekuchenesa kana nzira yekusimbisa, uye nharaunda inoramba iine chepfu, โakapomera.
[David Bacon munyori akazvimirira uye mutori wemifananidzo; anonyora nguva nenguva pamusoro penyaya dzebasa nekubva kune dzimwe nyika. Bhuku rake razvino ndere Vana veNAFTA: Hondo dzevashandi paUS/Mexico Border (University of California Press, 2004).]
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