Steven Pinker pane Inopomerwa Kuderera kweMhirizhonga [1]
Edward S. Herman naDavid Peterson
Zvave zvichisekesa kuona kuti vezvenhau vakagashira noushamwari sei tome yaSteven Pinker's 2011, Idzo Ngirozi Dzakanaka dzeMasikirwo Edu: Sei Mhirizhonga Yadzikira (Viking). Mumwe purofesa weDhipatimendi Rezvepfungwa paHarvard University, Pinker anotaura kuti โruzivo rwechivanhu rwakaita kuti tifambe munzira yakanaka,โ nomugumisiro wacho kwete bedzi kuti โchisimba chave chichiderera kwenguva refu,โ asiwo izvozvo. โtingave tiri kurarama munguva ine rugare zvikuru mukuvapo kwemarudzi edu.โ Dingindira retarisiro iri rinopindirana nehondo dzeNobel Peace Laureate dzemuna 2009 mumakondinendi mana (Asia, Africa, Europe, neSouth America) uye kupararira kwemauto eUS kusvika kumabhesi e800 pasi rose; iyo inotungamirwa neUS inotungamirwa neNATO bloc inokurumidza kukura mushure meSoviet uye kuziviswa kwe "kunze kwenzvimbo" mabasa; uye chiziviso cheUnited States chekodzero yekuuraya โvavengiโ vayo chero kupi zvako panyika.
The New York Times akakwazisa bhuku nechinyorwa chinobata kumeso chiri muSunday Book Review nemuzivi Peter Singer, akadana. Ngirozi Dzakanaka "yakakosha zvakanyanya" uye "kubudirira kwehunyanzvi;" Pinker, akawedzera, "zvinoratidza zvinogutsa kuti kwave kuderera kwemhirizhonga, uye ari kunyengetedza nezvezvinokonzera ...." Zviri nyore kunzwisisa kuti sei kudana kwaPinker kwe "escalator of reason" iyo yakasimudza mamwe masimba ekuMadokero akajekeswa akananga kumhepo yekutapira uye kureruka kukwezva kune vakawanda vakangwara vanosangana nemasimba aya, sekureva kwake mazita ezvikanganiso zvaanoita. zvinopomerwa zvakatadzisa vamwe vanhu kusimuka pamwe chete navo. Asi mhepo yekunyepedzera yakadaro yeimperial bloc inogona kutengwa chete nekuramba chokwadi. Chokwadi, zviri murondedzero uye yakazadzwa nemhosho iyo Pinker anotsigira kuramba uku kwemapeji anopfuura mazana masere umo kukwezva kwebhuku kuri.
Pinker anofamba sei achitenderedza huwandu hunoratidzika kunge hwakakura hwehondo uye maitiro echiuto anonetsa vanhuwo zvavo uye vanocherekedza nyanzvi vakaita saChalmers Johnson, Andrew Bacevich, naWinslow Wheeler? Imwe nzira yePinker ndeyekuisa pfungwa kuhondo dzepashure-1945 pakati pemademocracies makuru, asina kurwisana mukati megore rino re67, uye kufuratira kana kurerutsa hondo dzakawanda dzakarwiwa nedemocracy muNyika Yetatu. Iye anodana ikoku kuti โRugare Rurefu,โ nepo dzimwe hondo dzisina zita. Pinker anopokana kwete chete kuti "mademocracy anodzivirira kukakavara pakati peumwe neumwe," asi kuti "vanowanzogara kunze kwemakakatanwa," pfungwa yaanodaidza se "Democratic Peace." Izvi zvichauya zvechokwadi sechishamiso kune vakawanda vakaurayiwa neUnited States kuurayiwa, zvirango, kupandukira, kuputika kwebhomba, uye kupindira kubva 1945. KuPinker, hapana kurwiswa kwesimba rakaderera nemumwe kana akawanda ehutongi hwehutongi hunoverengwa sehondo chaiyo kana kukanganisa. โRugare rweDemocratic,โ pasinei nokuti vanhu vangani vanofa.
โPanyika dzinoremekedzwa,โ Pinker anonyora kudaro, โkukunda hakuchisiri chinhu chine musoro. Wezvamatongerwe enyika muutongi hwezvido zvevanhu nhasi akataura kuti kukunda imwe nyika aizosangana kwete nemakakatanwa asi nekukatyamadzwa, kunyara, kana kuseka. Uku kutaura kwakapusa. Sezvingabvira, apo George Bush naTony Blair vakatumira mauto eUS neBritish kurwisa Iraq muna 2003, vakadzinga hurumende yavo, ndokuitsiva nehutongi hunoshanda pasi pemitemo yakanyorwa neCoalition Provisional Authority, izvi hazvina kunzi "kukunda," seizvi. vatungamiriri havana kumbotaura kuti vakatanga hondo "kukunda" Iraq, asi "kubvisa zvombo Iraq, kusunungura vanhu vayo uye kudzivirira nyika kubva munjodzi huru," mumashoko aBush. Ndeupi mukundi akambotaura chinangwa kunze kwekuzvidzivirira uye kudzivirira kwehupenyu uye nhengo? Pahwaro hwemidziyo yakaita seiyi iyo Pinker's "Rugare Rwakareba," "Rugare Rutsva," uye "Democratic Peace" inozorora.
Izvo zvakare zvinoenderana nekunyorazve kwekuda nyika kwenhoroondo uye kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa zvinotsigira kunyorwazve uku. Muenzaniso unoshamisa mabatiro aakaita hondo yeVietnam. Pinker anoita kuti hondo iyi ive nyaya apo kunyanyisa kwevavengi uye "hupenyu-hwakaderera" mafungiro eVietnamese ndivo vakakonzeresa kukuvara kwakanyanya. Anotiudza kuti "Makakatanwa matatu akaipisisa mushure mehondo akakuchidzirwa nehurumende dzemakomunisti dzeChinese, Korean, neVietnamese dzaive nekuzvipira kwakanyanya kukurira vavengi vavo." Kwaive nekudaro kuramba kweVietnamese uye kuda kutora kukuvara kwakakura kwakaunzwa pavari nevapambi veUS vakakurudzira hondo. Hapana shoko rokutsoropodza revapambi vakatumira mauto makuru mhiri kwegungwa rePacific kuzoparadza nyika iri kure; zvamazvirokwazvo hapana fungidziro yoโkunyanyisa,โ pasina kududzwa kweChata yeUN, hapana shoko rakafanana noโkurwaโ rinoshandiswa pakurwiswa uku. Uye hapana kutaurwa kupi zvako mubhuku kuti United States yakanga yatsigira nhamburiko yeFrance pakuitazve vakoloni, ipapo vakatsigira udzvinyiriri hwezvisarudzo zvayo imene; uye kuti vakuru veUS vakaziva kuti avo vanopikisa vaipikisa vaive nerutsigiro rwakanyanya sezvo vakauraya huwandu hukuru hwevaVietnam kuti varambe vaine simba nehurumende yevashoma iyo United States yavakagadza. Achitaura 800,000 kana kupfuura "kufa kwehondo yevagari vemo" muhondo, Pinker haambotsananguri kuti huwandu hwevanhu vangaurawe mu "hondo" kana kuti kufa uku kungangomiririra kutyorwa kwemitemo yehondo. Kana kuti izvi zvingaitike sei munguva yekusimuka kwehunhu uye manzwiro ehunhu, akaitwa zvine hutsinye nemasimba akabudirira.
Hapana kupi Pinker inotaura nezvekushandiswa kukuru kweUS kwehondo yemakemikari muVietnam (1961-1970), uye inofungidzirwa "mamiriyoni matatu eVietnamese, kusanganisira vana 500,000, ... vachitambura nemhedzisiro yemakemikari ane chepfu" (Fred Wilcox[2]) yakashandiswa panguva iyi yehondo yakashata uye isiri ngirozi. Chinoita kuti kudzvanyirirwa uku kunyanye kunakidza ndechekuti Pinker anotora kurambidzwa uye kusashandisa kwemakemikari uye zvipenyu zvombo sehumbowo hwehutsva huri kubuda hutsika hwepamusoro uye kudzikira kwemhirizhonga, saka kunzvenga kwake chokwadi pamusoro pekushandiswa kukuru kwezvombo zvakadaro muOperation Ranch. Ruoko uye zvimwe zvirongwa zveUS muVietnam hazvina kutendeseka zvinoshamisa.
Ongororo yePinker yeVietnam inovimba zvakanyanya naRudolf Rummel sesosi yezvinonzi Rummel "democide," kana "kuuraya nemaune hurumende yemunhu asina pfuti kana vanhu." Rummel, muongorori ari kure-kurudyi anotenda kuti Barack Obama murwiri anorwisa hondo ari kuedza coup d'etat muUnited States, inofungidzira kuti nepo "Communist" yekuNorth yakauraya nemaune 1.6 miriyoni yevamwe vagari veVietnamese, United States yakauraya nemaune vanhu 5,500 veVietnamese - kana mazana matatu nemazana sevakaurayiwa ne "makomunisti." Rummel anoenderana nerudzi urwu rwekukumbira ruregerero rwemhirizhonga yeUS mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvakare, asi kuna Pinker ndiye anodiwa sosi.
Mukubata nekurapa kweUS kweIraq (1990-2010), kusarura kwaPinker kunoshamisa zvakaenzana. Haana hanya neโzvirango zvokuparadza vanhu vakawandaโ zvakaiswa pakati pa1990 na2003, izvo maererano naJohn naKarl Mueller zvakaguma nenzufu dzakawanda kupfuura โzvose zvinonzi zvombo zvokuparadza kukuru munhau yose.โ Kunyangwe Pinker anotora John Mueller kazhinji mukati Ngirozi Dzakanaka, haambotauri chinyorwa chake (uye chaKarl) 1999 panyaya iyi mu Foreign Affairs, kana kutaura nezve โmhirizhongaโ iyi inokosha. Pinker inoderedza basa reUS mukurwiswa kweIraq nekutora kwakatanga muna Kurume 2003 nekusiyanisa mhirizhonga-mhirizhonga kubva mumhirizhonga yekutevera, inonzi yakanyatso mukati. Anotaura kuti nhanho yokutanga yehondo yakanga iri โyokukurumidzaโ uye โnzufu dzakaderera muhondo,โ uye nzufu huru dzakaitika mukati meโmhirizhonga pakati penzanga mumhirizhonga yakatevera.โ Izvi zvinofuratira chokwadi chokuti zvose zvemhirizhonga zvakabva mukupambwa kwechisimba, uye kupindira kweUS mumhirizhonga "yepakati" haina kumbomira.
Ongororo yaPinker uye mashandisiro ezviwanikwa parufu rwehondo muIraq zvakare rwakakanganiswa. Kuongororwa kwevakakuvara muIraqi nevaongorori veJohns Hopkins yakaburitswa muBritish magazini yekurapa The Lancet yakashuma kuti 655,000 Iraqis yakanga yafa mukati memwedzi ingangoita 40-nguva kubva munaKurume 20, 2003 kupinda kusvika muna Chikunguru 2006, paine 601,000 yenzufu idzi nekuda kwemhirizhonga. Izvi hazvigamuchirwe kuna Pinker, anofarira fungidziro yakaderera yeIraq Body Count, iyo inovimba zvakanyanya nenhau dzenhau dzerufu, ukuwo timu yaJohns Hopkins yakashandisa yakajairwa ongororo yekuongorora nzira. Pinker anopokana ne "main street bias" yemuenzaniso waJohns Hopkins, asi haamutsi mibvunzo nezve mhedziso dzinoshamisa dzaRummel kana fungidziro yakaderera ye "kufa kwehondo" neruzhinji rwehurumende- nemasangano anotsigirwa nenheyo akazvipira kuratidza. kuti hondo dzemazuva ano dzave dzichiwedzera kushamwaridzana nevanhuwo zvavo kubvira 1945. Mune imwe nzvimbo Ngirozi Dzakanaka, Pinker anodzora kosi uye anoshuma kuti kune "373,000 vakafa kubva 2003 kusvika 2008" muDarfur kumadokero kweSudan, vachibvuma kuverengwa kwemuviri kwakagadzirwa nenzira imwechete yeongororo yekuongorora yakashandiswa nezvikwata zveJohns Hopkins kuIraq. Iyi ndiyo yakasarudzika nzira yekutsvaga mukuita.
Zvichida chikamu chinoburitsa pachena chehondo nechisimba chekukumbira ruregerero chinogona kuwanikwa munhaurirano yaPinker yehunhu hutsva hwemauto eUS muIraq - kushoma-zita-mazita mukusiyana neVietnam, uye "new code yekuremekedza, Ethical Marine Warrior," ane โkatekisimoโ yokuti murwi โmudziviriri woupenyu,โ kubatanidza kwete bedzi vafambisi vake vomugungwa asi โvamwe vose.โ Pinker anoti "Kodeti yeEthnical Warrior, kunyangwe seshuviro, inoratidza kuti mauto eAmerica abva kure kubva panguva apo mauto ayo aitaura nezvevarimi veVietnamese segooks, slops, uye slants uye apo mauto ainonoka. kuongorora hutsinye hwaiitirwa vanhuwo zvavo hwakadai sekupondwa kwevanhu paMy Lai.โ Pinker haapi humbowo hwekuti mauto eUS haataure nezvevaIraqi nemashoko ekunyomba, kana kuti hutsinye hweveruzhinji hunoongororwa zvine hukasha (haambotauri nezve Fallujah kana Haditha), kana kuti iyi "code nyowani yekuremekedza" "yakadzidziswa," ndoda kutorwa zvakakomba.
Piinker ari pachena, asi sezviri pachena asingazivi, ideologue. Izvi zvinoonekwa kwese kwese, asi hapana kumwe kwakanyatsojeka kupfuura mukutenda kwake kuti communism "ideology," nepo chaanodaidza kuti "classical liberalism" haisiriyo pfungwa chete-ndiyo seti yezvitendero zvechokwadi izvo "njere" dzinokonzeresa. vanhu kukwevera pasi. Pinker anonyora kuti "communism yerudo, yechiuto yakakurudzira zvirongwa zvekuwedzera zveSoviet Union neChina, iyo yaida kupa rubatsiro kunzira yekutaura iyo iyo proletariat kana vepasi vaizokunda mabhunu uye kutanga hudzvanyiriri munyika nenyika. Hondo Yemashoko yakanga iri chibereko chokutsunga kweUnited States kuti ive neiri sangano pane chimwe chinhu chiri pedyo nemiganhu yayo pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II.โ Saka, sekunge pasina wezvematongerwo enyika weUS angati "kukunda" imwe nyika, hutongi hweUS hwekune dzimwe nyika hwanga huchidzivirira, huine vavengi vekuwedzera.
Pinker's inversion inoshamisa yechokwadi mukuratidza nguva yeHondo Yenyika II se "Rugare Rrefu," nechisimba chakasara chinobva pamafungiro nemakomunisiti, inonongedza kukosha kwezvakataurwa naChalmers Johnson kuti "Kana zviitiko zvemampiriyamu zvichiburitsa mhedzisiro isingataurwi, ... mafungiro epfungwa anotanga. " Inotanga Pinker nekuwedzera kwemakomunisti uye US "zviwanikwa." Inopindawo nepfungwa yake yokuti communism, asi kwete capitalism, zvose zviri zviviri "utopian" uye "essentialist," "kuisa vanhu muzvikamu zvetsika," uye zvichikonzera humwe hutsinye hwakaipisisa hwemazuva ano. Asi kwaisava rusaruraganda uye anticommunism yemasimba ekuMadokero uye kunyanya iyo United States "yakakosha" mupfungwa yePinkerian, uye yakachata ku "simba rinoparadza rakazara" remasimba aya? Uye pfungwa idzi hadzina here kururamisa kuparadzwa nekucheneswa kukuru kwemadzinza kwevanhu vakaderera uye vanotyisidzira, vachivatsiva nevemberi vanoisa zviwanikwa pakushandisa zvakanyanya? Friedrich von Hayek, Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, nedzimwe nhengo dzakawanda dzeChicago School of Economics dzakanga dzisiri pfungwa dzeโfree-marketโ here?
IUS inosundidzira misika uye kodzero dzevasima mari uye kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika, dzimwe nguva kunonzi Imperialism, ndeye Pinker yakasikwa uye kuita zvakanaka, kutora mukana wemitambo ye "positive-sum" ne "kutengesera munyoro," pamwe neine avo vane pfungwa dzinouraya vanhu. pachena. Pinker haataure chero chinhu chakadai se "kutengesa zvine hukasha" kana kukurukura nezvechokwadi chekutorwa kwemidziyo nemhiri kwemuganhu nenyika dzine simba. Kune 17 zvinyorwa zve "nyoro commerce" muIndex to Ngirozi Dzakanaka, asi hapana kushoko rokuti โimperialism.โ
Pamusoro pekuregeredza kwake "kutengeserana kwehasha," Pinker anofuratira kukura kweHondo Yenyika II kwemauto eUS, nezvido zvawo mune zvombo nehondo, uye kuwedzera nekuzvisimbisa kwesimba re "iron triangle" yemauto. -industrial-yakaoma kuumba mutemo wenyika. Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chikonzero nei asingambotauri, ndoda kukurukura, makirasi echinyorwa ichi naSeymour Melman, Gordon Adams, Richard Kaufman, naTom Gervasi,[3] kana kuti zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvaNoam Chomsky, Gabriel Kolko, naDavid Harvey,[4] kana kuti basa richangoburwa raChalmers Johnson, Andrew Bacevich, Henry Giroux, Nick Turse, naWinslow Wheeler.[5] Ava uye vamwe vaongorori vakaratidzawo kupindira kwehondo yekusingaperi-hondo yerusununguko rwevanhu uye democracy, zvichiratidza kuti chero neo-Fukuyaman maonero e "kuguma-kwenhoroondo" liberalism uye Pinker's streaky asi kuderera kuderera kwemhirizhonga iPanglossian nonsense. mukufunga kwepfungwa.
Pane kudaro, Pinker anofarira basa raJames Sheehan, ane dingindira mubhuku rake ra2008, Varwi Vese Vaenda kupi: Shanduko yemazuva ano Europe, ndezvekuti veEurope vakashandura mafungiro avo ehurumende, uye vakaita kuti nyika "isisave muridzi wemauto" asi "mupi wekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye kugara zvakanaka," muchidimbu chebhuku raPinker. Asi mauto achiripo, NATO ichiri kuwedzera, Mazuva ano Europe iri kupa mauto nemabhomba kuhondo yeAfghan, yakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya muhondo ye2011 muLibhiya, uye pamwe neUnited States, parizvino iri kutyisidzira Syria neIran. Zvirongwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu muEurope zvave zvichirwiswa kwemakore, uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhuwo zvavo kunoratidzika kuva chinangwa chiri kuderera chevatungamiriri veEurope, pamwe chete neavo vari muUnited States. Kutevera kutungamira kweUS, Europe iri kubva ku "cradle-to-grave ruturation" kudzokera ku "kugona kwechiuto" - chaizvo zvakapesana neizvo Pinker anotenda kuti vatora.
Sezvo chiIslam chave chinangwa chekuMadokero, tinogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti Pinker anopinda mubhawagon iyi. Achikurudzira "kunetsana kwebudiriro neIslam" kwaanoti ndiko kutyisidzira kukuru kurunyararo nechengeteko yepasirese, Pinker anonyora kuti "inodarika hafu yehondo dzakarwiwa muna 2008 dzakabatanidza nyika dzeMuslim dzevapanduki." Anowedzera kuti "Makumi makumi matatu emasangano makumi mana nemana emagandanga ekunze muUS State Department's Country Reports pamusoro pehugandanga muna 44" aive "masangano emagandanga eMuslim," achisimbisa ake. Islam-yakaenzana-mhirizhonga dingindira. "[O] chete chikamu chimwe muzvina chenyika dzeIslam dzinosarudza hurumende dzadzo," anoenderera mberi achipokana neMuslim; "mitemo nemaitiro enyika dzakawanda dzeMuslim zvinoita kunge dzakapotsa Humanitarian Revolution;" uye "nyika yeMuslim ... iri kutaura nezvekudzikira kwechisimba." Hapana kwaanotaura nezvebasa rekuMadokero mune chero "nyika dzakabatanidzwa dzeMuslim;" kuti hapana hutongi hweMuslim hwakarwisa kana kutora nyika yekuMadokero; kuti midzi yeanonzi โmasangano emagandanga echiMuslimโ inowanikwa mukuramba kwevanhu kupindira kwemauto nezvematongerwo enyika okuMadokero munyika dzeMuslim; kuti masimba oudzori okuMadokero akatsigira udzvinyiriri husina kusarudzwa munyika imwe neimwe yechiMuslim; uye kuti "nyika yeMuslim" inoshaya humbozha hwekugara kunze chero kunonzi "kuderera kwechisimba," nokuti yakave yakarongeka pasi pechisimba chemasimba ekuMadokero kwemakumi emakore akawanda.
Pinker anofarira kutaura pfungwa yekuwedzera kwechisimba kune akawanda "fungidziro," imwe yacho inokonzerwa nekuvandudzwa kwenhau dzezvekutaurirana dzinoita kuti zvikwanise kurekodha zviitiko zvine ropa, uye kuendesa kune nyika. Sezvaakatsanangura muchitarisiko chevaenzi paCBS TV's Iyo Yekutanga Show pakati paDecember 2011: "Hatingokwanisi kutumira helikopta nevatambi vemafirimu kunzvimbo ipi neipi ine nhamo pasi rose asi iye zvino chero munhu ane foni mutori wenhau pakarepo. Vanogona kutepfenyura mifananidzo yeruvara rwekudeurwa kweropa kwese kwazvinoitika uye saka tinozviziva kwazvo. " Sezviri pachena, anotenda kuti midhiya yenhau inovhara pasirese pasina rusarura, ichitaura nezvevarimi veGuatemalan vakaurayiwa nemauto avo, varwi vehondo yeUS drone muAfghanistan, uye varatidziri veHonduran vakapfurwa vakafa nemauto avo, nehasha sezvavanoshuma. pamusoro pevaratidziri vevanhu vakapfurwa vakafa mumigwagwa yeTehran, kana vakaurayiwa nehurumende yeSyria kana yaMuammar Gaddafi muna 2011. Naivetรฉ pano inoshamisa.
Imwe โfungidziroโ iri muchiono chaPinker idzidziso yokuti rufu rune chokuita nehondo uye kumwe kufa nechisimba kwakawedzera nokufamba kwemakore. Nokudaro muchikamu chake che "The Pacification Process," anotsanangura kukwanisa kwechisimba kwaanotenda kuti mupfungwa dzemazuva ano vanhu vakanga vasarudzwa kare vasati vashandura kubva pachikamu chavo che "muvhimi uye muunganidzi" kuenda kumararamiro ekugara mukati memakore 12,000 apfuura. โKana dzidziso yaHobbes [yemhindumupindu kubva muunyajambwa kuenda kubudiriro uye Revhiatani] yakaruramaโโuye Pinker anodavira kuti ndizvoโโiyi chinjo inofanirawo kuva yakapinza mukuderera kukuru kwenhau kwokutanga kwechisimba.โ
Asi kwete chete hapana humbowo hunovimbika hwekuti hondo yakaratidza hupenyu hwevanhu pamberi pe "budiriro," kune humbowo hukuru hwekuti hondo iri pakati pezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa nebudiriro. Nyanzvi yezve anthropology Douglas P. Fry inotodaidza chitendero chekuti vanhu vakatarisana nerufu rwakakura kwazvo rwekufa kwechisimba mu "nyika" kupfuura nzanga "yenyika" "Pinker's Big Lie," uye anowedzera kuti "muzviitiko zvese, [hondo] yakanga ichangoburwa, kwete. zvinhu zvekareโzvaiitika pashure pokunge zvimiro zvakaoma zvesangano renzanga zvakatsiva kuvhima nokuunganidza kwokutama-tama.โ[6] Muunganidzwa unouya wakagadziridzwa naFry, anthropologist R. Brian Ferguson anorwisa yaanodaidza kuti "Pinker's List" ye21 "Prehistoric" makuva, uye anogumisa kuti rondedzero "inosanganisira cherry-yakanhonga kesi dzine vanhu vakakuvara zvakanyanya," uye inomiririra zvisirizvo " zvekare zvehondo uye inouraya.โ[7]
Pinker anoshandisa nzira imwe chete yekupeta chokwadi muongororo yake yehondo nehutsinye mukati memakore 2,500 apfuura. Anobvunza kuti: โZana Rema20 Rakanga Rakaipa Zvamazvirokwazvo Here?โ Anoomerera pakuti nzira bedzi yokuenzanisa ukuru hwechisimba munhambo huru dzenguva kubata nhamba yenzufu sezvikamu kubva muzana zvechiverengero chavagari vapasi, asi ichichinjirwa kuโpakati pezana ramakore rechi20 yakaenzana,โ apo chiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika chakamira pamabhiriyoni 2.5. Iyi gadziriso inogonesa Pinker kutaura kuti kufa 55,000,000 yaanoti kufa kweHondo Yenyika II yaive ine mwero kana ichienzaniswa neyakagadziridzwa-yese yerufu 429,000,000 kubva kuAn Lushan Revolt muChina kutenderera 750 AD. Saka, zvombo zvehunyanzvi zvehunyanzvi zvemuzana ramakore rechi20 hazvina kugadzira nguva yekuteura ropa zvakanyanya. Kufunga neimwe nzira "kunyepedzera".
Asi iyi inzira yekurarisa-ye-ruoko, uye inogadzira yayo yekupikisa-kunyepedzera. Mufananidzo 5-6, "data raRichardson,"[8] yakabva mubhuku ra Lewis Fry Richardson repakati pe 20th Century, Nhamba Dzekurwa Kunouraya. Inoratidza 315 kurwisana pakati pe1800 ne1950.
Asi sezvo Pinker anotora iyi nhamba kubva kune yekunze sosi, haiwedzere kufa kwekutanga nzira iyo Pinker anoita kana achienzanisa Kumukira kweLushan neHondo Yenyika II. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti muMufananidzo 5-6, mhirizhonga mbiri dzakashongedzerwa nekufa kwavo: Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga neChipiri. Asi sezvo izvi zvichipesana nekudzikira-mhirizhonga-hafu yerondedzero yaPinker, anokurudzira vaverengi kuti "Vavhare maviri ekunze nechigunwe chako" kuitira kuti vabudise fungidziro yaanoda kutsigira: Kuti kunonzi "kusarongeka" kwehondo idzi kunopa yavo. nguva uye kufa zvisina basa pakuzvinzwisisa. Voila! Hondo dzeNyika mbiri dzakanga dziri โchiverengero chokunyepa.โ Kuti zvakaitika muzana remakore rechi20 hazvitidzidzisi nezvenguva dzazvino uno. โChiitiko chinoparadza zvikurusa munhau chaifanira kuitika vamwe zana remakore,โ anowedzera kudaro, kutiza kubva munyika chaiyoiyo, โuye kungagona kubatanidzwa mune ipi neipi yenhamba huru yemiitiro yenguva refu yakasiyana zvikuru.โ Apo pane chido, pane nzira.
Pinker anofuratira zvachose chiitiko chemhirizhonga yemaitiro, kana rudzi rwemhirizhonga "inovakwa muchimiro" chehukama hwevanhu, uye "inotaridza sesimba risina kuenzana uye nekudaro semukana wehupenyu husina kuenzana," mushanduro yaJohan Galtung ine mukurumbira. Panyika ine vanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni manomwe vakatarisana kuwedzera kumanikidzana kwezvakatipoteredza, hondo yepasi rose ye1% kurwisa vamwe 99, uye "kushomeka kwekudya kwakakwana uye kushomeka" kunotambudza mabhiriyoni evanhu kunyangwe munguva "yakajairika" kuwedzera zvinyorwa zvaAmartya Sen naJean Drรจze kuIndia kusvika. nyika yose zvayoโinoparadza zuva nezuva izvo zvinofukidza chisimba chehondo.
Steven Pinker's Ngirozi Dzakanaka rinotyisa sebasa rekufunda uye segwara renyika chaiyo. Asi ibasa rakatanhamara resinou, rine zviverengero zvinopfuura zana, mashoko omuzasi akawanda zvikuru, uye mafashamo amashoko akavimbiswa nenharo zvinoda chitsama chakati chebasa kuti chinzwisise. Kuti meseji yaro yakanaka, yakanyatso kurongedzerwa kune zvinodikanwa uye kukukurwa kweWestern imperialism, ingagashirwe zvakanaka mumasangano ekumisikidza zvinonzwisisika. Zvishoma zvakadaro kubatwa kwayo kusingatsoropodzi nevanhu vazhinji vanofanirwa kuziva zviri nani.
[Edward S. Herman ndipurofesa akabuda mune zvemari paWharton School, University of Pennsylvania uye akanyora zvakawanda nezvehupfumi, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, uye nhepfenyuro. Pakati pemabhuku ake pane Corporate Control, Corporate Power (Cambridge University Press, 1981), Iyo Real Terror Network (South End Press, 1982), uye, naNoam Chomsky, Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hweHuman Rights (South End Press, 1979), uye Kubvumira Kugadzira (Pantheon, 2nd Ed., 2002). David Peterson mutori wenhau akazvimirira uye muongorori anogara muChicago. Pamwe chete ndivo vanyori ve Zvematongerwo Enyika (Mwedzi Ongororo Press, 2nd Ed., 2011). ]
โ- MASHOKO OKUPEDZISIRA โ-
[1] Ongororo iyi yakatanga kubuda munaNovember-Zvita 2012 International Socialist Ongororo, mapeji 63-67. Iyo yakarebesa vhezheni yayo, kusanganisira rondedzero yakazara yezvinyorwa uye hyperlink, inogona kuwanikwa pana Edward S. Herman naDavid Peterson, "Chokwadi Kuramba: Steven Pinker's Apologetics yeWestern-Imperial Violence,โ ZNet, Chikunguru 25, 2012.
[2] Fred A. Wilcox, Nyika Yakatsva: Nhaka dzeChemical Warfare muVietnam (Nyaya nomwe Press, 2011), p. 35. Onawo peji rewebhu rinochengetedzwa nekambani yekuCanada yekuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza, Hatfield Consultants, iyo yakazvipira kune iyo femu. Agent Orange Mishumo uye Mharidzo kubva 1997 kusvika nhasi.
[3] Ona Seymour Melman, Hondo Yenguva Yese Imari: American Capitalism in Decline (Touchstone, Rev. Ed., 1985); Gordon Adams, Iyo Yematongerwo enyika Yekudzivirira Contracting: Iyo Iron Triangle (Transaction Publishers, 1981); Richard F. Kaufman, The War Profiteers (Doubleday, 1972); naTom Gervasi, Ngano yeSoviet Militacy Supremacy (Harpercollins, 1987).
[4] Ona Noam Chomsky, Kuenda kuHondo Itsva Inotonhora: Essays paDambudziko Razvino uye Mafambiro atakaita Ikoko (Pantheon Books, 1982); Chomsky, Kudzivisa Democracy (Hill naWang, 1992); uye Chomsky, Hegemony kana Kupona: Kutsvaga kweAmerica kweKutonga Kwepasirese (Metropolitan Books, 2003); Gabriel Kolko, Kutarisana neNyika Yechitatu (Pantheon, 1988); uye David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford University Press, 2005).
[5] Ona Chalmers A. Johnson, Kuvharidzira: Zvinodhura uye Migumisiro yeMambo weAmerica (Metropolitan Books, 2nd. Ed., 2007); Johnson, Kusuruvara kweMambo: Militarism, Secrecy, uye Kuguma kweRiphabliki (Metropolitan Books, 2004); uye Johnson, Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic (Metropolitan Books, 2008); Andrew J. Bacevich, Hondo Yakareba: Nhoroondo Itsva yeUS National Security Policy Kubva Hondo Yenyika II (Columbia University Press, 2009); Henry A. Giroux, Yunivhesiti iri mumaketani: Kutarisana neMasoja-Industrial-Academic Complex (Paradigm Publishers, 2007); Nick Turse, Izvo Zvakaomarara: Maitiro Emauto Anopinda Sei Hupenyu Hwedu hwezuva nezuva? (Metropolitan Books, 2009); uye Winslow T. Wheeler, The Wastrels of Defense: Maitiro eCongress anoparadza US Security (US Naval Institute Press, 2004).
[6] Douglas P. Fry, "Rugare Munguva Yedu, " Book Forum, December/January, 2012.
[7] R. Brian Ferguson, "Pinker's List: Exaggerating Prehistoric War Mortality," iyo yakarongwa kuti ioneke muunganidzwa wakarongwa naDouglas P. Fry, Hondo, Runyararo, uye Hunhu Hwevanhu: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views (Oxford University Press, iri kuuya). Onawo Ferguson, "The Prehistory of War and Peace in Europe and the Near East," ichaonekwa mune imwechete Fry-edited collection. Kune kumwe kutsoropodza kwekutanga kwekutaura kwaPinker pamusoro pekutanga kwehondo munhoroondo yevanhu uye nekunzi kuderera kwechisimba nekuuya kwe "Revhiatani," ona, semuenzaniso, naChristopher Ryan, "Steven Pinker's Stinker pane Mavambo eHondo, " Psychology Nhasi, Kurume 29, 2011, iyo yaive yakavakirwa paPinker's 2007 TED hurukuro pane imwecheteyo musoro; naChristopher Ryan, "Pinker's Dirty War pane Prehistoric Runyararo, " Huffington Post, Ndira 9, 2012.
[8] Mufananidzo 5-6 unooneka pap. 205 yebhuku raPinker. Pinker anotora Mufananidzo 5-6 kubva kuna Brian Hayes, "Computing Sayenzi: Statistics of Inouraya Quarrels, " American Scientist, Vol. 90, No. 1, January/February, 2002, map. 13.
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