Chimwe chikamu mukutevedzana kweChikamu Chekutanga neChiviri chendangariro Kurangarira Mangwana naMichael Albert, panguva ino chitsauko 4, chakagoverwa mugore rino rechi40 kubvira Kuruboshwe Kutsva naMay 68.
Chapter 4
Mharadzano dzeMweya
Nzvimbo tsvene
Ini zvangu ndaizongobva kugudo…sokubva kumhungu anofarira kurwadzisa vavengi vake… anobata vakadzi vake savaranda… uye anotambudzwa nokutenda mashura kwakaipisisa.
—Charles Darwin
During my years at MIT, military disobedience became a central part of the antiwar movement. To get out of going to
A young man ignorant of the world and spurred on by recruiters, friends, and parents could easily feel that joining the war effort was a patriotic, mature, and wise choice. People would celebrate a son becoming a GI. While you might think there was a major element of bravery in agreeing to serve despite the palpable risk of death or debilitation, recruitment and induction hid those worrisome aspects and promoted the idea that going to war was doing one’s duty. Young men going off to war felt not so much fear plus courage as pride plus responsibility. To succumb to the pressure to become a GI was natural. It happened fluidly, nearly inevitably, without angst. On the other hand, to resist war often meant defying not only history and social expectations but family and friends. When a draft resister fled to
Other people became soldiers and rejected the war only after seeing
Kuramba kudhirowa kwaidiwa, nekuti hondo yacho yakanga isingakodzeri. Asi chokwadi hurongwa hwekunyora hwaive hwakaenzana kupfuura vanhu vanogona kutenga nzira yavo yekubuda pabasa. Dzimwe nguva kushamwaridzana kwekofi-chitoro kwakaburitsa GI yaida kusiya uto. Pakanga pane njanji yepasi kuti ibatsire vagwenga ava kutiza munyika. Mamwe masoja aida kuenda kuAWOL, kana "kusavapo pasina kusiya," kushora hondo uye kubatsira kuronga kurwisa. Sangano rakagadzira nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzemaGI aya. Musoja aibva panzvimbo yake obva aendeswa kunzvimbo yaaiitirwa (panguva iyoyo varwi vashoma vakadzi) aizozivisa pachena kuramba kwake uye achimirira kusungwa. Vatsigiri vaizobatana neAWOL GI kuti vaone kuti kusungwa kwake kwakadzidzisa vamwe.
I went to three of these sanctuaries. The first was at
Shamwari yeBrandeis aive murume mutema, asina kubatana nevarongi vevadzidzi, asi achipinda semutori wemifananidzo, achitarisira kuisa basa rake munzvimbo dzakasimba. Ndiri mafiti mashanu-mafiti mapfumbamwe, uye akanga ari mupfupi kwandiri, asi akanga akafuga uye aizvivimba zvikuru. Kubva pane zvaakasangana nazvo kuMaodzanyemba kwekodzero dzevanhu, akandiudza nzira dzakanakisa dzekubata nemabhazi emapurisa. Akandiudzawo kuti, sezvo ari mudiki, akadzidza kare kuti mukurwisana kwawaida kurwa, hapana chainyanya kukosha kupfuura chitarisiko chechivimbo chakakwana. Bravado akawedzera kusawirirana. Kana wanga usingadi kurwa, saka waifanira kuratidzika kupenga. Mumigwagwa, kana iwe uchitya kuti mamwe matsotsi achakushungurudza, iwe unofanirwa kuratidzika kunge wakapenga uye usingachadzoreki, uchitaura wega, uchiratidza mafambiro asinganzwisisike. Vashoma vanhu, akadaro, vaifarira kuita zvekutamba nemumwe munhu asina pfungwa yechiyero, kungave kubva mukuvimba kana kupenga. Abbie Hoffman, mavhiki mashoma gare gare paakanga achishanyira MIT, akandiudza chinhu chimwe chete. Ruvimbo ndizvo zvese. Kuwedzera aura yekuti hauna hanya nekurwadziwa kupi zvako kwaungafanira kutsungirira uye kuti une chinangwa chekubvisa marwadzo ayo vamwe vangasada kutsungirira, vakataura, vakataura, mukana mukuru mukukonana.
Panzvimbo tsvene yeBrandeis, kuchinjana kwandinonyanya kuyeuka kwaiva pamusoro pekamera yemutori wemifananidzo. Takagara tichitaura nyaya iye akaibata pedyo. Kamera yacho yaiva hombe, inodhura, ine unyanzvi zvandanga ndisati ndamboona. Saka ndakamubvunza kuti aizvikwanisa sei sezvo zvaiva pachena kuti akanga asiri kuumburuka mumari. Akandiudza kuti kamera iyi yaive Leica uye yaidhura zviuru zviviri zvemadhora, iyo yaive mari yakawanda kwazvo. Akandiudzawo kuti kana uchizoita chero rudzi rweprojekiti chinhu chimwe chete chaunofanira kunzwisisa ndechekuti haufanirwe kuchengetedza mapeni pazvishandiso zvekutengesa kwako. Mukufamba kwenguva, penny-pinching yaizodhura zvakanyanya kupfuura zvayaizochengeta. Neimwe nzira zano riya rakaramba rakandinamatira, uye ndakaona nekufamba kwemakore zviitiko zvisingaperi zvevanhu vachiparadza mari kakawanda pazvinhu zvidiki zvidiki uye nekutengesa zvisingaperi uye vobva vataura kuti havakwanise kutenga zvinodhura asi zvakare zvinonyanya kukosha panguva imwe chete. zvinhu.
Hongu, iyi pateni inonyanya kukanganisa kana zvinhu zvinodhura zviri, sezvakataurwa nemutori wemifananidzo, chikamu uye chikamu chebasa rako. Uye, zvamazvirokwazvo, gare gare, ndaigara ndichida kuti mukutsikisa hatifaniri kuzvishora pachedu pamusoro pematurusi ebasa redu. Asi kunyange mune dzimwe nzvimbo, ndakaona kuti mazano ane musoro.
Semuenzaniso, vazhinji vekuruboshwe vanofunga kuti kushandiswa kukuru kwevatengi kunoratidza kukara kana kuti kunyengedzwa nenhepfenyuro uye chavanodaidza kuti kutenga. Ehe, ese ari maviri anogona kuva echokwadi, asi nei uchingogara uchifunga zvakanyanya? Mutori wemifananidzo uyu akaita kuti ndione kuti zvakasiyana zvinogona kunge zviri zvechokwadiwo.
Chokwadi, mumwe wangu wehupenyu Lydia Sargent neni tine TV hombe uye tinogara zvakanaka, mazuvano. Izvi zvanga zvisina kudaro nguva dzose. Kukoreji uye kweanenge makore gumi pashure pacho ndaigara mudzimba dzinotyisa, dzimwe nguva dzisina kupisa, ndisina chinhu. Cheerios chaive chikafu. Ndinoyeuka aizi mukati memahwindo uye kunyange pauriri hweimwe furati yeSomerville, ndichirara mukati menguva yechando ndiri mumagumbeze akawanda nemirwi yembatya. Kunyangwe mumazuva ekutanga eimba yekutsikisa takabatsira kuwana, South End Press, kutanga muna 1979, Lydia neni nevamwe vashandi vese takagamuchira nzvimbo nebhodhi uye takapa basa risingaperi. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, mamwe mazano akachenjera aiva pakutenga nokutengesa dzimba uye kugara nokushanda panzvimbo imwe chete akaita kuti ini naLydia tigadzirise mararamiro edu zvishoma nezvishoma.
Ini naLydia patakazobva kuBoston, tichienda kuWoods Hole muCape Cod, pazera remakore makumi mashanu nerimwe nemakumi mana neshanu, zvichiteerana, takabhadharisa kutenga imba padziva iro rakazobatanidzwawo pasi pebhiriji rekudhirowa kunyanza. Ini ndaifanira kunetsa mabhanga angangoita makumi maviri kuti nditore chikwereti chemba, uye kunyangwe ipapo taifanira kuva nemasaina matatu kupfuura isu vaviri, asi, mushure mezvose, takava nemba itsva. Kusvika panguva iyoyo takanga tisina kana chinhu uye taisambowana mari inoraswa zvachose, kana mari yakasara. Pakarepo, kubhadharisa imba, kwakava kusagadzikana, mhoro American capitalist logic: kwete yakawanda kuchengetedza, asi nzira yekunyaradza.
Patakanga tava nemba, chikwereti chakanga chisina dambudziko. Kunyanya, kukosha kwekutengesa kwakakwira sekunge imba yaive pane steroids. Tichishandisa kukosha kweimba iri kuwedzera, taigara tichigadzirisa nzvimbo yacho, nguva yega yega tichibhadhara mari yakafanana pamwedzi asi tiine mari yakawanda muruoko, izvo zvakazotibatsira kuti tirarame zvakanaka kupfuura zvatakamboita kare, kusanganisira kuvaka. Kuwedzera kune imba yakakodzera kubata vazukuru uye vamwe vaenzi, izvo zvakawedzera kuwedzera kukosha kwemba kwave kutokwira, zvichibvumira imba kuti ive yedu mugomba asset kana mapurojekiti edu ezvematongerwo enyika achizoda bheti rekupedzisira. Sezvineiwo, munda neimba yatinayo yakawana mari yakawanda mumakore gumi nemashanu kupfuura ini naLydia tasangana, tichishanda seanopenga, takawana pamwe chete mumakore makumi matatu. Saka ndakadzidza kumutori wemifananidzo kwete chete kuti zvakanga zvisingadhuri kushandisa mari yakawanda kuti munhu atengese maturusi akaisvonaka, asi dzimwe nguva kuti zvinhu zvinakidzwe.
Ndichidzokera munzira, nzvimbo yangu yechipiri yaive kuBoston University. Yakaitirwa muimba huru yechitendero, inonzi Morse Hall. Paiva nemuenzaniso wakafanana wekusvika kweGI, mhemberero dzeAWOL, uye kuvhara kusungwa. Boston University yaive kumusha kuna Howard Zinn, munhu anokurudzira. Aive nerudzi rwekudzikama paari, uye hushamwari, izvo pamwechete zvakasimudzira anenge munhu wese aive pedyo naye. Howard's Nhoroondo Yevanhu ye United States Haina chete kungwara kwekuongorora, mavambo ehumbowo, uye manyorero ekutaura, asi kubata kwemunhu. Ndakasvika pakuziva Howard, kwete seshamwari yepedyo asi zvakakwana kuva nechivimbo chokuti chitarisiko chake hachisi chenhema. Howard aive uye akakosha. Howard ane karma yakanaka.
Asi chandinonyanya kurangarira nezvenzvimbo yeBU yaive yemunhu. Ndakanga ndiri muchechi nevamwe vadzidzi vakawanda, uye kamwe kamwe, pasina nguva, vachifamba vachiuya kwandiri nepamusoro peuriri, baba vangu vakanga varipo. Takabuda panze akandiudza kuti iye naamai vangu vakanga vaona nhau yekurwisana kwehondo kuBU paTV uye vakagutsikana kuti vakanga vandiona pamufananidzo. Vakatanga kunetseka. Chii chandanga ndichiita kure neMIT kuBU pane chiitiko chisiri pamutemo? Baba vangu, yeuka, vaiva gweta, uye vaisema kutyora mutemo, tisingatauri kuti vaindidzivirira zvikuru.
Baba naamai vangu vaive vatowana meseji yekuti handisi kuzova senator ane mukurumbira, gweta renguva huru, kana sainzi weNobel Prize yavaizotarisira. Asi kunyange neuchokwadi ihwohwo, vakanga vasina kufunga kuti ndingangoperera mujeri. Sevamwe vabereki, vainzwa zvandaitaura asi vairatidza mararamiro avo pamazuva angu, vachiona kuti mashoko angu aiva hushingi hwepwere. Mukana wokusungwa wakanga wava pedyo wakakatyamadza, naizvozvo baba vakanga vauya, vachangobva kubhururuka kuti vandibudise mumvura ine madhaka yandakanga ndiri kunyura. parecord yangu yeGI yandaisaziva kuti ibenzi, akabva kuBoston achiti chero zvaizoitika chokwadi iye naAmai vaizonditsigira. Ndakaziva kuti shoko rake rakanga rakanaka, uye, zvechokwadi, ndaiziva kuti vabereki vangu vakanga vasina kumbobvira vashora zvikuru maonero angu, sevabereki vaiva nemapapiro ekurudyi kana kunyange vabereki vepakati penzira vangave vakaita.
Amai naBaba vaiwanzobvumirana nemashoko akadzama anotsoropodza, kunyange zvazvo asiri mashoko akadzama kana zvisungo zvakadzama zvezvandinotenda, ndichitya zvinorehwa. Zvaishamisa uye zvine hungwaru, ndinofunga, kuti mukati memhirizhonga yese panguva iyoyo uye nezvimwe zvakawanda zvaizouya, kuti ndivanyevenutse kushushikana kwavo, ndakaudza vabereki vangu kuti ndakanga ndisiri mufiri chitendero. Ndakanga ndisingadi kutambura nokuda kwenhamo chete. Ndaigona kupedza nguva ndiri mujeri, ndakavaudza, asi kana ndaizodaro, hazvingareve kuti ndaida kutambura nemhaka yemhaka kana kuti nokuda kwechishuwo chokupemberera kupfigirwa mujeri. Asi paiva nezvakawanda. Apo chizvarwa changu chakapanduka, taida kutiza upenyu hwose hunotyisa hwakatipoteredza. Takakura bvudzi redu. Takachinja mawodrop edu. Takaendesa matress edu pasi. Taiita zvinodhaka. Taitaura mutauro mutsva. Uye uku kwaive kuzorora kukuru kubva kune chero ani zvake aiziva kure. Takaita zvese izvi, uye takagadzira ruzivo rutsva rwezvematongerwo enyika uye maonero. Kuvabereki vedu, zvaiita sokuti takanga tachinja kuva vatorwa. Asi vakatsamwiswa zvikuru nemararamiro edu akasarudzwa kupfuura edu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Pavakaona mattress pasi vakabva vaita ballistic. Pavakaona kopi yaMarx kana Mao padhesiki remumwe munhu, yakanga isiri nyaya huru. Kuchinja kwemararamiro, kubuda pachena kwezvepabonde, uye kunyange munziyo dzakavaparadza. Kuedza kwenjere hakuna kuvanetsa zvakanyanya. Ndinofunga kuti izvi zvaikonzerwa nekuti vabereki vedu vaiita zvinoenderana nezvakaitika kare. Vaiziva kuti vechidiki vainyura mupfungwa dzinopikisa nekuti vakanga vaita zvimwe chetezvo. Vaitarisira zvakawanda kubva kwatiri uye vaitarisira kuti zvaizotora makore mashomanana uye zvobva zvanyangarika, sezvazvakaita kwavari. Asi vaitya kuti mararamiro edu achachinja zvakanyanya, pazvinhu zviviri. Chekutanga, sarudzo dzemararamiro edu dzakabvunza zvadzaikoshesa uye dzainetsekana kutipa, uye kunyangwe kuzivikanwa kwavo. Vaita nhapwa kutitengera hupenyu hwatakadzinga. Chechipiri, sarudzo dzedu dzemararamiro dzaive neaura yekugoneka kwechigarire pamusoro padzo, kana zvisiri nemaune, ipapo nekusagadzika. Dai tairarama mumapoka evanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana vachidzidzira nzira itsva yekuve, kutsauka kwedu kunogona kuramba kwakareba kuti gare gare kukandwa kuhope dzeAmerica. Vabereki vedu vaive vakangwara chaizvo, ndinofunga, vainetsekana zvakanyanya nezvebvudzi refu nemamatiresi kupfuura nezvemanifestos ataiverenga kana kunyora. Mumhanzi wakakurumbira wemakumi matanhatu akatumidzwa bvudzi, kwete Manifesto, nokuda kwechikonzero.
Mazuvano ndinofungidzira kuti zvinhu zvachinja. Kutamba mutsika dzinopokana zvino kwazivikanwa. Kuedza kwemararamiro kunotarisirwa uye kunoonekwa sekupfuura. Nhasi kuboora muviri, semuenzaniso, kwakanyanyisa kupfuura bvudzi refu raive mumakore makumi matanhatu, asi kwete sekukanganisa magariro. Vadzidzi vanotakura mabhuku asiri iwo, ndinofungidzira, izvo zvingaite kuti vabereki vanhasi vatye.
Chero zvazvingava, nzvimbo tsvene yechitatu yandakabatanidzwa nayo yakanga iri imwe yezviito zvezvematongerwe enyika zvakabudirira zvikuru zvandakati ndambosangana nazvo. Nekuda kwekunyorwa kwekupokana kwekubatanidza, MIT yaive mumutsara wekufora weGI kupokana. Saka apo imwe GI yakafunga kuti aida kuita chirevo, MIT yakava nzvimbo yake tsvene.
Mike O'Connor akasvika kuMIT asinganzwisisike muna Mbudzi 1968 uye takamugadzika mukamuri munzvimbo yedu yevadzidzi. Muzuva rimwe chiitiko chacho chaive chikuru. Mumazuva maviri yakanga yakakura. Muvhiki yaive gargantuan. Hazvina kujeka kuti sei nzvimbo yeMIT yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Mumatanho ekuronga, ini naNoam Chomsky chete - iye aidzidzisa kuMIT panguva iyoyo - tainzwa kuti pamwe MIT yakanga isati yagadzirira kuita rudzi urwu. Kuti tiite nzvimbo tsvene yakabudirira isu taizofanira kukwezva nhamba huru yevanhu vakagadzirira kupa tarisiro yakazara kuchiitiko. Ndakanetseka, sezvakaita Chomsky - zvimwe nezvake munguva pfupi - kuti hapazove nerutsigiro rwakakwana rweMIT kuchengetedza nzvimbo tsvene. Takanga takundwa mukuedza kwedu kumisa basa uye takabatana nemoyo wese. Panzvimbo yekuti kutya kwedu kuzadzike, kufarira nerutsigiro zvakapfuura tarisiro yemunhu wese. Nzvimbo tsvene yaifanira kubva mukamuri ine mwero kuenda kuhoro huru yenzvimbo yevadzidzi, yobva yatora chivako chose nemhomho yevanhu yaivhara dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzecampus. Hushamwari fakaroti vaiuya kuzopa makirasi avo kungave munzvimbo yevadzidzi nzvimbo tsvene kana kunze munharaunda. Paiva nemimhanzi nguva dzose, hurukuro, uye mamaikorofoni akazaruka. Dialogs dzaizobudirira kusvika pakati pehusiku. Pakangoerekana paitika maMIT maviri: iyo dhizaini neyedu. Husiku hwega hwega mazana evanhu aiunza mabhegi ekurara kuti agare neAWOL GI yedu. Pakukwirira kwechiitiko ini ndinofungidzira vanosvika mazana matanhatu vanhu vakanonoka kana husiku, nezviuru mukati nekubuda mukati mezuva, kusanganisira vanhu vanobva kuCambridge, Boston, nekumhiri.
Kudaidza nzvimbo tsvene kuvhunduka kwetsika yeMIT kwaizoderedza zvakanyanya kuita kwayo. Vanhu vakabva kure nekure kuti vazoona chiitiko ichi chaiitika. Tsika yacho yaive Woodstockish, asi ine zvematongerwo enyika zvakanyanya, makosi matsva, kudzidzisa-ins, mimhanzi, yemitambo, kusimudzira kuziva, uye nharo. Dialogs dzaive nezvehondo, hupfumi, nzanga, uye MIT's campus hupenyu uye makosi. Vanhu vakaitirana nharo pamusoro uye kusatendeutsa zvinhu zvese pasi. “Mr. Jones" akasangana ne "White Rabbit."
Aive mazuva gumi akazunungusa kambasi yangu izvo zvakaita kuti ndive mushandirapamwe wenguva yakazara. Nzvimbo tsvene yakapera nekusungwa kwakataurirana. Mike O'Conner akaendeswa kunzvimbo yemauto. Aigona kusarudza vashanyi vaviri kunze kwemhuri yake yapedyo. Mumwe aive mukadzi waakasangana naye panguva yenzvimbo tsvene uye aive nehukama naye; mumwe wacho ndini. Kushanyira Mike svondo rega rega ndiri mustockade panguva yekuvharirwa kwake kwaive chiitiko changu chekutanga chakakomba nejeri. Mike akabata nguva yake yekuchengetera zvakanaka, akazobuda nekujoinha bato renzvimbo yekurwisa hondo. Ndakaumburukawo. Basa reAntiwar neGIs rakapa Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Ndinoyeuka chimwe chipupuriro chakaitwa neaichimbova GI, chizvarwa chokuAmerica. Akataura kuti taizorwa sei nemasimba ehondo kusvikira nzizi dzarega kuyerera uye uswa hwaguma. Ndakachema nekuzvipira kwake. Ndaishuvira kuhwina nguva yake isati yakwana.
Meeting Tactics
Munhu haakwanisi muchimiro chezvinhu kutarisira zvishoma muti washandurwa kuita tsvimbo kutunga mashizha.
—Martin Buber
Nemamwe manheru ndakanga ndiri sachigaro kubva pachikuva chenzvimbo tsvene, ndichibata sarudzo dzemhomho, idzo dzaisangana pakati pevaraidzo nezvematongerwo enyika. Takanga tiri muhoro hombe, inonzi Sala de Puerto Rico. Nguva dzakanga dzodoka. Mazana evanhu akanga aripo. Vazhinji vaida kurara asi vamwe vaive vachiri kuda kutaura kana kunzwa mimhanzi. Tinofanira kutaura? Tinofanira kuteerera kuJefferson Ndege (yevechidiki) kana Beethoven (yevakuru)? Pakupedzisira ndaifanira kudzikamisa kamuri kuti ndive nechido chekudzungaira chinyararire usiku. Neimwe nzira, mukuita kudaro, ndakadzidza kuwirirana zvinobudirira nevateereri vakawanda.
Makore mazhinji gare gare paMusangano weSocialist Scholars muNYC, iniwo ndakadzikamisa nzvimbo ine mhirizhonga uye yakakura, Steve Shalom, shamwari yepedyo kubva kuMIT, anondiudza. Imba hombe yakatsvikinyidzana kuti iite gakava pakati paNoam Chomsky, Paul Berman, naEllen Willis nezve anti-Semitism uye Kuruboshwe. Ndakanga ndiri moderating. Vatauri vakataura asi pakabva pamuka nyaya. Dzimwe nhengo dzevateereri dzaida kuti vanyori vapindure kune mumwe nemumwe. Vamwe vaida kubvunza mibvunzo. Mapoka maviri aya akatanga kupopotedzana, uye kuparadzana kwakatanga. Sezvo Steve akandiyeuchidza, panguva iyoyo ndakati, “Bata. Ndichadana vanhu vari pasi. Kana iwe uchida kubvunza mubvunzo, bvunza mubvunzo. Kana iwe uchida kuti wepanelist A apindure kune chimwe chinhu chakataurwa nepanelist B, bvunza izvozvo. " Vateereri vakagara vachishamisika nekushamisika nemhinduro iyi, kana kuti Steve akadaro, uye isu takaenderera mberi nechikamu pasina kumwe kutsamwa.
Pamusangano wenyika wainetsana kuti rini rekuratidzira mumwaka unotevera, ndaiva sachigaro, ndosaka ndichinyanya kurangarira zvakazotevera. Paive negakava rinopisa, asi zviri pachena rakarerekera kumaonero eruzhinji. Ndaiziva kuti vamwe vatungamiriri vesangano vaive nechishuwo chakasiyana pane hurongwa hwaive huchiwana nzvimbo, asi zvaiita sekuti chinzvimbo nefaira raizosarudza zvarinoda. Ini handina kufunga kuti zvakawanda zvaive panjodzi, asi zvisinei, chero sarudzo yakasarudzwa, ngazvive zvakadaro. Ndaivepo kufambisa, kwete kugera.
Nenguva isipi, Rennie Davis, murongi mukuru uye ane hunyanzvi hwekurwa hondo, ane nhoroondo yekutanga mukodzero dzevanhu nenzvimbo dzekuronga dzenzvimbo, akapinda muhoro achibva kumashure, achidanidzira kuti aifanira kunzwikwa nekukasika. Akataura akamiririra chinzvimbo chevashoma uye mumaminetsi mashoma akahwina zuva. Sei akawana pasi? Akaita sei munhu wese? Akazviita nekupopotera kuti akange achangobva parunhare nemukuru wenhaurirano weVietnamese, Madame Binh, avo vaive vamukumbira kuti vaitirane nharo vachimiririra vashoma mazuva ezviitiko, kwete mazuva anofarirwa nevakawanda. Vanhu vakakurudzira kuti abvumidzwe kutaura nokukurumidza. Zviri nyore sei. Kusvikira nhasi, ndinofunga Rennie akagadzirisa zvese. Vatsigiri veUS panguva dzakasiyana vakaenda kuCuba pane yainzi Venceremous Brigades kunotora chikamu mukucheka nzimbe uye kudzidza nezve chimurenga. Ndinoyeuka ndichinzwa nezvemumwe musangano kunyanya muHavana. Paive nevakuru veVietnamese, nhumwa dzeUS, uye maCuba akasiyana. Firimu rakaratidzwa Hondo yeVietnam raive nechiitiko chekupfura kwendege yekuAmerica kuchiita kunge neruoko rweVietnamese. Nhumwa dzeUnited States dzakapembera. Pakupera kwefirimu mumiriri weVietnamese akataura, akakatyamadzwa, aine manzwiro, achibvunza kuti varwi vechidiki ava vangave vakarota sei kuti vaigona kuronga shanduko muUnited States kana vaigona kufara kufa kwevamwe vavanogara navo. Handina kumbokanganwa nyaya iyoyo. VeVietnamese vakavaka mafambiro vachida kuhwina yakakura, inoremedza, isingafi yakakurumbira rutsigiro. Taivaka chii?
Rennie Davis pane dzimwe nguva ainyanya kukurudzira
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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