tsananguro
Robert Kagan inyaya yakaoma kuongorora. Dzimwe nguva kunyora kwake kunoratidzika kunge kwakatendeseka uye kushoropodza zvakananga zvinangwa zveUS pamwe nekuve akatendeseka zvakajeka nezve dzimwe nguva "nyika ine njodzi" yenhoroondo yayo uye mutemo wekunze. Chiri pasi pazvo zvese zvakadaro hupofu hwake hwekuda nyika hunopedzisira hwagara huchitsigira US kusarudzika uye kusarudzika, nguva dzose ichiratidza maonero egocentric ekuti US ndiyo nyika inokosha. IUS haina kukosha.
Uyewo haisi chigadziko che "democratic capitalism" ndiyo chete nzira yekuenda mberi kubva pano, ichi chiri nzvimbo munhoroondo yakavandudzwa - maererano naKagan - umo mune "mademocrats" kana "autocrats." Kagan haaone mumumvuri wegrey, nyika uye vezvematongerwo enyika vangave imwe kana imwe. Nharo dzake, nepo dzichiita sedzinopindirana pane dzimwe pfungwa dzinobva dzanyura mukuzvipokana, kupokana kukuru kuve kushoropodza kwakasimba kuti "zvaunoita zvinonzwika zvakanyanya handinzwe zvaunotaura." Kune zvese izvo Kagan anoedza kuratidza sezvakanaka zveUS, zvezviri pasi pezvinangwa zvakanaka zveUS - panguva imwechete ichiziva nzira dzayo dzimwe nguva dzakaomarara dzekupindira mune dzimwe nyika - haanyatso kunzwisisa kuti maonero akavakirwa pane izvo zvakaoma. zviito zvakapiwa pamusoro-kutasva zvose rhetoric uye jingoism pamusoro pehukuru uye kukosha kweU.SA semutungamiri wenyika kune nyika iri nani.
Kupokana kukuru pakati pekutaura nekuita kunofanirwa mupfungwa dzemuongorori akatsoropodza kutungamira kune muchidimbu kuti ndizvo zvinoitwa zvinonyatsomiririra zvinangwa zvenyika. Uye izvo zvinoitwa neUS zvine chekuita nedemocracy uye zvakawanda zvine chekuita necapitalism, zvishoma zvine chekuita nedemocracy yechokwadi - kubva ku'demos' - vanhu, uye '-cracy', simba - nezvimwe zvakawanda. kuita nesimba revakuru vanodzora vanhu vangave vachigara munzanga yakasununguka kana mune imwe ine chiremera.
Pfupiso yangu pamagumo eโKudzoka kweNhoroondoโ zvinoratidza kuti nharo dzaKagan dzinonyengedza asi dzinenge dziri bi-polar uye dzakapfava, zvichipa chikonzero chinoenderera mberi chebasa reUS rehegemonic.[1]
Maonero ekutanga anosanganisira tsoropodzo dzepfungwa mbiri huru dzechinyorwa chakareba ichi. Chekutanga chiri pachena ndechekuti capitalism haisiriyo nzira huru yekuenda kudemokrasi kana nzira huru yerusununguko, uye sezvave kupupurirwa nemabhiriyoni epasi rose, ingori seti yezvimiro zvisiri zvedemocracy izvo zvinoshandiswa kuunganidza hupfumi kubva kune mhomho yevashandi nevashandi - uye zvakatoipisisa, varimi nevasina minda nevashandi - uye vanoisimudza kune vepamusoro echelons. Mukubatana nazvo, democracy inoramba isina kutsanangurwa, sekunge iri pachena pasi rose. Kunyangwe zvingave zvakanaka dai zvaionekwa nepasi rose, mashandisirwo anoitwa izwi nevazhinji manejimendi eUS anoita kuti izwi riwedzere kunyevera nezvezvinangwa zvisina kunaka zveUS pane kufarira kwavo ruzhinji rwevanhu vane chirevo chaicho mukutonga.
Democracy uye capitalism mukati mesimba guru
Kagan anotanga nharo dzake nekuziva kuti nyika "yakajairika zvakare", kuti nhoroondo haina kupera sezvakange zvataurwa naFukuyama - pfungwa yakatsigira zvizere jargon uye rhetoric ye US yakasarudzika, "kukwana kwemasangano ayo" uye kukosha kwayo. Ane chivimbo, uye anozvitaura nguva nenguva kuburikidza nebasa, kuti US inoramba iriyo inesimba guru, gakava rinobva paโฆ.hazvina kutsanangurwa, zvakare zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinonzwisiswa.
Zvine basa here kuti tekinoroji yemauto eUS ndiyo yakanyanya kuoma (zvinopokana - chii chatinonyatsoziva nezvekufambira mberi kweChinese muhunyanzvi?) apo mabhendi ematagi emauto anogona kutsikisa ruzhinji rwemauto anorwa munzvimbo mbiri dzepasi (yakagadzirwa dongo nezvishuvo zveumambo zvinoenderera mberi uye basa)? Zvine basa here kuti zvisinei nehutongi hweUS mune zvechiuto uye nyukireya tekinoroji iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kungokuvadza zvakanyanya uye nenjodzi kuUS nesimba ravo rehondo uye renyukireya (hakuzove nevakundi mune imwe hondo yenyika isina miganhu)? Zvine basa here kuti hupfumi hweAmerica hwakavakirwa pachikwereti chiri kuzvirovera pachedu, ukuwo vevakuru vakatisvitsa pachinzvimbo ichi vari ivo vari kuedza zvakashaya basa kutibvisa mumadhaka? Zvine basa here kuti maererano nehuwandu hwevanhu US ine imwe yezvinyorwa zvakaipisisa zvenyika dzakabudirira mune izvo zvinowanzoonekwa sezviratidzo zvehutano hwenyika sehuwandu hwekufa kwevacheche, hupenyu hwehupenyu, hurombo, kusiyana kwemariโฆ.? Zvine basa here kuti nyika yese inofanira kuramba ichirarama nenyika inozvitutumadza ine kutaura kwakakurirwa nemaitiro ayo ehutsinye kuti irambe ichitonga? Kana izvo zvinotsanangura simba guru, saka hongu, iyo US ndiyo yega simba guru.
Musoro wedingindira unotaurwa zvakajeka pedyo nekutanga,
"Sezvo hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji hwakanga huri muenzaniso wakabudirira zvikuru wekusimudzira nzanga, nzanga dzose pakupedzisira dzaizosarudza nzira iyoyo."
Matambudziko anomuka pakarepo, sezvataurwa pamusoro, ne "democratic capitalism", nekufungidzira kwayo se "yakabudirira modhi", uye pakupedzisira kwayo iri "yakasarudzwa" nzira. Isarudzo yakawanda sei iripo apo hurumende dzegutsaruzhinji pasi rose dzakakundwa nguva dzose: varwi verusununguko veCuba nevarwi verusununguko vePhilippino vakaiswa parutivi nemauto eUnited States mushure mehondo yeSpain neAmerica[2]; hurumende yedemocracy yeMossadegh yakapidigurwa nekubatana kweCIA neBritish njere; masangano akakurumbira eItaly neGreece akananga kugutsaruzhinji akakanganiswa; hondo yeVietnam ingadai isina kumboitika dai US yakabvumira vhoti yegutsaruzhinji inotsigirwa neUN pakubatana kweNorth neSouth Vietnam; ruzhinji rwehurumende dzedemocracy dzeCentral America dzakatarisana nekupidigura uye kukanganiswa kubva kuCIA nevamwe vanotsigirwa neUS, kubva kuNicaragua neGuatemala kusvika pakupidigura kwaAllende uye kutonga kwaPinochet kwekutsakatika muChile. Nepo democracy inosvava pamuzambiringa munzvimbo zhinji dzekupindira kweUS (kana kurarama kunyangwe zvakadaro mushure mekunge mamirioni avanhu vanopikisa vakapondwa nemapoka erufu, vashandi vehurumende, kana mauto eUS zvakananga), US inodurura huwandu hwakawanda manyowa munzvimbo dzavanoona se "zvido zvehurongwa".
IUS yakatsigira vamwe vanozivikanwa "vanozvimiririra" mukuedza kwayo kuchengetedza zviwanikwa uye misika kune avo vanodyidzana navo. Parizvino kuMiddle East chete, Egypt, Jordan, neSaudi Arabia zvinotengwa nemapurogiramu makuru erubatsiro uye kutenga petrodollar kwezvinhu zvemauto izvo zvisina basa. Mauto eUS anoramba ari muIraq zvisinei nezvishuwo zvedemocracy zveruzhinji rwevanhu vasina kumbovada ipapo pakutanga, vasina kumbogashira magandanga uye vaingove nenhamo yekugara pamadziva makuru emafuta. Ma autocrats ari pasi pesimba reUS anogara achiitika, kubva kuSyngman Rhee (Korea), Suharto (Indonesia), Pinochet (Chile), Reza Pahlevi (Iran), kusvika kune chirimwa chiripo muAfghanistan, Iraq nedzimwe nyika dzeMiddle East dzakanyorwa pamusoro.
Pakati peMiddle East isiri-democracies inyika yeIsrael - uku ichizvizivisa hunhu hwayo hwegutsaruzhinji inobata mamirioni ePalestine pasi pekubatwa nehasha uye pasirese zvisiri pamutemo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzebantustan. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoita basa rakakosha pano. Chekutanga kutsigira kwakasimba kweUS kumitemo yeIsrael, mutemo wekunze weUS unotarisirwa kuenderera mberi pasi paBarak Obama. Chechipiri, US inotsigira Israel nemari inodarika mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora pagore, zvichiita kuti ibudirire mune zvemari uku ichiramba ichisunga mhino pamutsipa wePalestine. Pakupedzisira, mushure mesarudzo dzegutsaruzhinji umo Hamas yakakunda ruzhinji muhurumende yePalestine, sarudzo dzakarambwa neUS, Canada, nenyika zhinji dzeEurope sedzisina basa nekuti Hamas yakatsanangurwa sesangano remagandanga. Kutya kwehurumende hakunetse US sezvavanoishandisa kazhinji ivo pachavo (funga nezvebhomba remakapeti, kutambudzwa, kuendesa kunze, mabhomba emapoka, zvombo zvemakemikari), asi vachitarisira kuzvirega kana zvikaitika munyika dzavasina kufarira, kana nyika. uko hurumende inozviisa pasi inotevera mutsara unogamuchirwa.
Kusvika ikozvino, kwete "sarudzo" yakawanda, kwete yakawanda democracy. Kana iri capitalism, haidi kuti democracy ibudirire, asi inoda kudzikamisa democracy kune vepamusoro vanokwanisa kuzembera pamasimba vachishandisa hupfumi hwavo nesimba kutsveyamisa kana kutonga maitiro edemocracy chaiyo. 'Finance capitalism' inodiwa kuti iite basa rakachipa rezvematongerwo enyika, rine chisungo chekuti vanhu vazhinji varombo kuti vaburitse hupfumi hunounganidzwa nevamwe, uye zviri pachena kuti parizvino, chinodiwa kuti ruzhinji ruve nechikwereti kune vakapfuma kutsvaga rubatsiro kubva kushamwari dzavo muhurumende kana nguva dzaoma. Dai vanhu vaine simba zvechokwadi, yavo yaizova kugovewa kwehupfumi kwakaenzana, zvakanyanya munzira yerubatsiro rwakapihwa vanhu, uye zvakanyanya, zvakanyanya munzira yerunyararo kutengeserana kwepasirese zvirongwa zvakakonzera nharaunda, mamiriro evashandi, uye kutarisirwa kwevagari venyika dzinogadzira.
Makakatanwa aya anotsoropodza dingindira rekutanga rekunyora kwaKagan. Kana zvakanaka vanobvisa zvese zvinotsigira Kagan asi mukati mezvinyorwa zvake mune mamwe maonero uye zvirevo zvinonakidza kutarisa.
Rashiya
Mukukakavadzana kwake pamusoro pehutongi hwehutongi, Kagan anokurukura kutangazve kwe "nyika", pfungwa isina kumbonyangarika pakutanga uye yakangorambwa kuvapo mukati mepfungwa yenhema yekuguma kwenhoroondo iyo Kagan akatenga mairi.
Kagan sevamwe vanyori vazhinji vekodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika anoshandisa ruzivo kunze kwechirevo. Muenzaniso wake wekutanga mashandisirwo emauto eRussia anonzi akakurisa kupfuura chero imwe nyika kunze kweChina neUS A bit dingenuous, sezvo bhajeti reUS pamadhora mazana manomwe nerimwe emadhora (kusingasanganisire mari yakarongerwa Iraq neAfghanistan) inoderedza bhajeti reRussia remadhora makumi manomwe. bhiriyoni neChina pamadhora 711 bhiriyoni. Bhajeti yeUS yakakura kupfuura mabhajeti ese emauto akasanganiswa pasirese, chirevo chekuti Russia ingangodada kusaita.
Nguva pfupi mushure mekupokana ikoko Kagan anonyora nezve "mabhiriyoni emadhora murubatsiro rwekune dzimwe nyika nyika dzekuMadokero dzakapihwa kuRussia muma1990 dzaive kure kure nemari huru iyo masimba anokunda akaedza kutora muGermany mushure me1918." Ini handisi kuona kubatana kweinotsigira nharo yake yekufungidzirwa kwerupo rwekumadokero kuRussia - asi inovanza zano rekuti mari zhinji idzi dzakashandiswa kubvisa hupfumi hwaityisidzira kudonha nekuisa pangozi zvido zveUS - vanhu veRussia vakaona mari, vakuru vemakambani eRussia nemakambani aiuya ekumadokero vakanzwa kurerukirwa.
Zvizhinji zvezvaakaona kuRussia ndezvechokwadi - uye zvinonzwisisika kubva pakuona kweRussia, chimwe chinhu US theorists uye vezvematongerwo enyika vasingakwanisi kuita, vakarasika mukusarudzika kwavo uye kusarudzika. Paaishora Putin pabasa rese se "autocrat", haatauri mukurumbira wake muRussia unobva pachinzvimbo chake chakasimba vis a vis a US, wekupedzisira wacho anoratidzika kunge akatsunga kukanganisa Russia pane zvese zvechiuto, zvehupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika. mazwi avo anokurudzira pamusoro pekusapindira mune zveRussia uye kusave neNATO kutamira kumabvazuva kumuganhu weRussia. Akaita fungidziro chaiyo nezvekudyidzana kweRussia neTbilisi achishamisika kuti Europe neUS zvaizoitei kana "Russia yakatamba bhora rakaoma muUkraine kana Georgia? Hapana chavanogona kuita.โ Zvese zvakaratidza kuti ndezvechokwadi, kunze kwekuti yaive Tbilisi yakakonzera mini-hondo iyo yakangounza kumwe kutaura kweUS nezve rusununguko uye democracy ivo vakaramba vachitora nyika mbiri dzavakapinda makore mashanu apfuura.
Pamusoro pezvose izvo Kagan anopa pamusoro paPutin, kana munhu akafunga nezvekufungidzira kuri pachena kwaKagan uye kusarura, ruzivo chairwo runopa maonero akanaka ezvese zvakaitwa naPutin kuRussia. Kunyange Russia iine zvikanganiso zvakakomba uye zvikanganiso, inyika ine hutano hwakasimba ikozvino kupfuura zvayaive pakupera kwema1990 uye yakadzivirira kuderera kwehupfumi kwemakambani ekumadokero uye kweIMF, World Bank, uye WTO. Chokwadi Russia iri kunyengera kuti iwane pundutso yenyika, asi nehupfumi hwayo hwezviwanikwa uye nhoroondo yayo yakaneta yekupinda nekupindira kubva kunze, zvingaite senge nzira ine musoro yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vayo. Zvingave neimwe nzira, asi kutyisidzira kuri pachena uye kwechokwadi kubva kumadokero uye kunyanya iyo US inoda iyi mhando yekuita.
China
Kagan anoenderera mberi achienda kuChina, achicherechedza zvinonakidza zvakakwana izvo
โsezvakaita nemasimba makuru, panewo chimiro chemauto kuhukuruโฆKunyange ichive simba guru rekutengesa, China iri kuitawo simba remauto. Pamusoro pazvo, nyika dzezvokutengeserana hadzisi nyika dzine rugare.โ
Izvi zvinongowedzera tsigiro kumakakatanwa ari pamusoro pamusoro pecapitalism uye democracy uye zvinongopa kupokana kune pfungwa yekutanga yaKagan. "Chibhakera chakavanzika" che "democratic capitalism" chinoramba zvakanyanya basa redemocracy, uye pamwe nekusaziva inotsigira pfungwa yekuti capitalism yakavakirwa pahupfumi hwehondo (sokunge panofanira kuve nekupokana kupi nekupi kweizvozvo mukufunga kwemunhu chero kwakakomba kwezviitiko zvinopesana nekutaura) .
Pane zvakare kumonyorora kusinganzwisisike kugakava rekudyidzana kwepasi rose, kusingafungidzirwe naKagan, paanoti, "China haisati yambosungwa zvakanyanya nepasirese ... Uye saka China inoda mauto echizvino-zvino." Zvekare, zvinoreva here kuti kudyidzana kwepasi rose kunoda mauto (muenzaniso weUS ungaratidza hongu, zvinodaro)? Ko zvino capitalism inotsamira pakugona mauto uye inoda mauto kuti 'ibudirire' zvisinei inoyerwa? Mafungiro aKagan anoita seanoratidza kuti - mukupokana zvakare kune yake huru pfungwa yerusununguko uye democracy kuburikidza ne capitalism - hongu, zvinoita. Nharo iyi inosimbisa kutenda kwekuti hukama hwepasirese hunosanganisira kudyidzana kwemauto, uye nepo Kagan achiita seanopokana nechisimba chenyika, nharo dzake dzinoratidza kuti pasi pazvo zvese - kana kudyidzana kwepasirese chiratidzo che capitalism yakanyorwa yakakura - ipapo simba remauto chikamu checapitalism chinoita kuti dzisave nedemocracy - haisi iyo 'demos' vanhu, vanodaidzira hondo, kunze kwekunge vashandiswa nevechirungu vasingaite kunge vari ivo vanorwa nekuuraya (uye kufa).
Nharo dzinoitwa naKagan maererano neChina dzinoratidza zvine simba kuUS zvakare. Iye anobvuma kuti maChina โhaadaviri chipi nechipi cheizvi, uye nechikonzero.โ Chavasingatendi ndechekutaura kwakakandwa neUS pamusoro pekudyidzana kwenyika kune runyararo saka China haidi zvirongwa zvemauto. Ndichiri kukanda izwi rekuti "postmodern", iro risingatsananguriki asi richireva kuti tinofanira kuzviisa pasi pemaonero eUS, Kagan anobvuma chokwadi chekuti "kana iyo United States pachayo yaizotevera zano rayo uye kuramba zvematongerwo enyika."
"Mhosho pakutumwa uye kusiiwa"
Chirevo chekupedzisira chinotungamira mune mamwe echokwadi maonero anopihwa naKagan mukuona zviito zveUS kutenderera pasirese. Paanobvunza kuti โUnited States yakadzora shure here kubva mukubatanidzwa kwayo kwepasirese [chiuto] ikava munhu anongonyarara, anodzorwa munyika?โ anoziva uye anobvuma kuti โMhinduro kumubvunzo uyu ndikwete.โ Asi, "Isina kudzorwa nesimba reSoviet" iyo US "yakaedza kumisa, pazvaibvira, rudzi rwedemocracy uye yemahara-yemusika capitalism order yaidiwa nemaAmerican [3]." Sezvakapokana pamusoro, democracy uye misika yemahara hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekungotaura kunobatsira kududziro dzeUS dzekupokana kwehupfumi, zvemari, uye mauto mune dzimwe nyika. Chero ani akatevera zviitiko zvazvino anofanirwa kuziva kuti US yakatora mukana wakazara wesimba ravo, haina kudzikisira asi yakawedzera mauto uye kutonga kwepasirese mune zvehupfumi (ikozvino kutariswa zvishoma kuburikidza nekuziva kwekuparara kwehupfumi hwenyika) nekuda kwesimba ravo nehupfumi. Zviri nyore, vakapa mukana werunyararo rwechokwadi rwepasirese dai vakanyatsoteerera kune dzimwe nyika uye vasina kuenda kune yavo yeunilateral hukuru hwekutonga.
Zvimwe zvakataurwa naKagan zvine chekuita negwara rekunze reUS zvine chokwadi:
"Iyi yakawedzera, uye ine hutsinye mutemo wepasirese waienderana netsika dzekunze dzeAmerica."
"Vanhu vekuAmerica vanoda zvavanoda, uye kwete mukana wehupfumi nekuchengetedzeka chete asiwo nyika inoenderana nezvavanoda mune zvematongerwo enyika netsika."
"United States, kunyange zvazvo yakagara iine godo pamusoro peuchangamire hwayo, yakagara yakagadzirira kupindira mune zvemukati zvemamwe marudzi."
"United States, hongu, haina kuteerera [huchangamire hwenyika] - yakanga yapindira uye yakapidigura hurumende dzine masimba kanoverengeka munhoroondo yayo."
Nehurombo, aya matauriro akatendeseka eizvo iyo US iri chaizvo inoperekedzwa neinoenderera mberi rhetoric yeUS yakasarudzika uye zvinangwa zvakanaka:
"Nyika inokoshesa kuzvitonga haina kugadzikana kunyima vamwe kodzero iyoyo."
"... rupo rwakanaka rwemweya uye kuona kwekujekeswa kuzvifarira kunotungamira United States munyika kuti ibatsire vamwe ...."
Chirevo chekupedzisira chinotungamirwa nechikonzero chikuru chekudheerera pasi rose kweUS, kuti chero "kukanganisa" kwakaitwa neUS, chero chinhu chinokanganisa, "mafungiro" ese anobatwa nevekunze, "... dambudziko reAmerica, nekuda kwekukanganisa kwekomisheni. uye kurega, kwete chete mumakore achangopfuura, asi munhau yose.โ
Saka idzo hondo dzese nekurwa uye hondo kubva pakupondwa kwekutanga kwevaAmerica kusvika kuIraq neAfghanistan (ndakambova pano here?) hazvisi nekuti isu tiri vanhu vane pfungwa dzakaipa vachitsvaga simba, hupfumi, kutonga pasina hanya nemumwe, asi. nekuti takakanganisa munzira. Wese munhu ane kodzero yekukanganisa, asi kuita iwo akafanana nguva nenguva - uye nekudzokorora - kunoratidza kushaikwa kwekugona kudzidza, mubatanidzwa wekuda kusava nehanya, uye chikonzero chiri pasi pezvikonzero izvo zvinogara zvichidzokororwa asi zvisingatariswe nevezvematongerwo enyika veUS. , vemauto, vezvehupfumi, uye vezvenhau.
Inodzokera kumashoko okuti, โZvauri kutaura zvinonzwika handisi kunzwa zvauri kutaura.โ Zvakanaka, ini ndinogona kuzvinzwa, uye kuenzanisa zviito zvinopesana nemazwi, zviito zvinotakura huremu hukuru kupfuura jingoism uye rhetoric yekusarudzika. Uye zvakare, democracy uye rusununguko ivavariro huru, asi isina tsananguro yakajeka, iyo yakakanganiswa nekutorwa kwechiuto, hutongi hwehupfumi uye kuzviisa pasi, zvimiro zvacho hazvina basa kune zvaunoita.
Chikonzero chikuru chekupara mhosva chenguva dzese ndechekuti kunyangwe zvinangwa zvangu zvagara zvakanaka uye zvine rukudzo, handisi kuita kunge ndichiita zvinhu nemazvo (kupenga?) - asi izvozvo zvakanaka nekuti tiri kuita zvatinogona. Chinangwa chikuru chekutaura kwese uku kunonzwika kuzvisimudzira - uye US ndiyo "yakasarudzika" ipapo - makaro ekuunganidzira simba nehupfumi zvisinei nekurwadziwa kwevanhu uye kutambura kunoiswa kune vamwe. Nyika ine ngozi chokwadi.
Zvimwe zvisingaite uye kupera
Kagan anonyura mune dzimwe misoro, dzimwe nyika munzira. Anokurukura Japan neIndia kunyanya semasimba ari kusimukira. Anoshandisa mashoko okuti โpostmodernโ uye โliberalโ kakawanda, mashoko ose ane zvaanofunga asi asina tsanangudzo yechokwadi. Postmodern ndeimwe yeaya mazwi asina kutsanangurwa ayo asingareve chinhu, mamwe mazwi akawedzerwa kune ezvematongerwo enyika sainzi lexicon kuti iite kushomeka uye kupusa uye kunofungidzirwa yemhando yepamusoro yekudzidza iyo ruzhinji isingakwanise kuwana.
Rusununguko runotakura zvirevo zvakawanda: kuwedzera kukuru kwendangariro; generous; uye inofarira shanduko yedemokrasi. Pfungwa dzevezvematongerwo enyika vekuUS hadzina kuzombowedzera kubva payakavambwa, zvichiratidzwa neavo vanogara vachidzokororwa "zvikanganiso nemakomisheni" pamusoro penhoroondo yayo. Chinhu chimwe chete chine rupo pamusoro payo huwandu hwemari yainopa kuvatsigiri vayo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye muhuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvemauto uye zvisungo zvinopararira pasi rose. Kana zviri zvekufarira shanduko yedemocracy, ndinofunga kuti zvakatoiswa mukupokana kwakanyanya. Chero shanduko yechokwadi yedemocracy inopesana nezvido zvevezvematongerwo enyika veUS / vehupfumi / vatungamiriri vemakambani inokurumidza kugumburwa nekupindira kweUS.
Kagan anosvika pamhedziso inofungirwa, kunyanya nekuti thesis yake yese inofungirwa, asi achipihwa izvozvo, chikumbiro chake hachina kunyatsofungwa. Anopa pasi rose "konsati yedemocracies" achitaura matambudziko neUnited Nations asingazive kuti maviri ematambudziko makuru ane hanya neUnited States: kutanga, US yakaramba ichipokana nezvisungo zvakawanda zveUN Security Council zvinobata neimwe yemhando huru. yeMiddle East dambudziko, mubvunzo weIsrael/Palestine; kunze kweizvozvo iyo US inowanzo ratidza chinzvimbo chayo cheunilateral ichishandisa UN chete sezviri nyore uye chete kana ikashanda mukufarira kwayo ichibvisa zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvepasi rose. Dai UN yaive yedemocracy zvechokwadi, pangadai pasina dare rekuchengetedza uye pasina simba rekuvhota, asi pane imwe nzira yeUN cabinet yakasarudzwa kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzinomiririra huwandu hwevanhu pasi rose. Chikuru kana chiripo kana simba guru raizotongozvibvumira rimene kuwirirana nemirau yamarudzi ose yakavhoterwa uye yakatemerwa noruzhinji rwechiverengero chavagari vapasi. Kuzvitutumadza uye kusaziva kwakapararira mune zvakawanda zvehupenyu hweUS kungaita kuti izvozvo zviite sezvisingabviri.
Mhedziso yaKagan haina kukodzera nzvimbo yakawanda. Kana thesis yekutanga iine kukanganisa zvakanyanya, ine dichotomy iri nyore pakati pe "democracies" ne "autocracies" inoteverwa nenharo dzakatenderera, dzinodzokororwa uye dzinozvipokana ("zvaunoita ...") mhinduro yake haigone kuve neiyo. Chirevo chake chekupedzisira chiyeuchidzo chePax Americana kuti "hurongwa hwepasirese hweramangwana huchaumbwa neavo vane simba uye pamwe chete vanoda kuiumba." Yakananga kunze kwemapeji eiyo neocon playbook. Isu takararama mukati meiyo muhafu yezana ramakore yapfuura, neimwe nzira hazvina kunyatso shanda nenzira yazvaifanira kuita. Nengozi? Ehe. Inokosha? Chete mungano mupfungwa dzayo.
[1] Kudzoka kweNhoroondo uye Kupera Kwezviroto. Robert Kagan. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2008.
[2] mukutsigira mareferensi aya pane zvinyorwa zvakawanda uye zvinyorwa zvinoongororwa zvakadzama uye zvinogona kuwanikwa pa www.palestinechronicle.com Kana pa www.jim.secretcove.ca/index.Publications.html
[3] sezvakacherechedzwa nemupepeti anotsoropodza uye akarurama "VaAmerica" โโzvinoreva munhu wese muWestern Hemisphere, izvo zvinoita sekutukwa kune vazhinji vechokwadi vekuAmerica vasingagare muUnited States. Nekudaro, mune quote, izwi rinogona kumira sechiyeuchidzo chekufungidzira kwezvematongerwo enyika kweUS.
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Jim Miles mudzidzisi weCanada uye anogara achipa / munyori wezvinyorwa zvemaonero uye wongororo yebhuku rePalestine Chronicle. Basa raMiles rinoratidzwawo pasi rose kuburikidza nemamwe mawebhusaiti uye zvinyorwa zvenhau.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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