Zvinosekesa kuona kuti vezvenhau vakagashira nechido sei tome yaSteven Pinker's 2011, Idzo Ngirozi Dzakanaka dzeMasikirwo Edu: Sei Mhirizhonga Yadzikira,[1] iyo inotsanangura kwete chete kuti โchisimba chave chichiderera kwenguva refu,โ asi kuti โtingave tiri kurarama munguva ine rugare zvikurusa mukuvapo kwemarudzi edu.โ[2] Purofesa muDhipatimendi rePsychology paHarvard University kubvira 2002 uye akahwina Mubairo wePulitzer kaviri muchikamu chevasiri manyepo, [3] Dingindira rinodikanwa raPinker rinopindirana nekuita kwazvino kweNobel Peace Laureate muhondo angangoita makondinendi mana akasiyana (Asia, Africa, Europe, neSouth America); Kubvisa kwake kwechidemba kubva muIraq yakapambwa uye yakagarwa; kugumisa kwake kukunda kwehondo ya2011 muLibya; kuvaka kwake nekutyisidzira kupinda muhondo dzakatokura neSyria neIran, zvese zvirikuitika nezvirango zvine hutsinye uye ruzhinji rwezviito zvakavanda;[4] mashandisiro ake akavanzika uye anogara achiwedzera pfuti dzemuchadenga dzinodzorwa kure uye mapoka erufu mumabasa ekuuraya pasi rose;[5] uye chiziviso chake chekodzero yekuuraya chero munhu chero kupi zvako nekuda kwezvikonzero zve "chengetedzo yenyika" - kuita kuti pasi rose rive nzvimbo yeUS isina moto.6] Hutongi hwaBarack Obama, uye pamberi pahwo hutongi hwaBush-Cheney, vakatsigirawo pamwe nekudzivirira kucheneswa kwevaPalestine kwakawedzera kweIsrael, uye hutsinye hwekuita nekutyisidzira kweUS kunosanganisira Iran neSyria kwakanangana neIsrael.
Nepo mukuona kwaPinker kwave ne "Rugare Rwakareba" kubva pakapera Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri,[7] iMunyika chaiyo kwave nenhevedzano yehondo refu uye dzinoparadza dzeUS: muKorea (1950-1953), Vietnam, Laos, neCambodia (1954-1975), Iraq (1990-), Afghanistan (2001- kana, zvine nharo. , 1979-), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1996-), nekubatanidzwa kwakanyanya kwevatengi veUS kubva kuRwanda (Paul Kagame) neUganda (Yoweri Museveni) mukuuraya kukuru kweCongo; uye kuputika kweIsrael muLebanon (1982 na2006), kutaura zvishoma. Kwakanga kunewo hondo dzinouraya zvikuru muIran, dzakapindwa neIraq yaSaddam Hussein (1980-1988), nekurudziro netsigiro yokuMadokero. Uye nekukurudzira-chikonzero che9/11, iyo US yezvematongerwo enyika ne "dziviriro" yakagadziridzwa yakakwanisa kuzivisa pasi rose "Hondo yeKutyisa," yakazaruka uye ichiri kuenderera mberi, kuvimbisa kuti "Rugare Rwakareba" haruzokanganiswe. nekukakavadzana kwakasangana nemipimo yePinkerian yehondo chaiyo.
Munguva imwecheteyo se "Rugare Rutsva" rwaPinker, rwunonzi rwakatanga nekuparadzwa kweSoviet bloc, Warsaw Pact, uye yeSoviet Union pachayo (1989-1991), takaonawo kuwedzera kusingaregi kweUS. -yakatungamira NATO bloc, hondo yayo ye1990s uye kuparara kweYugoslavia,8] kugamuchirwa kwayo kwe "kunze kwenzvimbo" mabasa matsva e "chengetedzo,"[9] nhengo dzayo dziri kuramba dzichiwedzera kubva kumatunhu 16 kusvika ku28, kusanganisira Baltic uye aimbove masatellite eEastern Europe eSoviet Union, uye kukura kweUS neNATO kutenderedza nekutyisidzira China neRussia.10] Uye mukati memakore gumi okutanga ezana ramakore rechi21, United States yakatanga pachena kushandiswa kwakarongeka โkubvunzurudzwa kwakawedzerwaโ (kureva, kurwadziswa) uye kugara uchienda kuโshanduro dzinoshamisaโ dzinotumira nhapwa kune vatengi vanoshushwa kune vamwe vasiri ngirozi vanoshanda pamusoro.11]
Pinker mupimo wokuvhiringidzwa kweโRugare Rwenguva refuโ yaizova hondo pakati peโmasimba makuru,โ uye ichokwadi kuti masimba makuru eAxis neAllied akarwisana mukati meHondo yeNyika II haana kuita hondo pakati pavo vamene kubvira 1945. Asi Pinker anotakura iyi mutsara wepfungwa zvakatowedzera: Haangopokana chete kuti "mademocracy anodzivirira kukakavara pakati peumwe neumwe," asi kuti "vanowanzo gara kunze kwemakakatanwa mukati mebhodhi," (283) pfungwa yaanoreva senge. "Democratic Peace."[12] (278-284) Izvi zvichauya sechishamiso kune vazhinji vakaurayiwa neUS kuurayiwa, zvirango, kupikiswa, kubhomba uye nechisimba kubva 1945.13] Kuna Pinker, hapana kurwiswa kwesimba rakaderera neimwe kana akawanda ehutongi hwejekerere hunoonekwa sehondo chaiyo kana kukanganisa "Runyararo rweDemocratic," zvisinei nekuti vanhu vangani vanofa.
โPanyika dzinoremekedzwa,โ Pinker anonyora kudaro, โkukunda hakuchisiri chinhu chine musoro. Wezvematongerwo enyika muutongi hwezvido zvevanhu nhasi akataura kuti kukunda imwe nyika aizosangana kwete nekupokana asi nekukatyamadzwa, kunyara, kana kuseka. " (260) Uku kutaura kwakapusa. Sezvingabvira, apo George Bush naTony Blair vakatumira mauto eUS neBritish kunorwisa Iraq muna 2003, vakadzinga hurumende yavo, ndokuitsiva neimwe inoshanda pasi pemitemo yakanyorwa neCoalition Provisional Authority, izvi hazvina kunzi "kukunda," sevatungamiriri ava. havana kumbotaura kuti vakatanga hondo kuti "vakunde" Iraq, asi "kubvisa zvombo zveIraq, kusunungura vanhu vayo uye kudzivirira nyika kubva munjodzi huru.14] Ndeupi mukundi akambotaura sechinangwa chake chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuzvidzivirira uye kudzivirira kwehupenyu uye nhengo? Pahwaro hwemidziyo yakaita seiyi iyo Pinker's "Rugare Rwakareba," "Rugare Rutsva," uye "Democratic Peace" inozorora. (Ona โKumesa Nhamba,โ pazasi.)
Uye zviri muchimiro chemhando iyi Pinker anokanda-mune yake "nyoro yekutengeserana" dingindira nekusimudzira iyo inonzi "Golden Arches Runyararo" pfungwa - yekuti "hapana nyika mbiri dzine McDonald's dzakamborwa hondo." Izvo "zvisina kujeka" kunze kwaanogona kutumidza zvakaitika mu1999, "apo NATO yakabhomba Yugoslavia kwenguva pfupi." (285) Mumashoko ekupedzisira anotaura kuti "kusara kwekutanga kwaiva kurwiswa kweUnited States paPanama muna 1989," asi anoramba iyi hondo yeUnited States seisina kukosha kuti iite giredhi - "nhamba yekufa kwayo inowira pasi pehushoma hunodiwa kuhondo maererano. tsananguro yakajairika,โ[15] kunyangwe maererano neUN Charter uye nemutemo wepasi rose, pakanga pasina chinhu chakaderera pamusoro pechisimba chisina kujeka ichi cheUS ichirwisa nyika inozvitonga. Kuno semune dzimwe nzvimbo zhinji, Pinker anosarudza huwandu hwerufu hunofungidzirwa hunoderedza kukuvadzwa kweUS uye kuenderana nehurongwa hwake hwezvematongerwo enyika.16]
Pinker anotaura mukufamba kuti rugare rwepashure peHondo Yenyika II pakati pehofori zvingangove rwakakonzerwa nemutengo wakakura wehondo ungangobatanidza kuchinjana kwenyukireya - uye yakawedzera kusvika kuSoviet Union munguva yehupenyu hwayo hwepashure peHondo Yenyika II - asi. tsananguro yake inonyanya kutarisisa kushanduka kwetsika uye zvipenyu zvigadziriswe zveCitive,[17] mukupesana neVasina Kubudirira veNyika Yetatu. Sei rugare rutsva urwu rweVakabudirira zvisingaregi kupindira kwavo kwechisimba kunze kwenyika anotadza kutsanangura. Kusabatanidzwa kwehondo kurwisana neVasina Uncivilized kubva kutsanangudzo yake ye "Rugare Rweru" kunoratidza kusarerekera kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Pinker anoti pfungwa yekuwedzera kwemhirizhonga kune akawanda "fungidziro," imwe yaanotenda kuti inokonzerwa nekuvandudzwa kwenhau uye dzimwe nzira dzepamusoro dzekutaurirana dzinobvumira kumhanyirira kunzvimbo yezviitiko zveropa, uye kuzvirekodha uye kuzviendesa kune nyika. Sezvaakatsanangura muchitarisiko chevaenzi paCBS TV's Iyo Yekutanga Show pakati paDecember 2011: "Hatingokwanisi kutumira helikopta nevatambi vemafirimu kunzvimbo ipi neipi ine nhamo pasi rose asi iye zvino chero munhu ane foni mutori wenhau pakarepo. Vanogona kutepfenyura mifananidzo yeruvara rwekudeurwa kweropa kwese kwazvinoitika uye saka tinozviziva kwazvo. โ[18] Sezviri pachena Pinker anotenda kuti vezvenhau vanovhara pasirese pasina rusarura, vachitaura nezvevarimi veGuatemalan vakaurayiwa nemauto avo, varwi vehondo yeUS drone muAfghanistan, varatidziri veHonduran vakapfurwa vakafa nemauto avo, uye vakafa nekukuvadza masoja eUS. zvine hukasha pavanotaura nezvevaratidziri vakapfurwa vakafa mumigwagwa yeTehran, kana vakaurayiwa nehurumende yeSyria kana mushakabvu Muammar Gaddafi muna 2011.19] Iyo naivetรฉ pano inoshamisa.
Pinker's "Rugare Rwakareba" uye "Rugare Rutsva" uye kuderera kwavo kwavanoti kuderera kwechisimba hakungoenderane nekurwiswa kwakawanda uye kuri kuramba kuchiitwa nehofori pamidget, kuwedzera kukuru kwezvombo, uye "kutsva" kutsva kwe. kurwadzisa,[20] asi inofambirana nekuwedzera kurongeka mhirizhonga yehondo yepasi rose iyo yakakonzera kuwedzera kusaenzana mukati nepakati penyika, kutorwa kwakarongeka kwenhamba dzakawanda, kubatwa kwakapararira kwevazhinji, kutama kukuru, maguta ari kukura ezvitangwena, kuwedzera kusawirirana kwemadzinza uye kupokana kweIslam, kwakapinzwa nemaune. nharaunda inonetseka, inogashira, kusungwa kwevashoma vevanhu vashoma, uye mamwe masimba anopikisa anopikisa pano nekunze.21] Izvi hazviunze "mhirizhonga" muPinker's accounting system.
Pinker's "Cold War"
Kunyangwe Pinker ichivhara nzvimbo yakakura kubva kuvanhu vekare kusvika parizvino, ine nhamba dzakawanda uye akadzidza akanyorwa, Ngirozi Dzakanaka ibasa repfungwa rakawandisa, rine rusaruro rwunozviratidza padanho rega rega-kutsvagisa, mutauro, magadzirirwo, nhoroondo nezvematongerwo enyika, uye nezvese misoro.
Funga nezve uyu muenzaniso:
Ungafunga kuti kunyangarika kwetyisidziro yakakomba munhau yavanhu [kureva, NATO-Warsaw Pact yenyukireya hondo] kwaizounza kutura befu pakati pavatsinhiri pamusoro pezvinhu zvenyika. Kusiyana nekufanotaura kwenyanzvi, pakanga pasina kupindirwa kweWestern Europe nematangi eSoviet, hapana kuwedzera kwedambudziko muCuba kana Berlin kana Middle East kuenda kukuparadzwa kwenyukireya. Maguta enyika haana kupera simba; mhepo yakapoteredza pasi yakanga isina kupiswa nemwaranzi inodonha kana kuti yakazadzwa nemarara aidzima zuva ndokutumira Homo sapiens nzira yemadinosaur. Kwete izvozvo zvoga, asi Germany yakabatana haina kutendeuka kuva umambo hwechina, democracy haina kuenda nenzira yeumambo, uye masimba makuru nenyika dzakabudirira hazvina kuwira muhondo yenyika yechitatu asi kuti rugare rurefu, runoramba ruchiwedzera. . (295)
Izvi ndezvechokwadi rhetoric, asi yakazara nezvematongerwo enyika, vanhu vane huswa, uye zvikanganiso chaizvo: Hondo yenyukireya haina kupera, uye maguta maviri epasi. vakanga vaporized, nechikamu chechina chemiriyoni vanhu vakaurayiwa nekurohwa kaviri nekukurumidza, asi izvi zvakaitwa nenyika yekumusha kwaPinker, sehondo yenyukireya ichiri "patafura" uye zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoramba zviri chikamu chakakosha che arsenal yeUnited States, NATO, Israel, neIndia (yekupedzisira yakadzivirirwa kunze kweChibvumirano cheKusawedzera kweNuclear Weapons neiyo "hurongwa hwekudyidzana" hutsva pakati peUnited States neIndia kubvira Chikunguru 2005[22])โuye zvose zvisinei neUnited States' nedzimwe ina dzekutanga zvombo zvenyukireya-nyika 'yakavimbisa muna 1968 kushanda mukupedza zvombo zvenyukireya.[23]
Pinker anoudzwa zvisizvo kuti "fungidziro yenyanzvi" yaive yekuti matangi eSoviet aizogara muEurope - anovhiringa maonero enyanzvi uye propaganda yeCold War. Soviet Union yakanga yaparadzwa mukati meHondo Yenyika II, uye yakatsvaka zvikwereti kubva kuUnited States munhaurirano dzapashure pehondo; anga ari mutambi wepasi rese anochengetedza uye akangwarira, uye akange asina chombo chenyukireya kusvika 1949. John Foster Dulles pachake akataura kuti "Handizivi nezvemukuru mukuru, mauto kana munhuwo zvake ... anotenda kuti Soviet ikozvino inoronga kukunda nechisimba chemauto" (kureva, kuburikidza ne "Pinker" nechisimba muWestern Europe nematangi eSoviet "). [24] Achinyora muna 1946-1947, Munyori weHurumende yeUnited States James F. Byrnes nenzira yakajeka akanga asingatarisiri kurwiswa kupi nokupi kwemauto eSoviet kuWestern Europe.25] Iye, Dulles, nevamwe vakuru vakuru vainyanya kushushikana pamusoro pesimba rezvematongerwo enyika reSoviet pamusoro pevekuMadokero, vatungamiriri venzvimbo, uye "kupinda" uye "kupandukira," izvo zvavaipikisa nemari, maoko, zvibvumirano nevatungamiriri venzvimbo, uye "vanopinda" vavo uye. "kukanganisa." Vashoma kana nyanzvi chaidzo dzaitarisira kuti Federal Republic yeGermany inoguma yava โReich yechina,โ asi vamwe vangave vakashamiswa apo United States. uye West Germany rakaputsika mangwanani vimbisos kuna Mikhail Gorbachev uye Gurukota rake Rekunze Eduard Shevardnadze mukutanga kwa1990 kwete kuwedzera NATO mberi ku mabvazuva, mukutsinhana nokubvuma kweMoscow kubatanidzwazve kweEast neWest Germany Papera muna 1990.26] Pinker anotadza kukurukura iyi budiriro inotyisidzira runyararo, kana kutaura nezve kuvapo kweiyo mangwanani vimbiso kuMoscow. Zvamazvirokwazvo, iye anotsinhira kuti kubatanidzwazve kweGermany nokuwedzera kweNATO โkwakanga kusina muuyo unooneka paRugare Rwenguva refu pakati penyika dzakabudirira, uye kwakafanotaura Rugare Rutsva pakati penyika dzichiri kusimukira.โ (674)
Mune kumwe kuratidzwa kwakajeka kwefungidziro yeCold War, Pinker anonyora kuti "communism yerudo, yemauto yakafuridzira zvirongwa zvekuwedzera zveSoviet Union neChina, iyo yaida kupa rubatsiro kuhurongwa hwematauriro hunoita kuti varwi kana vapfumi vagokunda nyika. bourgeoisie uye kutanga udzvanyiriri munyika nenyika. Hondo Yemashoko yakanga iri chibereko chokutsunga kweUnited States kuti ive neiri sangano pane chimwe chinhu chiri pedyo nemiganhu yayo pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II.โ (244-245) Saka, sekunge pasina wezvematongerwo enyika weUS angati "kukunda" imwe nyika, hutongi hwezvekunze hweUS hwave huchidzivirira, hune muvengi wekuwedzera.
Uku kupinduka kweOrwellian kwenhoroondo chaiyo, sezvo Soviet Union kana China isina kuratidza chero "chirongwa chekuwedzera" mushure meHondo Yenyika II - Soviet Union haina kuzombowedzera kupfuura miganhu yayo yeshure kwehondo uye kugara kuYalta. Ivo vakapa kumwe kuzvininipisa, kunyanya tsigiro yerutsigiro kune mauto ekuruboshwe uye anopokana neUS ari kure, asi United States haina kungoronga kuwedzera kwehumambo mushure mehondo munguva yeHondo Yenyika II mu "Grand Area" mazano, [27] ndizvo chaizvo akaita kuwedzera pasi rose, apo rairwira kuti rive nemafambisirwo emarudzi, rusununguko, uye gutsaruzhinji, richitsigira chimurenga uye hutongi hwakawanda hwekodzero nehudzvanyiriri mumakondinendi ose.28] Pane magwaro akakosha anowanikwa pachena anotsanangura zvirongwa zveUS nezvirongwa zvekukanganisa, kukanganisa nekutsiva Soviet Union,[29] uye kupindira kuumba nekugadzirisa zvakare Nyika Yechitatu nenzira iyo Pinker angadana zvechokwadi kupandukira uye kurwisa demokrasi kana zvichikonzerwa nemasimba emakomunisti.30] Asi Pinker haataure nezvavo. Uye kuna Pinker, United States haina kumbobvira yaita chirongwa che "rudo" kana chekuzvishandira panguva ye "Rugare Rwakareba," uye haina kupa "rubatsiro" kune avo, saMobutu muZaire, Ferdinand Marcos muPhilippine, Suharto mu. Indonesia, naAugusto Pinochet kuChile, vaizotsigira "musika wemahara [kunyangwe uine huwori]" uye kodzero dzevasisiri mari. United States yakangopindura kuhurongwa hwemakomunisiti nekutyisidzira.
Asi veSoviet havana kufamba kure kwakafanana nekupidigura kweUS Mossadegh uye kuiswa kwehudzvanyiriri hweShah muIran muna 1953,31] Hondo dzayo dzeKorea neIndochinese, kutsigira kwayo kwepedyo kweuto reIndonesia nekuuraya vanhu muna 1965-1966, kutsigira kwayo hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hweSouth Africa muAngola, Namibia neMozambique, pamwe neSouth Africa pachayo (rangarirai basa reCIA mukutapa. uye kuisa mujeri Nelson Mandela), uye kubatanidzwa kwayo kukuru mukugadzwa kwemauto nehugandanga muBrazil, Chile, uye muLatin America yose munguva yeHondo Yenyika II.32] Panyaya yebasa repakati peUS mukupidigura hurumende yedemocracy yeGuatemala muna 1954, pakanga paine mukuru mukuru uye vezvenhau vaiti kutyisidzira kweSoviet ikoko, asi ichi chaive chifukidziro chenhema chekuda kudzora nekumisa mutengi anoteerera zvachose pachinzvimbo cheiye aipikisa simba guru reUnited Fruit Company pamusoro pemitemo.33] Asi muUS yekumisikidzwa ideology yeCold War, iyo Pinker akaisa mukati uye anodzokorora mukati mese Ngirozi Dzakanaka, United States yakanga ichingodzivirira Nyika Yakasununguka pakuwedzera kwemakomonisiti!
Kunyangarika Imperialism, iyo Military-Industrial Complex, uye Institutional Imperatives.
Pinker's inoshamisa inversion ye chokwadi mukuratidza nguva yepashure peHondo Yenyika II se โLong Pe
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta