Ndinoda kutenda The University of Western Australia nekundikoka pano nhasi, uye kunyanya Nigel Dolan nekugamuchira kwake noushamwari uye nesangano rakanaka.
Ini ndiri mutori wenhau, anokoshesa kupupura. Kureva kuti, ndinoisa kukosha kukuru muhumbowo hwezvandinoona, nekunzwa, uye pfungwa kuti ichokwadi, kana padyo nechokwadi sezvinobvira. Nekuenzanisa humbowo uhwu nemashoko, uye zviito zveavo vane simba, ndinotenda kuti zvinokwanisika kuongorora zvakanaka kuti nyika yedu inodzorwa nekuparadzaniswa, uye inofambiswa sei - uye kuti mutauro negakava zvinokanganiswa sei uye kuziva kwenhema kunogadzirwa.
Kana tichitaura pamusoro peizvi maererano nenharaunda dzehudzvinyiriri uye udzvanyiriri, tinozvidaidza kuti kugezesa pfungwa: kukundwa kwepfungwa. Ipfungwa yekuti hatitomboshandisi kunharaunda dzedu pachedu. Rega ndikupe muenzaniso. Mukati mokupisa kwehondo yechando, boka revatapi venhau veSoviet rakatorwa parwendo rwepamutemo rweUnited States. Vaiona TV; vanoverenga mapepanhau; vaiteerera nharo dzemuCongress. Chakavashamisa ndechekuti zvese zvavainzwa zvaingova zvimwe chete. Nhau dzaive dzakangofanana. Maonero acho aive akafanana, zvakanyanya kana zvishoma. "Unozviita sei?" vakabvunza vavaigara navo. โMunyika yedu, kuti tibudirire izvi, tinokanda vanhu mujeri; tinovadambura nzwara. Pano, hapana chimwe chazvo? What's your secret?"
Chakavanzika ndechekuti mubvunzo unenge usina kumbomutswa. Kana kuti kana ikasimudzwa, zvinotonyanya kurambwa sezvinobva kumucheto: kubva kumazwi ari kure kunze kwemiganhu yandingati yedu รขโฌหmetropolitan nhauriranoรขโฌโข, ine mazwi ekutaura, uye miganhu, yakatemwa. nevezvenhau pane imwe nhanho, uye nehurukuro kana kunyarara kwehunyanzvi pane imwe nhanho. Kuseri kwezvose kune simba rinotungamira remubatanidzwa nerezvematongerwo enyika.
Makore gumi nemaviri apfuura, ndakashuma kubva kuEast Timor, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga yakagarwa nehudzvanyiriri hweIndonesia hwaGeneral Suharto. Ini ndaifanira kuenda ikoko ndakahwanda, sezvo vatori venhau vaisagamuchirwa - vazivisi vangu vaive vakashinga, vanhuwo zvavo vakasimbisa, neumboo hwavo uye ruzivo, kuti kuurayiwa kwakaitwa rudzi munyika yavo. Ndakaburitsa magwaro akanyorwa nemaoko zvine hungwaru, humbowo hwekuti nharaunda dzese dzauraiwa - zvese zvatave kuziva kuti ndezvechokwadi.
Isu tinoziva zvakare kuti zvinhu zvakakosha zvinotsigira mhosva yakakura kupfuura kuuraya muCambodia pasi pePol Pot kwakange kwabva kuMadokero: kunyanya United States, Britain neAustralia. Pakudzokera kwangu kuLondon, uye ipapo kunyika iyi, ndakasangana neshanduro yakasiyana zvikuru. Iyo midhiya vhezheni yaive yekuti General Suharto aive mutungamiri akanaka, aimhanyisa hupfumi hwakanaka uye aive shamwari yepedyo. Chokwadi, Prime Minister Keating ainzi aimuona sababa.
Iye neGurukota reKune dzimwe nyika Gareth Evans vakaita hurukuro dzakawanda dzekurumbidza pamusoro peSuharto, vasina kumbotaura - kwete kamwe chete - kuti akange atora simba nekuda kwezvainzi neCIA "imwe yekuuraya kwakaipisisa kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri." Uye havana kutaura kuti mauto ake akasarudzika, anozivikanwa saKopassus, akakonzeresa kutyisa uye kufa kwechikamu chechina chevagari veEast Timorese - 200,000 vanhu, nhamba yakasimbiswa muongororo yakapihwa neInternational Affairs Committee yeFederal Parliament.
Uye havana kutaura kuti mhondi idzi dzakadzidziswa neAustralia SAS kusiri kure nehoro iyi, uye kuti mauto eAustralia akabatanidzwa muSuharto's mhirizhonga yekurwisa vanhu veEast Timor.
Ufakazi hwoutsinye, hwandakashuma mubhaisikopo rangu rinonzi Death of a Nation hwakanzwiwa ndokugamuchirwa neHuman Rights Commission yeUnited Nations, asi kwete naavo vane simba muAustralia. Apo ndakaratidzira ufakazi hwokupondwa kukuru kwechipiri pedyo namakuva eSanta Cruz muna November 1991, mupepeti wenhau wokumwe wepepanhau rorudzi bedzi munyika ino, The Australian, akanyomba zvapupu zvakaona.
โChokwadi,โ akanyora kudaro Greg Sheridan, โndechokuti kunyange vanyajambwa vechokwadi vanowanzogadzira ngano.โ Mutori wenhau weJakarata webepa, Patrick Walters, akanyora kuti "hapana anosungwa [naSuharto] pasina nzira dzemutemo". Mupepeti-mukuru, Paul Kelly, akazivisa Suharto "ane mwero" uye kuti pakanga pasina imwe nzira yekutonga kwake kwakanaka.
Paul Kelly akagara pabhodhi reAustralia-Indonesia Institute, sangano rinopihwa mari nehurumende yeAustralia. Pasina nguva Suharto asati akundwa nevanhu vekwake, Kelly aive muJakarta, akamira parutivi rweSuharto, achisuma mhondi yeruzhinji kumutsara wevapepeti veAustralia. Kurumbidzo yake huru, aimbova mupepeti weWest Australian panguva iyoyo, Paul Murray, akaramba kujoina boka iri rinopengereka.
Kasiri kare, Paul Kelly akapihwa mubairo wakakosha muWalkley Awards wepagore wekutora nhau - rudzi rwavanopa kune vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika. Uye hapana akataura chero chinhu nezveIndonesia neSuharto. Fungidzira mubairo wakafanana uchienda kuna Geoffrey Dawson, mupepeti weLondon Times kuma1930. SaKelly, akanyaradza mudzvanyiriri werudzi, achimuti "ane mwero".
Ichi chikamu ndere dimikira rezvandinoda kubata nhasi manheru.
Kwemakore gumi nemashanu, kunyarara kwakachengetwa nehurumende yeAustralia, vezvenhau veAustralia uye vadzidzi veAustralia pamusoro pemhosva huru uye njodzi yeEast Timor. Uyezve, uku kwaive kuwedzera kwekunyarara pamusoro pemamiriro echokwadi eSuharto's kukwira kweropa kune simba pakati pemakumi matanhatu. Kwakanga kwakasiyana nokunyarara kwehurumende muSoviet Union pakuvhozhokera kweropa kweHungary neCzechoslovakia.
Kunyarara kwevezvenhau ndichakurukura munguva pfupi. Ngatitarisei iko kunyarara kwedzidzo. Chimwe chezviitiko zvikuru zvekupondwa kwerudzi muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri sezviri pachena hachina kubvumidza chidzidzo chimwe chete chakakura chezvidzidzo, zvichibva pane zvekutanga. Sei? Tinofanira kudzokera kumakore mushure mehondo yenyika yechipiri apo chidzidzo chezvematongerwo enyika mushure mehondo yenyika dzakawanda, inozivikanwa se "liberal realism", yakagadzirwa muUnited States, kunyanya nerutsigiro rweavo vakagadzira simba rehupfumi hweAmerica. Izvi zvinosanganisira Ford, Carnegie uye Rockeller Foundations, OSS, mutungamiri weCIA, uye Council on Foreign Relations.
Nokudaro, mumayunivhesiti makuru eAmerica, vadzidzisi vaiwanzoshanda kururamisa hondo inotonhora - iyo, yatinoziva kubva kumafaira asina kunyorwa, kwete chete kutiunza pedyo nehondo yenyukireya kupfuura zvataifunga, asi iyo pachayo yakanyanya kunyengera. Sezvo mafaera eBritish ave kujekesa, pakanga pasina kutyisidzira kweSoviet pasirese. Kutyisidzira kwaive kumasetellite eRussia, sekutyisidzira kwakaita United States, kupinda nekudzora masatellite ayo muLatin America.
"Kusununguka kwechokwadi" - muAmerica, Britain, Australia - zvaireva kubvisa hunhu kubva mukudzidza kwemarudzi nekuona nyika maererano nekubatsira kwayo kune simba rekumadokero. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mune yega-sevhisi jargon: mutauro wakafanana nemasonic mune thrall kune simba guru. Muenzaniso wejagoni waiva mavara.
Pamavara ese akaiswa kwandiri, chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti ndiri รขโฌหneo-idealistรขโฌโข. Iyo รขโฌหneoรขโฌโข asi haisati yatsanangurwa. Ini ndinofanira kuwedzera pano kuti iro rinonyanya kunakidza label kusikwa kwemupepeti wekune dzimwe nyika weThe Australian akatora peji rese mupepanhau rake kutaura kuti bato rekupandukira rainzi Chomskyist-Pilgerism raikurudzira vangave magandanga pasi rose.
Munguva ye1990s, nzanga dzese dzakarongedzerwa autopsy uye dzakaonekwa se "nyika dzakakundikana" uye "nyika dzakaipa", dzinoda "kupindira kwevanhu". Mamwe euphemisms akave emufashoni - "kutonga kwakanaka" uye "nzira yechitatu" yakagamuchirwa nechikoro chemahara chechokwadi, icho chakapa mavara kune magamba ayo. Bill Clinton, mutungamiri akaparadza yekupedzisira yeRoosevelt shanduko, akanzi "kuruboshwe pakati".
Mazwi anoremekedzwa akaita sedemocracy, rusununguko, rusununguko, shanduko akabviswa zvaanoreva uye akaendeswa kubasa reWorld Bank, IMF uye chinhu chiya chinonzi amorphous chinonzi "West" - nemamwe mazwi, imperialism.
Chokwadi, imperialism ndiro izwi rekuti vechokwadi vaisada kunyora kana kutaura, senge ratorwa kubva muduramazwi. Uye zvakadaro imperialism ndiyo yaive ideology seri kwekutaura kwavo. Uye ndinoda kuti ndikuyeuchidze nezve ramangwana revanhu pasi peimperiya. Mukati mese 20th century imperialism, zviremera zveBritain, Belgium neFrance zvakaputira gasi, kubhomba nekuuraya zvizvarwa zvemo kubva kuSudan kuenda kuIraq, Nigeria kuenda kuPalestine, India kusvika Malaya, Algeria kusvika kuCongo. Uye zvakadaro imperialism yakangowana zita rayo rakashata apo Hitler akasarudza kuti, zvakare, aive imperialist.
Saka, mushure mehondo, pfungwa itsva dzaifanira kugadzirwa, zvechokwadi lexicon yose nehurukuro yakagadzirwa, sezvo hurumende itsva yeumambo, United States, yaisada kubatanidzwa nemazuva akaipa ekare eEurope simba. Chitendero cheAmerica chekurwisa communism chakazadza ichi chisipo zvinobudirira; zvisinei, apo Soviet Union yakakoromoka kamwe kamwe uye hondo inotonhora yapera, tyisidziro itsva yaifanira kuwanwa.
Pakutanga, pakanga pane "hondo yezvinodhaka" - uye Bogeyman Theory of History ichiri kufarirwa. Asi hapana anogona kuenzaniswa ne "hondo yekutya" iyo yakasvika naSeptember 11, 2001. Gore rakapera, ndakashuma "hondo yekutya" kubva kuAfghanistan. Kufanana neEast Timor, zviitiko zvandakaona hazvina hukama nenzira yavakamiririrwa munharaunda dzakasununguka, kunyanya Australia.
Kurwiswa kweAmerica kuAfghanistan muna 2001 kwakanzi rusununguko. Asi humbowo huripo ndehwekuti, pazvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe nezvishanu kubva muzana zvevanhu, hapana rusununguko. MaTaliban anga achingotsinhaniswa neboka revarwi vehondo veAmerica vanopihwa mari, vanobata chibharo, mhondi nematsotsi ehondo - magandanga chero chiyero: ivo vanhu chaivo vakapakata zvombo muchivande neCIA neCIA kweanoda kusvika makore makumi maviri.
Mumwe wevakuru vehondo vane simba ndiGeneral Rashid Dostum. General Dostum akashanyirwa naDonald Rumsfeld, Munyori weDziviriro weUnited States, akauya kuzotenda. Akadana mukuru wemauto kuti murume โanofungaโ uye akamukorokotedza nokuda kworutivi rwake muhondo yougandanga. Uyu ndiye General Dostum mumwe chete uyo ane vasungwa zviuru zvina vakafa muhusungwa makore maviri apfuura - zvinopomerwa ndezvekuti varume vakakuvara vakasiiwa vachizarirwa uye kubuda ropa kusvika vafa mumidziyo. Mary Robinson, paakanga ari mumiriri mukuru weUN anobatsira vanhu, akadaidzira kuti paitwe ongororo; asi pakanga pasina nokuda kworudzi urwu rwougandanga hunogamuchirika. Mukuru ndiye chiso cheAfghanistan itsva yausingaone munhau.
Zvaunoona ndeye urbane Harmid Karzai, ane runyoro rwakanyanya kupfuurira kupfuura vachengeti vake makumi mana nevaviri vekuAmerica. MaTaliban chete anoita seanofadza hasha dzevatungamiriri vedu vezvematongerwo enyika uye vezvenhau. Asi pasi pehutongi hutsva, hwakatenderwa, vakadzi vachiri kupfeka bhura, zvakanyanya nekuti vanotya kufamba munzira. Vasikana vanogara vachipambwa, kubatwa chibharo, kupondwa.
Kufanana nehudzvanyiriri hweSuharto, vakuru vehondo ava ishamwari dzedu dzepamutemo, nepo maTaliban vaive vavengi vedu vepamutemo. Musiyano wakakosha, nekuti vakakuvadzwa neshamwari dzedu dzepamutemo vanokodzera kuchengetwa uye kuva nehanya kwedu, nepo vakabatwa nevavengi vedu vepamutemo vasina. Ndiyo nheyo iyo hurumende dzoudzvinyiriri dzinoshandisa nhema dzadzo dzomumba. Uye izvo, chaizvo, ndiwo mabatiro anoita mademocracies ekumadokero, seAustralia, anomhanyisa yavo.
Musiyano ndewokuti munzanga dzeudzvanyiriri, vanhu vanotora sezviri pachena kuti hurumende dzavo dzinovanyepera: kuti vatori venhau vavo vanongovawo zvavo mabasa, kuti vadzidzi vavo vakanyarara uye vanobatanidzwa. Saka vanhu vari munyika idzi vanogadzirisa zvinoenderana. Vanodzidza kuverenga pakati pemitsetse. Vanovimba nepasi pevhu rinobudirira. Vanyori vavo uye vanyori vemitambo vanonyora zvinyorwa zvekodhi, sezvakaita muPoland neCzechoslovakia munguva yehondo yechando.
Shamwari yeCzech, munyori wenovherosi, akandiudza; โImi muri kuMadokero hamuna betsero. Iwe une ngano dzako nezve rusununguko rweruzivo, asi iwe hausati wawana hunyanzvi hwekududzira: hwekuverenga pakati pemitsetse. Rimwe zuva uchachida.โ
Zuva iroro rasvika. Iyo inonzi hondo yehugandanga ndiyo yakanyanya kutyisidzira isu tose kubva mumakore ane ngozi zvakanyanya ehondo yechando. Rapacious, Imperial America yawana "kutyisa" kwayo kutsva. Mazuva ese ikozvino, kutya kunoitwa zviri pamutemo uye paranoia zvinotengeswa kumahombekombe edu - mauto emhepo, kudhindwa kweminwe, chirevo chekuti vangani vanhu vanogona kumira mumutsara wechimbuzi paQantas jet inobhururuka kuenda kuLos Angeles.
Mafungiro ehudzvinyiriri agara aripo muAmerica ave kuchema zvizere. Dzokera kuma1950, makore eMcCarthy, uye maungira nhasi ose akajairika - hysteria; kurohwa kweBhuku reKodzero; hondo yakavakirwa panhema nokunyengera. Sezvakangoita muma1950, hutachiona hwakapararira kumasetellite enjere eAmerica, kunyanya Australia.
Svondo rapfuura, hurumende yeHoward yakazivisa kuti yaizoshandisa nzira dzeUS-style immigration, kuisa zvigunwe vanhu kana vasvika. The Sydney Morning Herald yakataura izvi sematanho ehurumende "kusimbisa mambure ayo ekurwisa hugandanga". Hapana dambudziko ipapo; hapana kunyunyuta. Nhau sepropaganda.
Zviri nyore sei zvese. Iyo White Australia Policy yadzoka se "kuchengetedzeka kwenyika" - imwezve izwi rekuAmerica rinoisa paranoia uye mubhedha-shamwari, rusaruraganda. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, isu tiri kugezwa pfungwa kuti titende kuti Al-Qaida, kana chero boka rakadai, ndiro dambudziko chairo. Uye hazvisi. Nekuenzanisa kwakapusa kwemasvomhu kwekutyisa kweAmerica uye kutya kweAl-Qaida, iyo yekupedzisira inhata inouraya. Muhupenyu hwangu, United States yakatsigira uye yakadzidzisa uye yakatungamirira magandanga muLatin America, Africa, Asia. Huwandu hwevanyajambwa vavo huri mumamirioni.
Mumazuva asati asvika Gunyana 11, 2001, apo America yaigara ichirwisa nekutyisidzira nyika dzisina kusimba, uye vakaurayiwa vaive vanhu vatema neganda rebrown kunzvimbo dziri kure seZaire neGuatemala, pakanga pasina misoro yenhau yaiti ugandanga. Asi apo vasina simba vakarwisa vane simba, zvinoshamisa musi waSeptember 11, kamwe kamwe, kwakava nehugandanga.
Izvi hazvireve kuti kutyisidzira kubva kuAl-Qaida hakusi kwechokwadi - ichokwadi ikozvino, nekuda kwezviito zveAmerica neBritish muIraq, uye nerutsigiro runenge rudiki rwakapihwa nehurumende yaHoward. Asi njodzi yakanyanya kupararira, yakajeka uye iripo ndeye yatisingaudzwe nezvayo.
Ndiyo njodzi inounzwa nehurumende "dzedu" - njodzi inodzvinyirirwa neparaganda inokanda "Madokero" seanogara asina kunaka: inokwanisa kukanganisa uye kukanganisa, hongu, asi kwete yehutsotsi hwepamusoro. Mutongo weNuremberg unotora imwe maonero. Izvi ndizvo zvinotaura kutonga; uye yeuka, aya mashoko ndiwo hwaro hweanodokusvika makore 60 omutemo wamarudzi ose: โKutanga hondo youtsinye, haisati ichingova bedzi mhaka yamarudzi ose; imhosva huru munyika yose inongosiyana nedzimwe mhosva dzehondo mukuti mukati mayo mune uipi hwakaunganidzirwa.โ
Mune mamwe mazwi, hapana mutsauko, mumutemo wemutemo, pakati pekuita kwehutongi hweGerman mukupera kwema1930 nemaAmericans muna 2003. Inokurudzirwa nekunyanyisa kwechitendero, huori hweAmericanism uye makaro emakambani, Bush cabal iri kutevera. izvo munyori wenhoroondo wemauto Anatol Lieven anodana "chirongwa chemazuva ano chekutsakatika chekurudyi oligarchy, kutsausa kusagutsikana muurudzi". Bushโs America, iye anonyevera kudaro, โyazova tyisidziro kwairi imene nokuvanhu.โ
Iwayo mazwi mashoma. Ini handizive weAustralia munyori wenhoroondo kana chero mumwe anonzi nyanzvi akataura chokwadi chakadaro. Ini ndinoziva hapana sangano renhau reAustralia rinogona kubvumira vatori venhau varo kutaura kana kunyora chokwadi chakadaro. Shamwari dzangu dzekuAustralian journalism dzinozevezera, nguva dzose dziri pachivande. Vanotokurudzira vokunze, seni, kuti vazvitaure pachena, sezvandiri kuita iye zvino.
Sei? Zvakanaka, basa, chengetedzo - kunyangwe mukurumbira uye hupfumi - zvakamirira avo vanoparadzira mhosva dzevavengi vepamutemo. Asi kurapwa kwakasiyana kwakamirira avo vanotenderedza girazi. Ini ndaigara ndichifunga kana George Orwell, mubasa rake guru rechiporofita 1984, pamusoro pekutonga kwepfungwa muhurumende yehudzvanyiriri - ndaigara ndichifunga kuti maitiro angadai akaita sei dai ataura mubvunzo unonakidza wekutonga pfungwa munharaunda dzakasununguka. . Angadai akaongwa uye kupembererwa here? Kana kuti angadai akatarisana nokunyarara, kunyange kuvengwa here?
Pakati pese kumadokero kwedemocracies, Australia ndiyo yakanyanya kubva uye yakanyarara. Avo vanosimudza girazi havagamuchirwi munhau. Basa rangu rinobatanidzwa uye rinoverengwa munyika yose, asi kwete muAustralia, kwandinobva. Nekudaro, ini ndinotaurwa mupepanhau reAustralia kazhinji. Vatauri vepamutemo, avo vanotonga pepanhau, vanozotaura zvakanyanya kune chinyorwa changu chavangave vakaverenga muGuardian kana New Statesman muLondon. Asi vaverengi veAustralia havabvumidzwe kuverenga iyo yekutanga, iyo inofanirwa kusefa kuburikidza nevanotsanangura zviri pamutemo. Asi ini ndinogara ndichionekwa mubepa rimwe reAustralia: iyo Hinterland Voice - pepa diki remahara, iro kero iri Post Office Kin Kin muQueensland. Iri bepa remuno. Iine nyaya dzekutengesa garaji nemabhiza uye ma scouts emuno, uye ndinodada kuva chikamu chazvo.
Ndiro chete bepa muAustralia umo ndakakwanisa kuzivisa humbowo hwenjodzi muIraq - semuenzaniso, kuti kurwiswa kweIraq kwakarongwa kubva munaGunyana 11; kuti mwedzi mishomanana chete izvi zvisati zvaitika, Colin Powell naCondaleeza Rice, vakanga vataura kuti Saddam Hussein akanga atorerwa zvombo uye hapana ngozi kune ani zvake.
Nhasi, United States parizvino iri kudzidzisa gestapo yevamiriri zviuru gumi, inorairwa nevane hutsinye, vakuru vemapurisa epachivande eSaddam Hussein. Chinangwa ndechekumhanyisa hutongi hutsva hwechipopi seri kwemanyepo-democratic faรยงade - uye kukunda kuramba. Ruzivo irworwo rwakakosha kwatiri, nekuti magumo ekupokana muIraq akakosha kune ramangwana redu rese. Nekuti kana kuramba kukatadza, Bush cabal ichatorwisa imwe nyika - pamwe North Korea, iyo ine zvombo zvenyukireya.
Kwangopfuura mwedzi wapfuura, United Nations General Assembly yakavhotera pazvisungo zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekubviswa kwezvombo zvekuparadza kukuru. Rangarira charade yeIraq's WMDs? Rangarira John Howard muParamende muna Kukadzi wapfuura, achiti Saddam Hussein, "achabuda aine nhumbi dzake dzemakemikari nezvebiological, uye kuti "chaive chirongwa chikuru".
Mukutaura kwakatora maminetsi makumi matatu, Howard akataura kanopfuura ka30 kutyisidzira kwakaunzwa nezvombo zveSaddam Hussein zvekuparadza kukuru. Uye hwaive hunyengeri hwese, handizvo here, manyepo, jee rinotyisa paruzhinji, uye raifambiswa nekuwedzerwa nenhepfenyuro inoteerera. Uye ndiani mumayunivhesiti, masimba edu-dzimba dzeruzivo nekutsoropodza nekukakavadzana - ndiani akasimuka achipikisa? Ndinogona kufunga maviri chete.
Uye handikwanise kuwana chero mushumo munhau dzeUnited Nations General Assembly resolution musi wa8 Zvita. Muuyo wacho waishamisa, kana zvisingashamisi. United States yakapikisa zvese zvakakosha zvigadziriso, kusanganisira izvo zvine chekuita nezvombo zvenyukireya. Muchakavanzika cheNuclear Posture Ongororo ye2002, hutongi hweBush hunotsanangura hurongwa hwekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya kurwisa North Korea, neSyria, neIran neChina.
Zvichitevera izvi, hurumende yeBritain yakazivisa kekutanga kuti Britain icharwisa nyika dzisiri dzenyukireya nezvombo zvenyukireya โkana zvichidikanwaโ. Ndiani pakati penyu anoziva zvishuvo izvi, uye zvakadaro zvivakwa zvehungwaru zveAmerica neBritish munyika ino zvakakosha pakuita kwavo.
Sei pasina hurukuro yeruzhinji pamusoro peizvi? Mhinduro ndeyokuti Australia yave microcosm yevanhu vanozviongorora. Mune indekisi yazvino yerusununguko rwevatori venhau, sangano renyika dzese rinoongorora Vatori venhau Vasina Border rinonyora rusununguko rwekuAustralia munzvimbo yemakumi mashanu, pamberi pehutongi nehudzvanyiriri. Izvi zvakaitika sei?
Muzana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe, Australia yakanga ine muchina wokudhinda wakasununguka zvikuru kupfuura nyika zhinji. Muna 1880, muNew South Wales moga, maiva nemazita akazvimirira anosvika 143, mazhinji acho aine maitiro ekushambadzira uye vapepeti vaitenda kuti raive basa ravo kuve izwi revanhu. Nhasi, pamapepanhau makuru gumi nemaviri ari mumaguta makuru, murume mumwe chete, Rupert Murdoch, anodzora manomwe. Pamapepanhau gumi eSvondo, Murdoch ane manomwe. MuAdelaide neBrisbane, ane hutongi hwakakwana. Anodzora angangoita 70 muzana yekutenderera kweguta guru. Perth ine bepanhau rimwe chete.
Sydney, iro guta hombe, rinotongwa naMurdoch uye neSydney Morning Herald, ane mupepeti wezvino ari mukuru Mark Scott akaudza musangano wezvekushambadzira muna 2002 kuti kutapa nhau hakuchadi vanhu vakangwara uye vakangwara. โIdzo hadzisi mhinduro,โ akadaro. Mhinduro ndeyevanhu vanogona kuita hurongwa hwekambani. Nemamwe mashoko, pfungwa dzepakati, pfungwa dzinoteerera.
Mutori wenhau mukuru wekuAmerica Martha Gellhorn akambosimuka pamusangano wevatori venhau ndokuti: โTeererai, tinongova vatori venhau chaivo kana tisiri kuita zvatinenge taudzwa. Tingaita seizve kuti rekodhi irambe yakatwasuka?โ Mushakabvu Alex Carey, musayendisiti mukuru wezvemagariro avanhu weAustralia uyo akatanga fundo yezvokutengeserana neparadziro, akanyora kuti zvinoitika zvitatu zvinokosha zvikurusa zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvomuzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri zvaiva, โkukura kwoutongi hwezvido zvevanhu, kukura kwesimba rekambani uye kukura kweparadziro yesangano. senzira yekudzivirira simba rekambani kubva kudemokrasiโ.
Carey aitsanangura propaganda ye20th century imperialism, inova propaganda yehurumende yemubatanidzwa. Uye zvinopesana nengano, nyika haina kusvava; zvirokwazvo, haina kumbova yakasimba. General Suharto aive murume wekambani - akanakira bhizinesi. Saka mhosva dzake dzakanga dzisingakoshi, uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu vake neEast Timorese kwakaiswa kune rimwe gomba dema reOrwellian. Izvi zvinoshanda zvakanyanya kutariswa kwenhoroondo nekusiya zvekuti Suharto parizvino iri kugadziriswa. MuAustralia Gumiguru apfuura, Owen Harries akatsanangura nguva yeSuharto se "nguva yegoridhe" uye akakurudzira Australia kuti igamuchire zvekare mauto eIndonesia.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Owen Harries akapa Boyer Lectures paABC. Iyi ipuratifomu inoshamisa: muzvikamu zvitanhatu zvakatepfenyurwa paRadio National, Harries akabvunza kana United States yaive yakanaka kana yehumambo. Mushure mekushoropodzwa kudiki kwesimba reAmerica, akatsanangura mutemo wekunze wehutongi hune njodzi munguva dzazvino se "utopian".
Owen Harries ndiani? Aive chipangamazano kuhurumende yeMalcolm Fraser. Asi hapana chekushambadza nezvehurukuro dzake dzandakaverenga kuti Harries aibatanidzwawo neCIA-kumberi kwesangano rekunyepa, iyo Congress yeCultural Freedom uye yayo yeAustralia. Kwemakore, Harries aive murevereri wehondo inotonhora uye yekutanga CIA-run kurwisa Vietnam. KuWashington, aive mupepeti wepepanhau rekurudyi rakanyanyisa rinonzi The National Interest.
Hapana aizoramba Owen Harries inzwi rake mune chero democracy. Asi tinofanira kuziva kuti vaimbomutsigira ndivanaani. Uyezve, maonero ake ekunyanyisa ndiwo anotonga. Kuti ABC inofanira kumupa nhandare yakadai inotitaurira zvakawanda pamusoro pemigumisiro yekutyisidzirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwenhepfenyuro yedu yenyika.
Funga, kune rimwe divi, mabatirwo eABC aRichard Flanagan, mumwe wevanyori vedu vakanyanya kunaka. Gore rakapera, Flanagan akakumbirwa kuti averenge chidimbu chaidiwa chenhema paRadio National purogiramu uye atsanangure zvikonzero zvake zvekusarudza. Akafunga nezvemumwe wevanyori vaanofarira vengano: John Howard. Akanyora ngano dzaHoward dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa - kuti vapoteri vakasuwa vakakanda vana vavo muchikepe nemaune, uye kuti Australia yaive mungozi nezvombo zveSaddam Hussein zvekuparadza kukuru.
Akatevera izvi naMolly Bloom's soliloquy kubva kuna Joyce's Ulysses, nekuti, akatsanangura, "munguva yedu yenhema uye ruvengo zvinoita sekunge zvakakodzera kuyeuchidzwa nezve runako rwekuti hungu kune nyonganiso yechokwadi". Zvakanaka, zvose izvi zvakanyorwa zvakakodzera. Asi purogiramu yacho payakatepfenyurwa, nongedzero dzose dzine chokuita nomutungamiriri wehurumende dzakanga dzagurwa. Flanagan akapomera ABC nezve censorship. Aiwa, ndiyo yaiva mhinduro. Vakanga vasingadi "chero chinhu chezvematongerwo enyika". Uye iyi ndiyo ABC imwechete ichangobva kupa Owen Harries, izwi raGeorge W Bush's utopia, nhepfenyuro yeawa imwe chete matanhatu.
Kana ari Richard Flanagan, ndiko kwanga kusiri kupera kwayo. Mugadziri weABC akange amuongorora akabvunza kana angade kuuya pachirongwa chekukurukura, "kuodzwa mwoyo muAustralia yemazuva ano". Munzanga yaimbozvitutumadza pamusoro peiyo laconic pfungwa yekunyomba, pakanga pasina kana chidimbu chekunyomba, kungoteerera, kunyarara kwekutonga. Flanagan akanyora kuti, โMunzvimbo yose yandiri kuona nzira dzokugumisa kutaura, uye kurongeka kusinganzwisisike kwezvinobudisa nhau zvinoramba zvichinyepa uye nzira iyo vane simba vanotsvaka nayo kuti vataure chii nezvisingaverengwi nokunzwiwa.โ
Ndinotenda kuti mazwi aya anotaura kune vazhinji veAustralia. Hafu yemirioni yavo yakaungana pakati peSydney musi waFebruary 16, uye izvi zvakadzokororwa zvakaenzanirana munyika yose. Mamirioni gumi akafora pasi rose. Vanhu vanga vasati vamboratidzira vakaratidzira manyepo aHoward naBush naBlair.
Kana Australia iri iyo microcosm, funga nezve kuparadzwa kwekusununguka kutaura muUnited States, iyo bumbiro rine rusununguko rwekudhinda pasirese. Muna 1983, nhepfenyuro huru muAmerica yaive yemakambani makumi mashanu. Muna 2002, izvi zvakanga zvawira kumakambani mapfumbamwe chete. Nhasi, Murdoch's Fox Television nemamwe makongiresi mana ari padanho rekudzora 90 muzana yevateereri vepasi uye netambo. Kunyangwe paInternet, mawebhusaiti makumi maviri anotungamira ave ndeaFox, Disney, AOL, Time Warner, Viacom nemamwe mahofori. Makambani gumi nemana chete anokwezva makumi matanhatu muzana yenguva yese inopedza vanhu vekuAmerica online. Uye makambani aya anodzora, kana kupesvedzera akawanda epasi rose zvinoonekwa media, iro guru reruzivo rwevanhu vazhinji.
โTava kutanga kudzidza,โ akanyora kudaro Edward Said mubhuku rake rinonzi Culture and Imperialism, โkuti kubvisa koloni kwakanga kusiri kugumisa hukama hweumambo asi kwaingova kupfuudzira dandemutande rezvematongerwo enyika rave richitenderera kubva panguva yeRenaissance. Nhepfenyuro itsva dzine vezvenhau kuti vapinde zvakadzika mutsika yokugamuchira kupfuura kuratidzwa kupi nokupi kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwokuMadokero.โ Zvichienzaniswa nezana ramakore rapfuura, apo โtsika dzokuEurope dzaibatanidzwa nokuvapo kwevachena, tatovawo nevezvenhau vepasi pose vanozviratidza pamusoro pezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshamisa.โ
Akanga asiri kutaura nezvenhau chete. Munhau mose, vana vanonangirwa nenzira youtsinye nemashoko anoparadzirwa ebhizimisi makuru, anowanzozivikanwa sokushambadza. MuUnited States, mashoko ezvokutengeserana anenge 30,000 XNUMX anonangidzirwa kuvana gore negore. Mukuru mukuru weimwe kambani inoshambadzira yakatsanangura kuti: โHavasi vana zvikuru sevatengi vari kuchinja.โ
Hukama hweveruzhinji mapatya ekushambadza. Mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, iyo pfungwa yese yePR yachinja zvakanyanya uye yave yakakura propaganda indasitiri. MuUnited Kingdom, zvinofungidzirwa kuti PR yakafanorongedzerwa yava kuita hafu yezviri mune mamwe mapepanhau makuru. Pfungwa ye "kupinza" vatori venhau nemauto eUS panguva yekupinda muIraq yakabva kune nyanzvi dzehukama neveruzhinji muPentagon, iyo yazvino mabhuku ehurongwa hwekuronga anotsanangura utori venhau sechikamu chekushanda kwepfungwa, kana "psyops". Journalism se psyops.
Chinangwa, inodaro Pentagon, ndechekuwana "kutonga kwemashoko" - iyo, iyo, chikamu che "full spectrum dominance" - mutemo wakataurwa weUnited States kudzora nyika, gungwa, nzvimbo uye ruzivo. Havazvivanzi. Iri munzvimbo yeruzhinji.
Vaya vatori venhau vanoenda nenzira yavo, avo vakaita saMartha Gellhorn naRobert Fisk, chenjerai. Sangano rakazvimirira reArab TV, Al-Jazeera, rakabhombwa nemaAmerican muAfghanistan neIraq. Mukurwiswa kweIraq, vatori venhau vazhinji vakaurayiwa kupfuura nakare kose - nemaAmerican. Shoko racho harina kukwanisa kujeka. Chinangwa, pakupedzisira, ndechekuti hapazove nemusiyano pakati pekutonga kweruzivo uye midhiya. Ndiko kutaura: hauzoziva mutsauko.
Izvo chete zvakakodzera kutariswa nevatapi venhau: avo vachiri kutenda, saMartha Gellhorn, kuti basa ravo nderekuchengetedza rekodhi. Sarudzo yacho iri nyore kwazvo: vatauri vechokwadi, kana, mumashoko aEdward Herman, vanongo "jairika zvisingafungidzike".
MuAustralia, zvakawanda zvisingafungidzike zvakatove zvakajairika. Anenge makore gumi nemaviri mushure meMabo, kodzero dzekutanga dzevaAustralia, dzinozivikanwa sezita rekuzvarwa, dzakabatwa musungo muzvimiro zvemutemo. Vanhu veAboriginal zvino vanorwa kwete kuti vararame chete. Vakatarisana nehondo yenguva dzose yokupokana kwemutemo, inorwiwa nemagweta. Bhiri remutemo uye mari inosanganisirwa mukutonga zita renzvimbo chete ikozvino yava kuita mazana emamiriyoni emadhora. Puggy Hunter, mutungamiriri wevaAborigine vokuWest Australia, akandiudza kuti: โKurwira magweta nokuda kwoudangwe hwedu, kurwa nawo masendimita ose enzira, kuchandiuraya.โ Akafa munguva pfupi yapfuura, mumakore ake makumi mana.
Dare Repamusoro reAustralia, raimboonekwa setariro yekupedzisira kune vekutanga veAustralia, ikozvino inoreva zita rekuzvarwa seine "bundle rekodzero" - sekunge kodzero dzevaAboriginal dzinogona kurongwa uye kuderedzwa - nekudzikiswa.
Izvo zvisingafungidzike ndiyo nzira yatinobvumira hurumende kubata nayo vapoteri, ivo mauto edu akashinga anotumirwa. Mumisasa yakashata zvokuti muongorori weUnited Nations akati akanga asati amboona chinhu chakafanana navo, tinobvumira zvinokwana kushungurudzwa kwevana.
Musi wa19 Gumiguru 2001, chikepe chakatakura vanhu 397 chakanyura munzira yekuenda kuAustralia. 353 vakanyura, vazhinji vavo vari vana. Dai pasina munhu mumwe chete, Tony Kevin, mumiriri weAustralia akarega basa, dambudziko iri ringadai rakaitwa kuti rikanganwike. Kutenda kwaari, isu tave kuziva veAustralia nevechiuto vehungwaru vakaziva kuti chikepe chaive munjodzi huru yekunyura, uye hapana chavakaita. Zvinoshamisa here kana mutungamiriri weAustralia uye gurukota rinoona vakagadzira mamiriro eruvengo kuvanhu vasina dziviriro ava - ruvengo rwakagadzirirwa, ndinotenda, kutora musono werusarura unogara munhoroondo yedu.
Funga nezve kurasikirwa kusiri pamutemo kwehupenyu uhwu uchipesana nekutaura kwekunyepedzera kwenyanzvi dzekudzivirira dzeAustralia nezve "nzvimbo yedu yesimba" muAsia nePacific - izvo zvinobvumira mauto eAustralia kuti apinde nechisimba kwaSoromoni, asi kwete kuponesa hupenyu hwe353.
Kutyisidzira? Ngatitaurei nezve kutyisidzira kubva kune vanotsvaga hupoteri muzvikepe zviri kubuda, kubva kuAl-Qaida. Mushumo waro wegore negore wa1990, Australian Security and Intelligence Organization, ASIO, yakati: โTyisidziro bedzi inooneka yechisimba chinoparirwa nezvematongerwe enyika inobva mukodzero yorusaruraganda.โ Ndinotenda, zvisinei nezviitiko zvinotevera, hapana chakachinja.
Zvinhu zvose izvi zvakabatana. Dzinomiririra, padikidiki, kurwiswa kwenjere dzedu nehunhu hwedu, asi kunyangwe muhupenyu hwedu hwetsika, tinoita setiri kufuratira, sekunge tiri kutya. Svondo rapfuura, ndakaenda kuvhurwa kwemutambo mutsva kuSydney unonzi โHarbourโ. Zviri pamusoro pekurwa kukuru kwemvura muna 1998 uko kwakakwezva rutsigiro rwakatanhamara neruzhinji. Mutambo uyu chiitiko chekushaya hanya, fungidziro dzayo uye manzwiro anoita kuti nhoroondo igamuchirwe. Avo vanokwanisa kutenga iyo $60-odd yetikiti havazoodzwa mwoyo. Vatsigiri, Jaguar neFairfax uye femu hombe yemutemo, havanganyadziswe.
Tinofanira kudzoreredza nhoroondo yedu kubva kune corporatism; nokuti nhoroondo yedu yakapfuma uye inorwadza uye, hongu, inodada. Tinofanira kuzvitora zvakare kubva kuna John Howard naKeith Windshuttles, vanozviramba, uye kubva kuvanhu vane hunhu nevatsigiri vavo vasingazvidzoreri. Uchavanzwa vachiti Joe Blow haana basa - kuti sevanhu, isu hatina hanya uye hatina hanya.
Zvakanga zviri zviuru zvevaAustralia vakapinda mumigwagwa muna 1999, muguta neguta, dhorobha nedhorobha, vakabatsira zvine mutsindo vanhu veEast Timor - kwete John Howard, kwete General Cosgrove. Uye vaAustralia ivavo vakanga vasingakendengi. Zvakanga zviri zviuru zveAustralia neNew Zealanders zvakamisa maFrench kuputika mabhomba enyukireya muPacific. Uye vakanga vasingakendengi. Ndivo vechidiki vakaenda kuWoomera ndokumanikidza kuvharwa kwemusasa iwoyo unonyadzisa. Uye vakanga vasingakendengi.
Dambudziko revazhinji vekuAustralia vari kutsvaga kudada nekubudirira kwerudzi rwedu kudzvinyirirwa kana kudzvinyirirwa, mutsika yakakurumbira, yekare yakasarudzika yezvematongerwo enyika, izvo isu tine zvakawanda zvekudada nazvo. Mumigodhi inotungamira neyesirivheri yeBroken Hill, vashandi vemumigodhi vakahwina kekutanga pasi rose 35-awa pasvondo, hafu yezana pamberi peEurope neAmerica. Kare nyika zhinji dzisati dzavepo, Australia yaive nemari shoma, mabhenefiti evana, penjeni uye kuvhota kwevakadzi. Pakazosvika ma1960, Australia yaigona kudada nekupararira kwakaenzana kwemari munyika dzekumadokero. Zvisinei naHoward naRuddock, muhupenyu hwangu, Australia yakashandurwa kubva munzanga yeAnglo-Irish kuenda kune imwe yetsika dzakasiyana-siyana uye inokwezva pasi pano, uye zvinenge zvese zvakaitika murunyararo. Kusava nehanya kwakanga kusina chokuita nazvo.
Ndinogona kunzwa vashoma venyu vachiti, "Zvakanaka, toita sei?"
Sezvakataurwa naNoam Chomsky nguva pfupi yadarika, hautombonzwa mubvunzo iwoyo mune inonzi nyika ichiri kusimukira, uko ruzhinji rwevanhu runotamburira kurarama zuva nezuva. Ikoko, ivo vachakuudza zvavari kuita.
Isu hatina matambudziko ehupenyu nerufu anotarisana nawo, toti, vakangwara muTurkey kana campesinos muBrazil kana vanhu veAboriginal munyika yedu yechitatu. Zvichida vazhinji vedu vanotenda kuti kana tikatora matanho, ipapo mhinduro ichaitika kamwe kamwe. Zvichava nyore uye nekukurumidza. Maiwe, hazvishande nenzira iyoyo.
Kana iwe uchida kutora danho rakananga - uye ndinotenda kuti isu hatina sarudzo ikozvino: ndiyo njodzi yakatarisana nesu tese - saka zvinoreva kushanda nesimba, kuzvipira, kuzvipira, sevanhu vari munyika dziri pamberi. , uyo anofanira kuva kurudziro yedu. Vanhu veBolivia nguva pfupi yadarika vakatora nyika yavo kubva kumarudzi emvura negasi, uye vakadzinga mutungamiri wenyika akashandisa zvisizvo kuvimba kwavo. Vanhu veVenezuela, nguva nenguva, vakadzivirira mutungamiri wavo akasarudzwa nedemocracy pakurwisa kunotyisa kwakaitwa nevekuAmerica vanotsigirwa nevepamusoro uye vezvenhau vaanodzora. MuBrazil neArgentina, mafambiro akakurumbira akaita fambiro mberi inoshamisa - zvekuti Latin America haichisiri iyo nyika yevassal yeWashington.
Kunyangwe muColombia, umo United States yakadurura mari yakawanda kuitira kuti iwane hutsinye, vanhuwo zvavo - vevashandi vehurumende, varimi, vechidiki vakarwa.
Aya ndiwo matambudziko makuru ausingaverenge zvakanyanya pano. Zvadaro pane yatinodaidza kuti anti-globalisation movement. Ah, ndinovenga izwi iro, nekuti rakanyanya kupfuura izvozvo. Imhinduro inoshamisa kuhurombo nekusarongeka nehondo. Yakasiyana-siyana, inonakidza, yakawedzera nyika uye inoshivirira mutsauko kupfuura chero chinhu chakaitika kare, uye iri kukura nekukurumidza kupfuura nakare kose.
Kutaura zvazviri, iko zvino ndiyo inopikisa demokrasi munyika dzakawanda. Ndiwo mashoko akanaka kwazvo. Nekuti kunyangwe nemushandirapamwe weparaganda wandatsanangura, muhupenyu hwangu hakuna kumbobvira kwave nevanhu pasi rese vakaratidza kuziva kukuru kwemauto ezvematongerwo enyika akatarisana navo uye nemikana yekuvapikisa.
Pfungwa yedemocracy inomiririra inodzorwa kubva pazasi apo vamiriri havangosarudzwa chete asi vanogona kunzi zvechokwadi kuti vazvidavirire, yakakosha nhasi sezvazvaive pakatanga kushandiswa muParis Commune makore 133 apfuura. Kana kuri kuvhota, hongu, ndiko kuhwina kwakaoma. Asi maChatist, avo vangangove vakagadzira kuvhota sezvatinoziva nhasi, vakajekesa kuti kwaive kuwana chete kana paine sarudzo yakajeka, yegutsaruzhinji. Uye hapana sarudzo yakajeka, yedemocracy izvozvi. Isu tinorarama mune imwe-ideology mamiriro umo mapoka maviri akafanana akafanana anokwikwidza kuti titarise isu tichisimudzira ngano yemusiyano wavo.
Munyori Arundhati Roy akatsanangura kudururwa kwehasha dzinopesana nehondo gore rapfuura se "kuratidzwa kunoshamisa kwehunhu hweveruzhinji hwakamboonekwa nenyika". Iwayo aingova mavambo uye chikonzero chokuva netariro.
Sei? Nekuti ini ndinofunga kuti vanhu vazhinji vari kutanga kuteerera kune iyo hunhu hwevanhu inova mushonga wesimba rakazara uye neanorara naye: rusaruraganda. Inonzi hana. Isu tose tinayo, uye vamwe nguva dzose vanosundwa kuita chimwe chinhu pamusoro payo. Franz Kafka akanyora, kuti: โUnogona kurega kutambura kwenyika, une mvumo yakasununguka yokuita kudaro uye kuri mukuwirirana nohunhu hwako, asi zvichida uku kuzvidzora chaiko ndiko kutambura kwawangadai wakadzivisa.โ
Hapana mubvunzo kuti kune avo vanotenda kuti vanogona kuramba vakasiyana - vanyori vane mbiri vanonyora maitiro chete, vakabudirira mune zvedzidzo vanoramba vakanyarara, vanyori vanoremekedzwa vanodzokera mumutemo wearcane uye vatori venhau vane mukurumbira vanopikisa: "Hapana akambondiudza zvekutaura." George Orwell akanyora, kuti: โImbwa dze<em>circus dzinosvetuka apo murovedzi anotsemura tyava. Asi imbwa yakanyatso rovedzwa ndiyo inorova rova โโkana pasina tyava.โ
Kune idzo nhengo dzevadiki vedu, vane rombo uye vane simba elite, ini ndinokurudzira mazwi aFlaubert. โNdagara ndichiedza kugara mushongwe yenyanga dzenzou,โ akadaro, โasi mvura zhinji yetsvina iri kurova madziro ayo, ichityisidzira kuiparadza.โ Kune vamwe vedu, ini ndinopa aya mazwi aMahatma Gandhi: "Chekutanga, ivo vanofuratira," akadaro. โVanobva vakuseka. Vanobva varwa newe. Unobva wahwina.โ
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