I have been asked to write an essay that presents the origins and heritage of participatory economics, explains the logical basis for its components, presents and addresses peoplesโ problems with it, and finally makes a case for why diverse people with diverse agendas should care about it. Even seeking brevity, this will require three parts, this being the first.
Chii chinonzi Participatory Economics uye yakabvepi?
Participatory Economics kana Parecon, izano rehupenyu mushure mecapitalism. Kuramwa basa kwekutanga kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakaitwa nevaranda vekuEgipita vakatsamwira Farao uyo akabva pakuda mazuva matanhatu ekushanda kwevhiki nevhiki achivaka mapiramidhi kusvika pakuda manomwe, uye kubva pakupa kudya kwemasikati kusvika pakupa chero chinhu. Kutora chikamu mune zvehupfumi zvine chikwereti chechero chinyorwa, kutaura, uye bhuku, uye yega yega chirongwa chevamiriri uye kurwira kufamba kubva ipapo, kana kunyange zvisati zvaitika, izvo zvakajekesa zvinoreva uye tsika yekusadzidza. Kropotkin, Rocker, Bakunin, Luxembourg, Pannekoek, Goldman, Ehrenreich, uye Chomsky ndezvimwe zvekukurudzira kukuru. Mukuwirirana, muhupfumi hunobatanidza hapana varidzi uye hapana rimwe kirasi rinotonga vamwe vatori vechikamu.
Participatory economics in its current form was fertilized in the late sixties and born in the early to late seventies. It gained clarity when Robin Hahnel and I set out our and other new leftistsโ reactions to various schools of anti capitalist activism in various books and endeavors through the seventies and eighties. It became a well defined proposal by way of a book titled Looking Forward about twenty five years ago. Hahnel and I, echoing many others, addressed economic vision with a commitment to classlessness plus four values that seemed to us likely to be very helpful in organizing and disciplining our thought: self management relating to decision making, equity relating to distribution of benefits and responsibilities, solidarity relating to peopleโs connections, and diversity relating to range of options. Hahnel and I used the four values, later adding ecological balance, plus a desire for classlessness and economic and social success, to orient ourselves as we sought to describe a worthy and workable economy beyond capitalism.
Dzimwe nguva vanhu vaitiudza kuti tinoita setiri kukurukura pfungwa yaingove mupfungwa dzevanhu. Dzimwe nguva, vanhu vaiti taiita sekunge tiri kutaura nezvehurongwa hwaitovapo munyika. Uku kwaisava nyonganiso, asi chokwadi.
Parecon inodudza imwe yemhando yehupfumi, iyo inova yakasununguka kusikwa kwepfungwa iyo, zvisinei, inovavarira kutsanangura zvakakosha zvehupfumi husina kirasi. Inoedza kutsanangura maitiro ekuve nekusaita kirasi, kuzvitonga, kuenzana, kubatana, kusiyana, uye budiriro yezvakatipoteredza, zvehupfumi, uye magariro.
Parecon, zvisinei, zvakare hupfumi huchavepo rimwe zuva umo vashandi chaivo nevatengi vachagadzira uye nekudya zvinhu chaizvo nemasevhisi. Iyo remangwana parecon ine zvivakwa senzvimbo yatisati tamboshanyira. Isu tinofunga nezvazvo, fungidzira zvivakwa, uye pakupedzisira tomisa uye nekudaro toona kana kuzvishandura.
Avo vanotsvaga hupfumi hwekutora chikamu havapi muenzaniso wehungwaru wevaraidzo, kana kushandisa pfungwa dzavo. Havasi kutsvaga kuenderera mberi nemabhuku kuti vawane basa. Vanopa muenzaniso wekubatsira kutsvaga hupfumi hutsva. Vanoripa kuti ribatsire kukunda kunyomba uye kuzivisa kuedza kwazvino.
Parecon's Defining Features uye Breath of Variation
Iwo epakati maficha anonzwa nevamiriri veparecon ndiwo mashoma anodiwa kuti uve neclassless, kuzvitonga, uye neimwe nzira yakabudirira yekutora chikamu hupfumi ndeiyi:
- vashandi nevatengi vanozvitarisira vekanzuru
- mubairo kwenguva yakareba, kusimba, uye kuneta kwebasa rinokosheswa munzanga
- kuenzanisa mabasa emabasa
- uye kuronga kudyidzana
Aya masangano mana anotsanangura hupfumi hwemubatanidzwa nenzira imwecheteyo iyo hupfumi hwakazvimirira, mubhadharo wemidziyo, simba, uye zvinobuda, kupatsanurwa kwemakambani evashandi, uye kugoverwa kwemusika kunotsanangura capitalism.
Isu tinoziva kuti capitalism inogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya kubva pane imwe nguva kuenda kune inotevera uye kuti kusiyana kwe capitalism hakuitike kune nyika dzine vanhu vakasiyana, zviwanikwa, mazinga ehunyanzvi, nhoroondo, kana misiyano mune mamwe mativi ehupenyu hwemagariro. Pamusoro pezvo, misiyano isingaverengeki mukushandiswa kweiyo capitalism yakakosha yehupfumi maficha uye mukuita zvisingaperi zvechipiri, chechitatu, uye chechina hurongwa hwehupfumi hunosiyanisa chiitiko chimwe kubva kune vamwe. Uye zvakafanana zvichabata kune chaihwo hupfumi hunotora chikamu.
Nokudaro, zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupfumi hwekubatana zvinogona kusiyana pakuyerwa kwevashandi, kuti mabasa akaenzana sei, kuti kanzuru inosangana sei nekuita sarudzo, uye ruzivo rwemaitirwo ehurongwa hwekudyidzana hunoitwa, zvikuru, kupfuura ipapo, munzira dzese features.
Chokwadi, chingave chikanganiso chinopedza simba kutsvaga hurongwa husingachinji, husingachinji, uye hwakazara hwehupfumi husina hunhu. Vanhu vanowanzo pomera hupfumi hwemubatanidzwa nekuita izvo chaizvo, zvisinei kuti hazvina kumbobvira zvasvika kure kure nechimiro chakadaro. Parecon haichinjiki kana kusachinjika uye haichatsananguri zvakare ruzivo rwezvese hupfumi huchatora chikamu mune ramangwana, kana hupfumi humwechete hunogona kutora chikamu mune ramangwana, kupfuura chero tsananguro yakafara yezvinotsanangurwa ne capitalism inotiudza zvese nezveUS, Sweden, Chile, kana South Africa. , ndoda pamusoro pavo vose.
Iyo yekutora chikamu yehupfumi modhi inotsanangura chepakati chinotsanangura maficha ayo vatsigiri vayo vanotenda kuti zvakakosha kuti uwane kusaita kirasi uye kuendesa kuzvitonga, kuenzana, kubatana, uye kusiyana uku uchizadzisa zvinodikanwa uye kuvandudza zvinogoneka nenzira yemagariro uye yemagariro.
Iyo Logic iri pasi peParecon's Defining Features
Self Managed Councils
Sei vatsigiri vezvehupfumi hunotora chikamu vachiona vashandi vanozvitarisira uye makanzuru evatengi seakakosha kuti hupfumi huve husina kirasi?
Rimwe remabasa akakosha ekutsanangura hupfumi hwepost capitalist kumisa mukati mayo kuita sarudzo kwakakodzera. Kuti hupfumi hubvise kugovaniswa kwesimba nepesvedzero zvisina kururama, hunofanirwa kusimudzira mushandi wega wega nemutengi kutora chikamu pamwero wakakodzera wepesvedzero muzvisarudzo zvinobata hupenyu hwavo. Kana pasina munhu anofanirwa kutora chinzvimbo chakasarudzika kupfuura chinotorwa nevamwe vanhu, saka munhu wega wega anofanira kunge aine hukama hwakakura hwakafanana pakuita sarudzo sezvakaita vamwe vanhu.
Kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuzadzisa izvozvo. Semuenzaniso, tinokwanisa kuita kuti munhu wese atore vhoti imwe chete mune zvese sarudzo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu wese anobatwa zvakafanana, zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvine zero pandiri. Saka nei ndichifanira kuva nekutaura kwakafanana nevanhu vanobatanidzwa zvakananga avo vanonyanya kukanganiswa? Kune rumwe rutivi, pamusoro pezvisarudzo apo ini ndinobatanidzwa zvikuru, nei ndisingafaniri kutaura zvakawanda kupfuura vanhu vanongobatwa zvisina kunaka?
Kutsvaga nzwisiso iri nyore asi tichida kuti muitiro mumwe chete ushande kumunhu wese, kunopa pfungwa yekuti mutambi wese anofanirwa kuve nekutaura muzvisarudzo zvehupfumi zvichienderana nekukanganiswa kwaanoitwa nazvo. Izvi, izvo vatsigiri vezvehupfumi hwekubatana vanodana self management, kukosha. Tasvika pazviri, tinogona kufunga nezvezvazvinoreva uye tosarudza kana zvakaringana uye zvakare zvichibatsira kune zvakanakisa sarudzo.
Kana tikabvumirana kuti vashandi nevatengi vanofanirwa kuve neruremekedzo mumibairo inoenderana nemabatirwo avari kuitwa navo, vari kuenda kupi kushandisa simba iri? Zvingave isu tinenge tisina fungidziro, asi vamiriri vezvehupfumi vanotora chikamu vakaona zvakaoma kufunga chero mhinduro kunze kwekuti vashandi nevatengi vachafanira kuzviita vachibatana nevamwe vashandi nevatengi, mumwe nemumwe anotora chikamu achiita dzimwe nguva ari oga uye dzimwe nguva mukonti nevamwe. , asi nevatori vechikamu vese vari pachinzvimbo chekushandisa ruzivo rwakakodzera uye kushandisa kusatya kwakakodzera nehunyanzvi hwekuita sarudzo.
Dzimwe nguva tichaita zvisarudzo semunhu mumwe nemumwe. Dzimwe nguva tinozviita mumapoka madiki kana makuru. Tichava nekutaura kwakawanda kana kushoma muzvisarudzo, pachedu kana mumapoka, zvichienderana nekuti zvingangoitika zvinobata sei kwatiri maererano nemabatiro azvinoita vamwe. Vashandi nevatengi - semunhu mumwe nemumwe, muzvikwata zvidiki, munzvimbo yese yebasa kana makanzuru emunharaunda, pamwe neakaunganidzwa emakanzura - vanozotaura uye kuratidza zvavanoda.
Kuti nzvimbo dzekutora chikamu kwevashandi nevatengi dzive kuzvitonga zvinoda kuti vashandise nzira dzekugovana ruzivo, kukurukura nezvesarudzo, uye kuverengera zvaunofarira, izvo zvinopa mushandi wega wega nemutengi kutaura zvinoenderana nedhigirii ravanokanganisa. Asi zvinodawo kuti vashandi nevatengi vagadzirire kutora chikamu munhaurirano dzakabatana. Hurukuro dzakazara dzemacontours ekuzvitonga kwaizogadzirisa kuti ingataridzika sei mumamiriro akasiyana, kusanganisira kutsanangura nyaya dzakabatana, nzira, nezvimwe zvakadaro, asi pfungwa yese iri nyore.
Kune mamwe marudzi esarudzo vanhu vanoona kuti munhu mumwechete vhoti imwe uye kutonga kweruzhinji ndiko kwakanyanya. Kune vamwe, vangangoda zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu, zvitatu, kana kubvumirana. Dzimwe nguva zvido zvinoratidzwa nemunhu mumwechete, nevanhu vashoma, kana nevashandi vese vari muchirimwa kana nevatengi vese mune imwe nzvimbo. Sarudzo dzemunharaunda hongu dzinoitika mumamiriro ehurongwa hwakakura hwakabatanidzwa kutsunga kwehupfumi hwekupinda uye zvinobuda. Wese munhu ane kodzero yekutaura mune zvese zvabuda.
Pfungwa yevashandi nemakanzuru evatengi ine nhoroondo refu mukunetsana kwevashandi nekuratidzira kwepabasa uye dzimwe nguva zvakare mukuronga nharaunda. Ndosaka vamiriri veparecon vasingafungi chero chinhu kunze kwevashandi vanozvitarisira uye makanzuru evatengi senzvimbo huru dzekuita sarudzo dzehupfumi. Vashandi nevatengi vanokwevera kune iyi sarudzo ivo pachavo pese pavanoita kuramba kwakapararira. Kujekeswa kweParecon kwakajeka kwekuzvitonga sechigadziro chekuita sarudzo ingori kunatsiridza zvine mwero uko kwagara kwakajeka mune zvakakurumbira zvimiro. Kune rimwe divi, hongu, vamwe vanhu vanokahadzika makanzuru ekuzvitonga, uye isu tichafunga zvinovanetsa gare gare, asi, parizvino, ngatienderere mberi neongororo yedu pfupi yepfungwa yekutsanangura maficha eparecon.
Mubairo Wenguva, Kusimba, uye Kuneta Kwebasa Rinokosheswa Nemagariro
Iyo inotevera inotsanangura chimiro inobata pane vatambi vanoti pane chikamu chesocial chigadzirwa. Chii chinofanira kutonga izvo munhu wega wega ari mumubatanidzwa wehupfumi anogamuchira semari? Ndedzipi pfungwa dzinoratidza kuti chikumbiro cheparecon chakakosha pakusaita kirasi uye kugona?
Tinoda zvinhu zviviri kubva kuchirongwa chekubhadhara kana zvakajairwa. Kune rimwe divi, inoda kugovanisa zvinobuda munharaunda nenzira ine hutsika. Munhu wose anofanira kuwana mari inoratidza zvisungo zvakakodzera zvetsika pane kuzvityora. Chechipiri, zvisinei, chirongwa chekubhadhara chinofanirawo kupa vanhu kurudziro ine musoro mune zveupfumi inova nechokwadi chekuti zvinogoneka munharaunda zvichashandiswa kuzadzikisa zvinodiwa pasina kutambisa tsvina.
Chido chekuva netsika dzakanaka ndosaka vashandi veparecon vachiwana mari yakawanda yekushanda kwenguva yakareba, yakaoma, kana pamamiriro ezvinhu anorema uye, saizvozvowo, sei parecon isingapi mari yakawanda kune mumwe munhu ane simba rakawanda, ane pfuma, ari muindasitiri kugadzira chimwe chinhu. zvakakosha zvikuru, kana kuva nevaunoshanda navo vanobudirira zvikuru, maturusi ari nani, kana kuti matarenda emuzvarirwo anobudirira okushanda nawo.
Iine parecon's equity yakajairwa munzvimbo, isu tese tinowana pamwero wakafanana. Tese tinotambira netarisiro yakafanana. Hatishandisi mumwe. Hapana munhu anogona kuwana mari yakawandisa kupfuura vamwe, nekuti hapana anogona kushanda zvakawandisa kana zvakanyanya kupfuura vamwe. Uye kana mumwe munhu akawana mari yakawanda kupfuura mumwe munhu, zvinongori zvezvikonzero izvo munhu wese anobvumirana kuti zvinotenderwa.
Ehe, nhaurirano izere inobata pfungwa dzakanangana kuratidza kugona kwekupedzisira, kukosha, uye magadzirirwo, asi musimboti ndewekuti pane kubhadhara midziyo, simba, kana kunyange zvinobuda, chimwe nechimwe chinotungamira mukusiyana kukuru kwemari nehupfumi izvo zvisingaite. vane chero hwaro hwetsika kunze kweimwe kana imwe nzira yeelitism uye iyo inounza zvikwereti zvakakura nenzira yehurombo, kunotevera kudzivirira hupfumi, uye zvichingodaro - parecon inosarudza kubhadhara chete kuti zvakaoma sei uye kwenguva yakareba sei isu tinoshanda uye kusagadzikana kwatinotsungirira. shanda. Kubatanidzwa mune zvehupfumi zvinoti izvi zvinoremekedza kushanda nesimba kwatiri kuita pamwe nekuomerwa kupi kwatiri kutsungirira kuti tigadzire zvinhu zvinokosheswa nevanhu.
Chikamu chekukurudzira chebasa remubairo, kuti rinofanira kuwana basa rinodiwa rakaitwa pasina tsvina isina kufanira, ndicho chinoita kuti parecon izivise kuti basa rinowana mari rinofanira kunge rakakosha munharaunda. Kana ndikatsvaga mari yemaawa andinopedza ndichigadzira mimhanzi, kuvaka dzimba, kuridza shortstop yetimu yebhora (kana kuchera makomba nekuazadza), handingavi nekugutsikana nekuti handikwanise kuita chero chimwe chezvinhu izvozvo zvakanaka kuti ndibvumire kushandisa zviwanikwa zvakabatana. Basa rakadaro, rakaitwa neni, haringakosheswi munzanga nekuti ini handikwanise kuita mabasa iwayo zvine mutsindo. Ini handina zvikwanisiro izvozvo.
Kana ndikati, pane kudaro, ndibhadhare maawa andinoshandisa kugadzira bhasikoro kana mushonga, kana kuti pamwe kunyora rondedzero yemagariro, uye kana chiri chigadzirwa chinodiwa nenzanga uye chandinokwanisa kugadzira zvine hungwaru, ipapo ndinogona kuwana mari mwero wakajairwa wekuedza kwangu, asi ini handigone kungomira-famba ndoti, hee, ndashanda, ndibhadhare. Ini ndinofanira kugadzira zvinobuda zvinoenderana nenguva yandinoti ndapedza. Ini handibhadharwe kukosha kwechipo chandinogadzira, asi pamwe chete nevandinoshanda navo mukanzuru, basa rangu rinofanirwa kuburitsa zvakakosha kana richizoonekwa serinokodzera mubairo wenguva yaro, kusimba, uye kunetsa.
Kurudziro yemaitiro ehupfumi ekutora chikamu mukubhadhara ndizvo chaizvo zvazvinofanira kuva. Ndine kurudziro yekushanda nemazvo, nesimba, uye pazvinenge zvichidiwa kutsungirira kusagadzikana kuita zvinhu zvinobatsira munharaunda. Ini handisundirwi kana kumanikidzwa kushanda kwenguva yakareba kana zvakanyanya kana mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa kupfuura hutano hwangu kana rubatsiro rwesosaiti, kubasa nekushandisa. Uye mune izvi zvese ndinobatwa zvakangofanana nevamwe vese.
Heino nzira inoburitsa yekufunga nezvayo iyo mumwe mumiriri weparecon, Peter Bohmer, anowanzo kusimbisa. Fungidzira basa rako / mari yaunowana pamwe nekutandara nguva yekusashanda serudzi rwebundle rine akasiyana siyana mhedzisiro pauri nevamwe. Wese munhu anogona kushanda ane bundle rakadaro kusanganisira kutandara kwavo nebasa/mari yavo. Kubatanidzwa mune zvehupfumi kunoti kukosha kwese kwese kwese kwese kwemushandi wega wega kunofanirwa kunge kwakafanana nekukosha kwese kwemamwe mabundle evamwe vashandi. Zvatinoenzanisa ihuwandu hwekukosha kwebasa pamwe nekukosha kwemari yakagamuchirwa pairi uye kukosha kwekuzorora.
Kujekesa zvakare, fungidzira kuti munhu wese anoshanda zvakaenzana kwenguva yakareba, zvakaoma zvakaenzana, uye pasi pemamiriro akafanana - uye isu tose tinoshandisa zvakanaka nguva yedu nezviwanikwa zvatinoshandisa kuitira kuti vamwe vabatsirwe zvakaringana kutendera basa redu. Zvirokwazvo uhwu hurongwa hwakaenzana. Zvakanaka, asi zvino funga kuti unodaidzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu (kana zvaunofarira) kuti ushande kwenguva yakareba, kana kuti zvakaoma, kana kutsungirira mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa. Sei uchibvumirana nazvo? Kuti zvive zvakanaka, waizozviita kuti uwane mari yakawanda inobvisa mari yekuwedzera kubasa. Kana, ngatiti iwe ungada kushanda maawa mashoma, kana kushoma, kana pasi pemamiriro ari nani. Sei nzanga - kana vaunoshanda navo - vachiti, zvakanaka, chokwadi, enda mberi, tora nguva yakawanda? Pindura, nekuti iwe uchatora mari shoma, uye mari yako / yebasa bundle icharamba yakaenzana pamwe neyevamwe vese.
Pasina kutsanangurwa zvakanyanya mumharidzo iyi vamiriri veparecon vanoti kubhadhara kwenguva yakareba, kusimba, uye kunetsa kwebasa rinokosheswa munharaunda kwakakosha pakusaita kirasi nekuti zvakaoma kuona kuti munhu anogona sei kugadzira kuenzana pamwe nekukurudzira kwakakodzera uye zvinobuda neimwe nzira. . Sarudzo dzinojairika, dzakadai sesimba remuripo, midziyo, uye/kana zvinobuda, zvinopa misiyano mikuru yemari, kurwira zvakapambwa, uye kupesvedzera kunopesana nemagariro. Neimwe nzira, kurega munhu wese aite chero basa raanoda, chero mari yaanosarudza, uye vobva vashandisa chero zvavanenge vada njodzi dzinodiwa kune zvinobuda zvinopihwa zvebasa, asi, chero zvazvingave, hazviburitse zvinokurudzira zvakajeka kana kujekesa kunodiwa pamusoro pezvavanoda, a. pfungwa yatichadzokera kwairi gare gare kana tichifunga zvikonzero vamwe vanhu vanokahadzika hunhu hweparecon kana mukana.
Muchidimbu, maererano netsika, pareconist anopokana kuti nguva, kusimba, uye kunetsa kwebasa chimwe nechimwe chine tsika chinokodzera kubhadharwa. Ndivo izvo mushandi anobatsira kune social product. Kana paine imwe nzira ine hunhu, zvakanaka, asi isu hatione kuti chii. Uye hazvisizvo, zvinoratidzika kwatiri, simba remubhadharo, pfuma, kana kuve nani kana kushanda pane chimwe chinhu chinonzi chakakosha (kuchengeta nekuda kuti chive chakakosha zvachose), kana kuva nemidziyo iri nani, kana kuva nematarenda emuzvarirwo.
Nezvekurudziro, mutarisiri anopokana kuti nguva, kusimba, uye kusimba ndiwo hunhu hunogona kuburitswa uye hunodiwa nenzanga, kusvika pane imwe nguva. Zvinokurudzira kubiridzira, kuba, kudzvinyirira, uye kusvibisa, kune rumwe rutivi, hazvidiwi nenzanga. Vanogadzira mamiriro ezvinhu anongobatsira avo vanounganidza purofiti, nemutengo wakakura kune vamwe.
Nezvezvigumisiro, kuti tive nechokwadi chokuti izvo zvinogadzirwa zvine musoro wehupfumi, isu tinoda kuti basa rive rinodiwa nevanhu uye rinobudirira. Kubhadhara kune izvo zvisina zvazvinobatsira kune vamwe zvakakwana kupa chikonzero chekushandisa zviwanikwa zvakashandiswa mukusika kwacho kunotyora pfungwa uye kuderedza kubatsirikana kwese. Kupa mubairo zvivakwa, simba, kana kuburitsa, kana kufuratira kuti kuedza kunoitwa kunoda kubatsira munharaunda kunotsauka kubva kune zvese kuenzana uye kushanda zvakanaka, ndosaka parecon ichisarudza maitiro ayo emubhadharo.
Balanced Job Complexes
Chechitatu chinotsanangudza chimiro chekutora chikamu chehupfumi hunyanzvi hwebasa. Mushandi wega wega anoita musanganiswa wemabasa zvekuti huwandu hwemabasa avo ebasa hwuve nemhedzisiro yekugonesa kwavari semusanganiswa webasa remumwe mushandi kune vamwe vese. Parecon anoti kusaita kirasi uye kuzvitonga hazvigone kuita pasina rudzi urwu kuenzanisa. Ndedzipi pfungwa dzinotungamirira kukutaura uku?
Chekutanga, nzvimbo dzebasa dzakadzikama hadzisi dzekururama kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Kana mumwe munhu achinakidzwa nemamiriro arinani kana akanyanya kuipa, nzira yekubhadhara inoburitsa kururamisira nekubhadhara zvakafanira musiyano. Balanced job complexes pane panzvimbo pekuparadzanisa kwekirasi uye mutemo wekirasi.
Tinoda kusadzidza uye netsanangudzo zvinoreva kuti hatidi masangano edu ehupfumi kuti ape vamwe vagari simba rakawanda ravanokurudzirwa kushandisa kuzviunganidzira hupfumi hwakawandisa uye mamiriro ari nani.
Tinoziva kuti kana tikarega vanhu vave venzira dzekugadzira uye nekuona kushandiswa kwayo, maonero avo evamwe uye vavariro dzavo dzose dzichakanganiswa saka ivo vanozotonga zvinobuda uye kuunganidza hupfumi hwakanyanya. Nechikonzero ichocho tinoramba kuva nevaridzi sekirasi pamusoro pevashandi.
Asi zvinozoitikawo kuti kana vamwe vanhu vakangoita basa rekubvisa simba vamwe vanhu vachingopa simba rekushanda, vaimbove vashandi vechivanhu vanozotongwa nevekupedzisira "boka remurongi". Mamaneja, magweta, vanachiremba, maakaunti, uye vamwe vanoita mabasa ekusimudzira mukati mechikamu chebasa revashandi, vachaita, nekuda kwechivimbo, ruzivo, kuwana mavheti ekuita sarudzo, zvido zvako, mufananidzo wevamwe, uye zvinokurudzira izvo. chinzvimbo chavo chekuvapa simba chinovapa, kutonga pamusoro pevashandi - avo, nekuda kwechinzvimbo chavo chekudzikisira vanozoshaya zvinhu zvinogonesa kuita sarudzo uye kunyange kuratidzika kunge vasingakwanisi kutora chikamu chepfungwa.
Pfungwa yekutsvaga mabasa akaenzana inobva pane zvakaonekwa izvi nekuti kana tikaramba kuti vamwe vanhu vatore masimba ezvimiro nemabasa uye nekudaro tive "boka remurongi" rakasiyana pamusoro pevashandi, saka tinoda kupatsanurwa kwevashandi kusingapi vamwe vanhu chete. kupa simba uye vanhu vazhinji kusasimba basa. Ndizvo zvinoratidzika kuva vatsigiri vezvehupfumi hwekubatana mhedziso isinganzvengeki iyo inoda kuti isu tibvise nenzira yakakamurwa kugoverwa kwemabasa.
Tine hunyanzvi hwekuita basa tichiri kugamuchira hunyanzvi sezvo hunyanzvi hwakakosha pakuita basa rinokosheswa munharaunda, asi mushandi wega wega anoita musanganiswa wemabasa - kwete kungonongedza kana kupa simba chete - uye kwete nyanzvi chete kana zvechivanhu - kuitira kuti munhu wese agadzirirwe zvakafanana uye zvakakwana. chinzvimbo chavo cheupfumi kuti vatore chikamu mumakanzuru ekuzvitonga. Parecon ine kupatsanurwa kwevashandi zvekuti vese vashandi vane musanganiswa wemabasa ayo, anotorwa pamwechete, anovapa simba zvakafanana. Izvi zvinodzivirira kuve nekupatsanurwa kwevashandi kunotanga boka remurongi rinotonga boka revashandi.
Kupatsanurwa kwevashandi kunozivikanwa kubva ku capitalism asiwo kubva kune yakadanwa kunzi socialism yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Iyo ine hurongwa hwebasa husina kuenzana umo vangangoita makumi maviri muzana yevashandi vanoita mabasa ese ekupa simba nepo vamwe vashandi vachiita mabasa akawandisa. Boka rekare rinogara richiwana nekuwanazve chivimbo chinodiwa, ruzivo, hunyanzvi, uye kunyangwe simba rekuita sarudzo. Boka rekupedzisira panzvimbo pacho rinowedzera kunyanya kuneta. Uye mutsauko uyu unovakirwa mukukamurwa kwevashandi uko kunopa mhedzisiro, sekuve nevaridzi vega kunomanikidza kuti macapitalist atonge mhedzisiro yehupfumi. Kureva kuti, semacapitalist anotonga varidzi zvinovapa simba rakakura uye rinopesana nemagariro asi zvinangwa zvekuzvishandira, saizvozvowo boka remurongi kuita basa rekupa simba rinovapa simba rakakura (kunyanya kana pasina macapitalist pamusoro) uye zvibodzwa zvekusagarisana nevamwe asi kuzvishandira.
Tora fekitari uye uzivise chishuwo chekuigadzira yakaenzana, yakarurama, uye ine hunhu. Hazvinei kuti uri kurevesa zvakadii, ukaramba uri muridzi wega unotadza nekuti huvepo hwahwo huchakanganisa mabasa ako. Saizvozvo, kunyangwe iwe ukabvisa hupfumi hwepachivande kuti pasave nemacapitalist, kana ukachengeta chikamu chevashandi zvakare unokundikana kunyangwe ukaedza zvakaoma sei. Kugovaniswa kwevashandi kuchakanganisa kuedza kwako. Izvi zvinocherechedzwa zvinoburitswa neruzivo rwakanyanya uye runozivikanwa rwevanhu nemasangano, asiwo nemienzaniso isingaverengeki yenhoroondo yemhando mbiri dzekutadza.
Naizvozvo zvinozoitika kuti kuva nemabasa akaenzanirana hakusi chinhu chemutambarakede kana kuti chikamu chezvehupfumi chinopindirana asi, pachinzvimbo, chiri musimboti wekuwana kusakwana. Maonero ezvehupfumi anodyidzana ndeekuti kuva nechikamu chevashandi kuchapidigura kuedza kuwana kusaita kirasi, kuzvitonga, uye kuenzana, asi kuve nemabasa akaenzana kunosimudzira izvo zvinodikanwa zvinangwa. Kuti ive yakakwana, vamiriri veparecon vanodoma kirasi inogonesa basa rekupa simba iro kirasi yemurongi uye vanodoma masisitimu ehupfumi anokwidziridza kirasi iyi kune chinzvimbo chekutonga (nekuda kwekutadza kubvisa kupatsanurwa kwevashandi) coordinator. Mhando mbiri dzehupfumi hune hunhu uhu, uye hunonzi vamiriri veparecon vanodaidza kuti coordinatorist, ndidzo dzakaenda pasi peiyo label market socialism uye nepakati yakarongwa socialism.
Kuronga Kubatanidzwa
Sechina uye chekupedzisira chinotsanangura chimiro chekutora chikamu chehupfumi, sei hupfumi huchifanira kuve nehurongwa hwekutora chikamu huve husina kirasi, kuzvitonga, nezvimwe? Hazvingave nyore here kunamatira pamisika inokwikwidza vatambi vakasiyana, kana kusarudza kuronga kwepakati kunoitwa kubva kumusoro zvichidzika? Ndedzipi pfungwa dzinoda rudzi rutsva rwekugovera?
Vatsigiri vezvehupfumi vanotora chikamu vanobvuma pachena kuti zvingave nyore kunamatira pamisika kana kuronga pakati pane kutora hurongwa hutsva hwekugovera, asi vanosimbisawo kuti kuchengetedza masisitimu echinyakare ekugovanisa kungave kuzviuraya kuti uwane kusaita kirasi, zvishoma kuwana zvizere. self management, equity, etc.
Vatsigiri vezvehupfumi vanotora chikamu vanoti misika uye kuronga kwepakati zvine zvikanganiso zvemukati izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya sarudzo dzehupfumi dzezvekugadzira nekushandisa, uye kuti, kunyangwe kunze kweizvozvo, vane hunhu hwemukati hunomanikidza vashandi nevatengi kuita sarudzo dzinopesana nekuchengetedza kuzvitonga. , kubatana, kuenzana, kusava nemapoka, utariri hwezvinhu zvipenyu, nezvimwewo. Hatina sarudzo, naizvozvo. Kana isu tichida kusaita kirasi, isu tinofanirwa kusarudza nzira nyowani yekugovera.
Kunyangwe hazvo nhaurirano dzakadai dzichida zvakawanda kuti dzikwane, muchidimbu, netsanangudzo yayo chaiyo, kuronga kwepakati kunopa simba rakawandisa kune vanoronga uye nekuderera kwesimba kune vamwe. Vanorongawo, vanoda vanobatana vakavimbika mukati mebasa kuti vatevedzere mirairo yevanoronga uye zvakare kuunganidza ruzivo rwunodiwa nevarongi. Kana huruva yagadzikana tinodzokera kumusiyano pakati pevagadziri vane simba nevasina simba - kureva, nhengo dzekirasi nevashandi.
Kupfuurirazve, kana vangove nechimiro chekirasi yekutonga, vanoronga nevamwe vavo vane simba vekirasi nhengo dzekirasi vanopeta sarudzo kuti vafambise zvido zvavo, kunyangwe muzita rekuchengetedza system. Izvi zvinogoneka zvichibva mukunzwisisa vanhu, masisitimu, nezvimwewo, asi zvakare zvinoburitswa nenhoroondo yemakumi maviri emakore socialism - iyo yakabvisa varidzi asi yakamisa murongi mutemo wekirasi panzvimbo yawo.
Nemisika nyaya yacho yakafanana kunyange hazvo ruzivo rwakasiyana zvakanyanya. Asi uko kuronga kwepakati kunogona kuita nharo kusvika pakuyerwa kwakaringana kwezvigadzirwa zvehupfumi nemaitirwo, misika haigone kuwana kunyangwe izvo nekuti ivo vanotadza kutsanangura mitengo maererano neruzhinji uye zvemagariro zvinhu, kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, nezvimwewo. Misika inomanikidzawo kuti vatambi vazvibate egocentrically, kunyangwe narcissistically, uye kuita pane ipfupi nguva yakatarwa. Hatina chimwe chatingaita kunze kwokuita zvisarudzo tisina hanya kana kuti kunyange ruzivo rupi zvarwo rwezvinorehwa nevamwe vakatipoteredza, zvikuru kune vamwe vari kure nenharaunda kana kuti vanogara mune ramangwana. Zvirokwazvo, nemisika, kubatana kunorangwa, makaro anotuswa.
Saizvozvo, asi zvisinganyanyi kunzwisiswa, misika inokurudzira kirasi kutonga. Mukumhanya-mhanya kutora chikamu chemusika uye kuti udzivise kukwikwidzwa zvakakosha kudzikisa mitengo. Mushure meimwe pfungwa, izvi zvinogona kuitwa chete pamutengo wevashandi nevatengi. Kuzviita kunoda vanoita sarudzo vasingakendengi kune zvakakura zvinodiwa munharaunda uye vadzivirirwe kubva pakurasikirwa kunotemerwa mutengo wevashandi nevatengi. Iri ndiro boka remurongi rinoshandiswa nemafemu kuti rive nechokwadi chekuwedzera kunyangwe zvichipesana nezvishuwo zvevashandi zvekuzvitonga.
Kutsoropodza kwega kwega kwakasimudzwa pamusoro, ndoda kwese, kunyangwe kutsanangurwa zvakazara, kunopa chikonzero chekuve anobvisa pamusika uye kujoinha korasi yakajairwa kupikisa kuronga kwepakati. Asi tichiongorora mapoinzi ari pamusoro apa zvaizoratidza pasina kupokana kuti zvingave zvakanaka kuve nehurongwa hutsva hwekugovera husina kuunza kupatsanurwa kwekirasi uye hwaikwanisa kukoshesa mhedzisiro yemunhu, magariro, uye ecology, uye kuve nehurongwa hwekugovera inogadzirwa nemasimba ayo kubatana kwete kupesana nemagariro uye kusiyana-siyana pane kuita homogeneity, nei tichifanira kutora, kunyanya, kuronga kwekudyidzana? Sei izvozvo zvichizadzisa hurongwa hwedu? Ko kana kutora hurongwa hwekutora chikamu kwaisazove nechokwadi chekuwana mibairo asi kuchizotora hupfumi kubva mupani yekupisa kuenda mumoto?
Sezvakange zvakaita kutsanangudza kwepakutanga, gakava riri pasi pekuronga kwekutora chikamu harina kuoma. We want social behaviour not anti social behaviour. Tinoda kutora chikamu zvine ruzivo nematanho akakodzera ekuti, kwete zvigaro zvehutongi. Tinoda mari yechokwadi yemagariro uye mabhenefiti ayo anotorwa nehungwaru uye zvakasununguka muzvisarudzo, kwete mari yemanyepo uye mabhenefiti anozvida anoshandiswa uye kushandiswa.
Zvishuwo izvi zvinoda kuti avo vanobatwa nesarudzo vataurirane zvabuda uye kunyangwe kukurudzira uku chete kwakaringana, ndinofungidzira, kupfupisa tsvakiridzo yedu yekugovera mukuronga kwemubatanidzwa sekutsanangurwa kwemhando dzeparecon, kana kune chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kufanana nacho, chero rate.
Mukuronga kwekutora chikamu, vashandi nevatengi vanogona kutaura zvavanoda vakasununguka uye izvi hazvigone kudziviswa kana tichida kuzvitonga. Mukuita izvi, vashandi nevatengi vane nguva, ruzivo, uye kurudziro yekufunga zvinorehwa nevamwe uye kugadzirisa sarudzo dzavo zvinoenderana, mukudzokera nekumberi kune simba. Kana mumwe munhu achinge afunga nezvedambudziko rekugoverwa ane zvakawanda mundangariro, zvimwe zvinofambiswa nezvipingamupinyi zvekuva nemakosheni chaiwo pamwe nekutaura kwakakodzera kune vese vatambi. Ndiwo mabudisiro akaita Hahnel neni macontours, chero zvazvingaite, tichiwedzera muhurongwa hwekutaurirana uye hwekudyidzana hwakaitwa nematanho ekanzuru uye zvimiro zvekufambisa sezvazvaidikanwa kuita kuti mashandiro acho ave akakodzera uye anoshanda kusanganisira kukwanisa kubata nekukatyamadzwa kwangasingatarisirwe, shanduko mune zvinonaka, zvitsva zvinowanikwa, nezvimwe.
Kuronga kwekutora chikamu, saka, ingori chiratidzo chesangano chenguva refu anarchist, decentralized socialist, uye kunyangwe murairo wechitendero wekuti vashandi nevatengi vanofanira kusarudza kugadzira uye kushandisa ivo pachavo maererano nezvavanoda uye zvido zvavo uye kwete kumanikidzwa nesarudzo dzakaiswa nevamwe. yakamanikana elite kana kirasi inotonga, kunyangwe paine pfungwa yeparecon yekuzvitonga yakawedzerwa.
Asi chokwadi mutsoropodzi anogona kutaura kuti zvinonzwika zvine mbiri kunze kwekunge hurongwa hwese hwaizopinda nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Uye, hongu, kune zvakare vangati kuzvitonga hazvina musoro nekuti zvinoburitsa mbeveve nekushandisa hunyanzvi, kana kuti ndiani angati mubairo wakaenzana hauna maturo nekuti kuchave nekusakwana kurudziro yekuve chiremba kana mamwe mabasa anoda mijenya. yekudzidziswa uye ine hunyanzvi hwekuita, kana kuti nzvimbo dzebasa dzakadzikama hadzina maturo nekuti dzakanyanya uye chero chiitiko vanhu vazhinji havagone kuita zvazvinoda, kana pakupedzisira kuronga kwekutora chikamu hakuna maturo nekuti inodonha, kwete muhunhu hwayo. , asi mukushandiswa kwayo. Izvi zvese zvakaringana, nekuti kana chimwe cheicho chiri chokwadi, parecon ingave isina kukanganisa uye inoda kugadziridzwa kana, kana kugadziridza kwakaratidza kusingabviri, kuvharirwa zvachose. Hapana chimwe chazvo, kunyangwe chiri chokwadi, zvakadaro, chingapa mvumo yekudzoka kumisika kana kupatsanurwa kwevashandi, kana kuve muridzi wepachivande, zvichienzaniswa nekuramba uchitsvaga chiratidzo chinoshanda kupfuura zvese izvi.
Parecon's Current Status
Tichatora zvinonetsa zviri pamusoro, uye nezvimwe zvakare, muchikamu chechipiri cheongororo iyi, asi kunyangwe zvisati zvaitika, isu tinogona kubvunza, nei munhu achifanira kutora zvakakomba kunyangwe mukana wekuti iwo mana anotsanangura maficha eparecon angave anodiwa chero chiitiko? Kana zvaidiwa kana zvichigoneka, semuenzaniso, vanhu vazhinji havafanirwe kunge vari kukurukura, kukakavara, nekukurudzira kudyidzana kwehupfumi, kana kuedza kuona kugona kwayo? Kana parecon ingave yakakodzera kana zvichigoneka, sei pasina mamwe wongororo, zvinyorwa, uye tsigiro pamwe nekutsoropodza?
Kutora chikamu kwehupfumi, semhando dzese dzekufungidzira pakatanga kuratidzwa, pakutanga kwaisaonekwa zvachose. Makore makumi maviri nemashanu gare gare, zvisinei, ichiri yakafukidzwa, ngatitii, pamwero mukuru. Inotamburira kubva pasi pemaketeni ekunyarara nguva nenguva, asi inozodzokera pasi. Kunyangwe isu tichifunga chete anti capitalist, kunyangwe zvinhu zvatanga kushanduka sezvo zvishoma nezvishoma anti capitalist vasangana neparecon uye vakatanga kuzviongorora ivo pachavo, uye seLatin America neEuropean zviitiko, uye kunyange mavhoti, mavhoti, uye kushushikana kuri pachena mukati. iyo US neUK dzatanga kuisa nyaya yezvatinoda pamberi - kuchiri kufambira mberi kuri kunonoka, uye hurukuro inooneka inenge isipo. Asi sei hurongwa uhu hwatora nguva yakareba kudaro, uye nei, kunyangwe iyezvino, paine nhaurwa shoma shoma yechiratidzo ichi kunyangwe huwandu huri kukura hwevaratidziri pamidzi yehuswa huri kutanga kutora parecon zvakakomba?
Imwe mhinduro inogoneka, yakanaka uye isina zvayakarerekera, ingori kuti mazano matsva uye magadzirirwo anowanzoda nguva yakawanda kuti atarise mukuona, uye kunyange yakawanda nguva yekuwana yakakomba veruzhinji kuongororwa. Ndinofunga kuti ichi chikamu chenyaya yacho. Asi ndinofungawo kuti haisiriyo nyaya yacho yese.
Sei, semuenzaniso, pasati pave neakawanda wongororo uye zvinyorwa pamusoro peparecon, ingave yakanyanya kutsoropodza, kana zvinyoro kana kutsigira zvine hasha? Ndinofunga kuti pane zvikamu zviviri kumhinduro kupfuura kungocherechedza kuti zvinhu zvakadai zvinotora nguva.
The first part is that there is relatively little written, whether as a review or otherwise, about any economic vision at all. It isnโt just particpatory economics that goes under-discussed (even in alternative media), but other economic visions as well (and, really, any kind of vision at all).
Ita chimwe chirevo chitsva pamusoro pemashandiro anoita capitalism, kana rusaruraganda, kana chero, munyika yatinotsungirira zuva nezuva, uye ichaparadzaniswa ad nauseam, kunyanya kana vanhu vaine nzira yekusabvumirana nazvo. Ita kumwe kutaura pamusoro pechinofanira kutsiva capitalism, rusaruraganda, kana chero, zvisinei, uye panogona kunge paine crescendo yekunyarara. Izvi ndezvechokwadi zvisinei nekuti ndezvipi zvinotaurwa nevaoni.
Asi nepo kusiri-chaicho kuona kusarudzika kuchitsanangura kureba, kunonoka kukwevera chero zviono, ndinofunga chikamu chechipiri chemhinduro munyaya yehupfumi hwemubatanidzwa, ndeyekuti parecon ine hunhu hunotungamira vanhu vanomhanyisa zvinyorwa zvinofambira mberi, maredhiyo, uye. masangano kure nekupa iyo kunyange ine mwero kuoneka. Ndokunge, kana parecon ikasimudzirwa zvakanyanya kuruboshwe, pachamuka kudzvanywa kwekuchinja mumasangano ekuruboshwe kuti avafambise munzira dzepareconish uye vanhu vazhinji vanonzwa nemoyo wese kuti shanduko dzakadai dzinogona kuparadza, kana dzimwe nguva vanongodzipikisa kuchengetedza yavo kuenderera. mabasa.
Pane enzaniso yakasununguka asi inodzidzisa kukwira kwechikadzi kana kuti simba dema makumi emakore kumashure. Maonero akafara aya paakawana simba pakabva pamuka dzvinyiriro huru dzekuderedza rusaruraganda nerusaruraganda mumafambiro nemapurojekiti ekuruboshwe uye kufambisa zvine simba kusiyana kwetsika nevakadzi. Pakamukawo kupokana kukuru kune shanduko idzi, zvisingaite kubva kune vanhu vaizviona sekutyisidzira kwavo pachavo mamiriro. Ini ndinofunga zvakafanana inobata kune inobatanidzwa mune zvehupfumi.
Avo varidzi kana vanotungamira mapurojekiti akasiya, zvinyorwa, uye mafambiro, zviri pachena kana zvakajeka vanoziva pane imwe nhanho kuti kana maonero ehupfumi epareconish akave akaremerwa nehurongwa hwavo hwazvino hwekuedza kuruboshwe huchavhiringwa nedhiraivha yekuenzana, kuzvitonga, uye kunyanya kuenzanisa. mabasa mukati mezvirongwa zvavo nemasangano. Kana vachiramba rudzi urwu rwekuchinja kuti vadzivise kurasikirwa nechinzvimbo kana kuti nekuti vanofunga nemoyo wese kuti zvingava zvinokuvadza zvinosiyana-siyana.
Pane imwe nguva apo imwe nguva iyo yakanga isina ongororo yekutora chikamu kwehupfumi, kana chero rudzi rwekuonekwa kweparecon zvachose, yaigona kutaura zviri pamutemo kuti imhaka yekuti parecon yaive yedivi reti yepfungwa, isina rutsigiro rwakawanda, uye nekuti iyo periodical yakanga 't, muchokwadi, yakagamuchira chero kunyora nezve parecon. Kusakumbira kunyora kwavo kwaisazoratidza kuramba kwakasimba asi, pachinzvimbo, kungofanana nechimiro chiri kure nechiratidzo mune chero chimiro, kana kunyangwe kusaziva kwechokwadi kwekuvapo kweparecon, kana kupokana kwechokwadi nezvekukosha kwayo. Asi mazuva ano ingangoita nhamba yakanaka yezvinyorwa zvakasara zvakagamuchira zvakawanda zvakatumirwa uye zvakarambwa zvine mutsindo kana kuti kazhinji kufuratira zvese, kusanganisira kubva kuvanyori vanozivikanwa uye kunyangwe vanhu vevashandi vavo. Ini ndinofunga izvo zvinoratidza shanduko yakasiyana pane kuregeredza kwakanaka.
Chero zvazvingaitika, chero zvingave zvinokonzeresa, kusavapo kwevanhu vari kukakavara zvakakomba nezve parecon munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudhinda kunotadzisa kupararira kwayo. Angangove muverengi anogona kufunga kwaari zvine musoro, ndofamba nebhuku iri, kana kunyangwe chinyorwa ichi? Ndinofanira kunyura mune ino webhusaiti? Ndinofanira kushanda kuti ndinzwisise pfungwa idzi? Ndinofanira kukudziridza maonero angu pachangu pamusoro pavo? Zvakanaka, mira, pamwe handifanire kuita chimwe cheizvozvo. Mushure mezvose, majenari angu andinoda haana kana shoko pamusoro pechiratidzo ichi. Saka ini ndinofanira kuifuratira ndomirira ndoona kana parecon ikawana kuvimbika ndisati ndadyara chero yangu nguva shoma yekuiongorora.
Rudzi urwu rwekuverengera kwemuverengi kutora parecon - kana chero chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kufuratirwa nevezvenhau vekuruboshwe - zvakakomba nekupa imwe nguva uye hanya, nekusavapo kwegakava rakanyanya rekudhinda nezvazvo, zvine musoro kune mumwe nemumwe. Ini ndinoita maverengero emhando imwe chete, kazhinji, nezvenyaya uye ongororo dzisiri mubatsiri wangu. Kana vasingakwanise kutariswa kubva kune vamwe vari padyo nemusoro wenyaya, ini handisi kuona kupa nguva yangu kwavari. Asi zvakanyorwa zvakakura - nemuono wega wega, uye neparecon, izvi hazvina musoro kana, sekutenda kwangu, kunyarara pakati pezvinobudisa nhau hakuna musoro.
Chero zvazvingaitika, rudzi urwu rwesimba rwakashanda kweanopfuura makore gumi. Kukwira kwehuwandu hwevanhu vane hukama neparecon kunyangwe kusavapo kwehurukuro yekudhinda uye gakava zvinokasira zvinokatyamadza nekukurumidza, pane kunonoka, kana zvamboonekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Asi kunyangwe ichinonoka kana kukurumidza, isu tinogona ikozvino kutarisira, nechimwe chikonzero, kuti kutarisisa kuri kuwana kuri kusvika pachiyero chinosimudzira kutongwa kwakaungana kwezvakanaka zvemuenzaniso. Uye pamwe izvozvo zvichabatsirwa pamwe nechikamu ichi chetatu chekupa.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta