Yaizove iyo hondo yaizosimbisa humambo seAmerican chokwadi. Zvaizoguma nemakore ane chiuru Pax Americana. Yaifanira “kuitwa basa” munzira yose. Uye ipapo, hongu, yakanga isiri. Uye zvino, anenge makore mapfumbamwe akashata gare gare, yakanga yapera (kuronga).
It yaive Hondo yeIraq, uye isu taive vaenzi vasina kukokwa vaisada kuenda kumba. Kusvika kwesekondi yekupedzisira, zvisinei nevimbiso yaPresident Obama yekuti mauto ese eAmerica ave kuenda, zvisinei nechibvumirano chainge chanyoreranwa nehurumende yeIraq nehutungamiri hwaGeorge Bush muna 2008, vakuru vemauto eAmerica vakaramba lobby uye Washington yakaramba ichitaurirana 10,000 to 20,000 Mauto eUS kuti arambe ari munyika sevanopa mazano nevarairidzi.
Ipo chete maIraqi pavakangoramba kuvimbisa kuti mauto aya kudzivirirwa kubva kumutemo wenzvimbo ndipo maAmerican ekupedzisira akatanga kuyambuka muganho achipinda muKuwait. Ndipo pakazoti vakuru vedu vepamusoro vakatanga kurumbidza chinhu chavasina kumboda, kupera kwekuvapo kwemauto eAmerica muIraq, sechiratidzo chenguva ye "kuzadzisa." Vakatangawo kurumbidza "chisarudzo" chavo chekusiya sekukunda, uye vakazivisa kuti mauto aienda - sezvakataurwa nemutungamiri wenyika - "misoro yavo yakasimudzwa."
Mumutambo wekupedzisira wekudzikisa mureza muBaghdad, wakanyatsoitirwa kushandiswa kwemumba kweUS uye akapinda zvakanaka neveAmerican press Corps asi kwete nevakuru veIraqi kana vezvenhau, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta akataura achipenya yekuwana "kubudirira kwekupedzisira." Akavimbisa mauto aienda kuti vanga vari "simba rinotyaira kufambira mberi kunoshamisa" uye kuti vaigona kubuda munyika vachidada "vakachengeteka mukuziva kuti kuzvipira kwako kwakabatsira vanhu veIraqi kutanga chitsauko chitsva munhoroondo, vasina hudzvinyiriri uye vazere ne tariro yebudiriro norugare.” Gare gare parwendo rwake rwekuMiddle East, achitaura nezvemutengo wevanhu muhondo, iye akawedzera, "Ndinofunga kuti mutengo wanga wakakodzera."
Uyezve ekupedzisira emauto iwayo "akauya kumba" - kana iwe ukatsanangura "kumba" zvakakwana kuti ubatanidze kwete zvigadziko muUS chete asiwo mauto eKuwait, kumwe kuPersian Gulf, uye nekukurumidza kana gare gare muAfghanistan.
Musi wa14 Zvita paFort Bragg, North Carolina, mutungamiri wenyika nemudzimai wake vakapa varwi vehondo vaidzoka kubva ku82nd Airborne Division nemamwe mayuniti kugamuchirwa kunofadza. Nevamwe mune zvinoyevedza maroon berets, vakahwaira zvinoyevedza murume akanga ambodana hondo yavo "mbeveve." Pasina mubvunzo kutarisa kumushandirapamwe wake wa2012, Mutungamiri Obama, zvakare, ikozvino akataura achidzungudza musoro ye "kubudirira" muIraq, ye "kuwana," yekudada kwake nemauto, ye "kutenda" kwenyika kwavari, yezvinoshamisa zvakaitwa pamwe chete nenguva dzakaoma dzakatsungirirwa ne "hondo yakanakisa yekurwa munhoroondo ye nyika,” uye kuzvipira kwakaitwa ne“varwi vedu vakakuvadzwa” uye “magamba akapunzika.”
Akarumbidza "kubudirira kunoshamisa mumakore mapfumbamwe mukuita," achironga kubuda kwavo nenzira iyi: "Chokwadi, zvose zvakaitwa nemauto eAmerica muIraq - hondo yose uye vose vanofa, kubuda ropa uye kuvaka, uye kudzidziswa uye kudyidzana - zvese zvatungamira kunguva ino yekubudirira… [Tiri kusiya Iraq inozvitonga, yakagadzikana uye inozvimiririra, ine hurumende inomiririra yakasarudzwa nevanhu vayo.
Uye madingindira aya - anosanganisira "kuhwina" uye "kubudirira," pamwe nekuzvikudza nekutenda, izvo vanhu vekuAmerica vaifungirwa kuti vanonzwira mauto. kunhongwa nevezvenhau nezvimwe zvakasiyananyanzvi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mamwe mishumo yenhau airatidza mukana wekuti Iraq yakanga ichidzika mukati hero itsva yesekete, inokurudzirwa neuto reAmerica rakavakwa asi rakanyanya reShiite, munyika umo mafuta anowana zvishoma. zvakadarika mazinga enguva yeSaddam Hussein, muguta guru rakanga richingori chete maawa mashoma yemagetsi pazuva, uye izvo zvakakurumidza kurohwa netambo yebhomba uye kurwisa kwekuzviuraya kubva kune al-Qaeda yakabatana boka (isipo isati yapinda muna 2003), kunyangwe iyo simba reIran yakakura uye Washington akanyarara achinetsekana.
Ichokwadi kuti, kana iwe waitsvaga yakaderera-rendi kukunda mu anenge matrillion-dollar hondo, nguva ino, sezvo siyana Vatori venhau uye pundits Ratidza, Vamiriri veUS vanga vasingamhanyire chikopokopo chekupedzisira kubva padenga reembassy pakati pemhirizhonga uye kupisa madhiramu emadhora. Mune mamwe mazwi, yakanga isiri Vietnam uye, sezvaizivikanwa nemunhu wese, kuti kwaiva kukundwa. Muchokwadi, sezvakataurwa nezvimwe zvinyorwa, yedu - senge pasina izwi rakakodzera rakawanikwa pazviri, ngatiendei - kubvisa yaive yakanakisa basa reinjiniya reverse, rakakodzera simba raive risiri pasirese.
Kunyange purezidhendi akazvitaura. Mushure mezvose, kuita sekunge kwatamisa yakawanda yeUS kuenda kuIraq, kusiya chaive chisiri chinhu chidiki. Apo mauto eUnited States akatanga kubvisa 505 zvigaro yakanga yavaka ipapo nemutengo wemabhiriyoni asingazivikanwe emadhora emutero, yakabvisa $580 miriyoni yemidziyo isingachadiwi kuIraq. Uye zvakadaro zvakadaro akakwanisa kutumira kuenda kuKuwait, mamwe mauto ePersian Gulf, Afghanistan, uye kunyange mataundi madiki eUS zvinhu zvinopfuura miriyoni maviri kubva kuKevlar armored vests kuenda kuport-a-potties. Tiri kutaura nezve zvakaenzana ne20,000 marori akatakura zvinhu.
Hazvishamise kuti, tichipihwa nzanga yainobva, mauto eUS anorwa nevatengi-yakanyanya maitiro ehondo uye saka, mune zvekutengesa chete, kusiya kweIraq kwaive kubviswa kwemazera. Uyewo hatifaniri kufuratira mikombe yakatorwa nemauto kumba nayo, kusanganisira a yakakura Pentagon database yezvigunwe zvigunwe uye retinal scans kubva kunenge 10% yehuwandu hweIraqi. (Chirongwa chakafanana chichiri iri pasi muAfghanistan.)
Kana zvasvika pa "kubudirira," Washington yaive nezvakanakira kupfuura izvo zvekuzviitira. Mushure mezvose, inoronga kuchengetedza embassy yeBaghdad zvakakura kwazvo zvinonyadzisa mumiriri weSaigon muna 1973. With a kota ye16,000 kusvika ku18,000 vanhu, kusanganisira mauto angangoita 5,000 ane zvombo mamercenaries (akapihwa neakavanzika makondirakiti ekuchengetedza senge Triple Canopy neayo. $ 1.5 bhiriyoni State Department kondirakiti), iyo "mission" inosiya chero yakajairika tsananguro ye "embassy" kana "diplomacy" muguruva.
Muna 2012 chete, inotarisirwa kushandisa $ 3.8 bhiriyoni, bhiriyoni yeiyo pachirongwa chakashoropodzwa zvikuru chekudzidzisa mapurisa, chete 12% yemari yavo inoenda kumapurisa eIraqi. Kusiiwa mu“nguva yapashure pehondo,” namamwe mashoko, kuchava chimwe chinhu chitsva pasi pezuva.
Zvakadaro, isa padivi euphemisms uye rhetoric inokwira, uye kana iwe uchida chiyero chakareruka chekudzika kweAmerican debacle muoiri moyo wepasi, funga kuti chikamu chekupedzisira chemauto eAmerica chakabva sei Iraq. Maererano ne Tim Arango naMichael Schmidt ve New York Times, vakabuda na2:30 mangwanani pakati pousiku. Hapana zvikopokopo kubva padenga remba, asi 110 mota dzinogara murima kubva kuContingency Operating Base Adder. Zuva risati raenda, sezvakataura Jehovha Times vatori venhau, vaturikiri vechikwata ichi vakarairwa kuti vafonere vakuru veIraq nemasheiki avo maAmerican vaive nehukama hwepedyo uye varonge ramangwana, sekunge zvese zvaizoenderera semazuva ese musvondo rinouya.
Mune mamwe mazwi, maIraq aifanirwa kumuka mangwanani mushure mekuwana shamwari dzavo dzekune dzimwe nyika dzaenda, pasina kana kuoneka. Iyi ndiyo yakawanda sei iyo yekupedzisira yeAmerican unit yaivimba nevatsigiri vayo vepedyo veko. Mushure mekuvhunduka uye kutya, kutora kweBaghdad, nguva yakaitwa-misheni, uye kutorwa, kutongwa, uye kuurayiwa kwaSaddam Hussein, mushure meAbu Ghraib uye kudeurwa kweropa rehondo yevagari vemo, mushure mekuvhiya uye sangano reSunni Awakening, mushure mehondo. zvigunwe zvepepuru uye mari yekuvakazve yakaenda zvakashata, mushure mekuuraya kwese uye kufa, mauto eUS akatsvedza mukati mehusiku pasina kana izwi.
Kana, zvakadaro, wanga uchitsvaga izwi kana maviri kuti ubate nyaya yacho yese, chimwe chinhu chisina hunhu pane chiri kutenderera, "debacle" uye "kukundwa" chinogona kukodzera bhiri. Mauto anozviti ane simba guru repasi, ane vatungamiriri vakamboona kugara kweMiddle East sekiyi yeramangwana repasirese mutemo uye vakarongerwa zvizvarwa zvakawanda. mauto eIraq, akanga atumwa kurongedza. Izvo zvaifanira kunge zvakaonekwa sezvidiki zvishoma zvekukatyamadza.
Tarisana nezvakaitika muIraq zvakananga uye iwe unoziva kuti uri papasi idzva.
Kupeta Pazasi paDebacle
Ehe, Iraq yaingove imwe yekupinda kwedu-yakatendeuka-yakapikisa-yakatendeuka-njodzi. Imwe, iyo yakatanga kutanga uye ichiri kuenderera mberi, inogona kuratidza kukanganisa kukuru. Kunyange zvazvo isingadhuri kusvika zvino mune zvose Upenyu hweAmerica uye hupfumi hwenyika, inotyisidzira kuve yakanyanya kusimba pakukundwa kuviri, kunyangwe mauto anopikisa mauto eUS muAfghanistan achiramba asina zvombo, asina kusimba seti yevashoma vapanduki.
Zvakakura sekuita kwekuvaka zvivakwa zvekugara kwemauto nehondo muIraq, uyezve kugadzirira nekupa mauto makuru ipapo gore negore, chaive chinhu kana zvichienzaniswa nezvaifanira kuitwa neUS kuAfghanistan. Rimwe zuva, sarudzo yekupinda munyika iyoyo, kuitora, kuvaka zvinopfuura 400 mabhesi ipapo, pinda mukati mamwe mauto e60,000 kana anopfuura, mhomho yemakondirakiti, vamiririri veCIA, vamiriri, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vobva vasundidzira hurumende yenzvimbo isina simba kuti ipe Washington kodzero yekuramba yakawedzera kana kushomeka nekusingaperi zvichaonekwa sezviito zvekunyengera zveWashington. kusakwanisa kuyera miganhu yesimba rayo munyika.
Taura nezve macurves ekudzidza: vachiona nyika yavo ichikundikana zvakanyanya muhondo huru muAsia mainland makumi matatu emakore apfuura, vatungamiriri veAmerica vakazvitenda kuti hapana chaipfuura kugona kwemauto e "simba guru." Saka vakatumira mauto eAmerica anopfuura 250,000 (pamwe chete na vose avo Burger Kings, Subways, uye Cinnabons) muhondo mbiri dzenyika muEurasia. Mhedzisiro yave chimwe chitsauko muna nhoroondo yekukundwa kweAmerica - ino nguva yesimba iro, kunyangwe nekunyepedzera kwaro, rakanga risina kusimba chete kupfuura munguva yeVietnam, asi zvakare rakaderera kupfuura vatungamiriri varo vaikwanisa kufungidzira.
Iwe waizofunga kuti, mushure memakore gumi ekuona iyi debacle yakapetwa kaviri ichiitika, panogona kunge paine kuzara-kumhanya kwekubuda. Uye zvakadaro kudonhedzwa kwemauto eUS "hondo" muAfghanistan hakuna kurongerwa kupedzwa kusvika Zvita 31, 2014 (nezviuru zvevanopa mazano, varairidzi, uye mauto akasarudzika anotarisirwa kusara kumashure); hurumende yaObama ndiyo vachiri kutaurirananefivha nehurumende yeMutungamiriri weAfghan Hamid Karzai pane chibvumirano kuti - chero zvipi zvingasarudzwa - zvaizosiya maAmerica akavharirwa ikoko kwemakore anotevera; uye, sezvakaita muIraq muna 2010 uye 2011, vatungamiri veAmerica vari kukwezva pachena kuitira imwe purogiramu inononoka yekubvisa.
Zvakare semuIraq, pamberi pezviri pachena, izwi repamutemo harigone kuve peachier. Pakati paZvita, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta akatoudza mauto eAmerica kumberi kuti vaivepo “kuhwina” hondo. Vakuru vedu ikoko nenzira yakafanana vanopfuurira zvachose "budiriro" uye "kuwana," pamwe nekupera simba kweTaliban kubata paPashtun heartland yekumaodzanyemba kweAfghanistan, nekuda kwemafashama enharaunda nemauto eUnited States uye anoramba achiparadza. kurwisa usiku nemauto eUS special operations.
Zvakangodaro, iyo nyaya chaiyo muAfghanistan inoramba iine hutsinye kune yaimbove nesimba guru - sezvazvakange zvave kubva kubvira kwaita basa rakamutsiridza maTaliban, iro risingafadze kufarirwa ringafungidzirwe. Kazhinji, UN ichangopfuura akaverengwa kuti "zviitiko zvine chekuita nekuchengetedza" mumwedzi yekutanga ye11 ye2011 yakasimuka 21% panguva imwechete mu2010 (chimwe chinhu chakarambwa neNATO). Saizvozvo, zvakadaro, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zviri kudururwa mukuedza kusingagumi kuvaka nekudzidzisa mauto ekuchengetedza eAfghan. Inenge madhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri akapinda mupurojekiti muna 2011 uye mari yakafanana yakarongerwa 2012, uye zvakadaro masimba iwayo haasati akwanisa. shandai vega, uye havarwi zvakanyanya zvinobudirira (kunyangwe avo maTaliban anopokana aine mashoma akadaro matambudziko).
Mapurisa nemasoja eAfghan anoenderera mberi gwenga mumapoka uye mukuru weUS anotarisira basa rekudzidzisa zvakakurudzirwa gore rakapera kuti, kuva nemukana muduku wekubudirira, zvingada kuwedzerwa kuburikidza ne 2016 kana 2017. (Kanganwa kwechinguva kuti hurumende yeAfghan ine urombo ichave isingakwanisi zvachose kutsigira kana kupa mari yemauto anosikirwa iyo.)
Iyo Pashtun-yakavakirwa Taliban, senge chero yekare mauto ehondo, ane dzakapera pamberi peuto guru resimba guru, asi richiri pachena kudzora kwakakosha kumaruwa okumaodzanyemba, uye mugore rapfuura zviito zvayo zvechisimba zvakave waridza zvakadzika zvakanyanya mune isiri-Pashtun kuchamhembe. Uye kana mauto eUS muIraq asina kuvimba nevavanodyidzana navo panguva yekubva, maAmerican muAfghanistan vane chikonzero chekutya zvakanyanya. MaAfghan akapfeka yunifomu yemapurisa kana yemauto - vamwe vakadzidziswa nemaAmerican kana NATO, vamwe vangangove maTaliban guerrillas vakapfeka zvipfeko zvakatengwa pamusika mutema - vane nguva zhinji vakapfutidza pfuti dzavo kune avo vanoisa shamwari dzavo mune izvo zvinonzi "Green-on-blue mhirizhonga." Sezvo 2012 yakapera, semuenzaniso, musoja weuto reAfghan kupfura uye kuurayiwa varwi vaviri veFrance. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, akati wandei mauto eNATO aivevakakuvadzwa apo mumwe murume akanga akapfeka yunifomu yeuto reAfghan akavapfura.
Zvichakadaro, simba remauto eUS riripo kutanga kudonha; NATO vanobatana vanotarisa kusagadzikana zvirokwazvo; uye maTaliban, chero zviedzo uye matambudziko, pasina mubvunzo anonzwa kuti nguva iri kudivi rayo.
Zvichienderana nemutsa wevatorwa
Zvisina kusimba sezvipfeko zvakati wandei zvinoumba maTaliban zvingave, hapana mubvunzo kuti vari kugadzirira kubudirira kukunda simba guru rehondo renguva yedu. Uye funga iwe, hapana chimwe cheizvi chinoita zvinopfuura kubata pane debacle iyo Hondo yeAfghan inogona kuve. Kana iwe uchida kutonga hupenzi hwakazara hwehondo yeAmerica (uye kuyera kupera kwesimba reUS pasi rose), usatombo kunetseka kutarisa Afghanistan. Pane kudaro, tarisa mitsetse yekugovera inotungamira kwairi.
Mushure mezvose, Afghanistan inyika isina nyika muCentral Asia. IUS iri kure nezviuru zvemamaira. Hapana giant ports-cum-bases seCam Ranh Bay muSouth Vietnam muma1960s aripo kuunza zvekushandisa. KuWashington, kana mabhunu ainopikisa akaenda kuhondo aine hembe shoma dziri kumusana, mauto ayo imwe nyaya. Kubva pakudya kusvika kune nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo, zvekuvaka kusvika kupfuti, zvinoda hombe - uye inodhura zvakanyanya - yekugovera system. Izvo zvakare anopisa mafuta nzira iyo mudhakwa anodonhedza nayo doro opedza kudarika $ 20 mabhiriyoni muAfghanistan neIraq gore negore chete pamhepo inotonhorera.
Kuti irambe iri muchimiro chakanaka, inofanira kutsamira pamitsara yakashata inotakura zviuru zvemamaira kureba. Nekuda kweizvi, haisiriyo mugadzirisi wezvaazoitika muAfghanistan, kunyangwe izvi zvichiita kunge zvaenda zvisingazivikanwe kwemakore.
Pahondo dzese dzisingagoneke humambo huri kudzikira hwaigona kurwa, iyo yeAfghan inogona kunge iri iyo isingaite pane dzese. Ipa iyo kuSoviet Union, ingangoita "ronda rekubuda ropa" - chirevo mutungamiri weSoviet Mikhail Gorbachev. akapa kune yayo Afghan debacle ye1980s - yaive iri nyore padyo nemusuwo. For the almost 91,000 mauto eAmerica zvino munyika iyoyo, avo 40,000 NATO vamwe vavo, uye zviuru private makondirakiti, zvokushandisa kuti hondo ivepo anogona chete kupinda Afghanistan nenzira nhatu: zvichida 20% kuuya nemhepo pamari inoshamisa; vanopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu vanosvika nenzira ipfupi uye yakachipa - kuburikidza nechiteshi chePakistani cheKarachi, nerori kana chitima kuchamhembe, uyezve nerori vachiyambuka makomo matete anosvibisa; uye pamwe 40% (chete "zvisingauraye" zvekushandisa zvinotenderwa) kuburikidza ne Northern Distribution Network (NDN).
Iyo NDN yakagadziridzwa zvizere kutanga muna 2009, pazvakazojeka kuWashington kuti Pakistan yaive nehanho inogona kunetsa muhondo yeAmerica. Inosanganisira dzinenge nyika gumi nenhanhatu uye dzinenge nzira dzese dzekufambisa dzaungafungidzire, iyo NDN inzira nhatu, mbiri dzadzo dzichipfuura neRussia, iyo funnel ingangoita zvese kuburikidza nebhodhoro rehuori, hutongi. Uzebhekisitani.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kungorwa hondo yayo, Washington yakazviita inotsamira pamutsa wevasingazivi - mune iyi kesi, Pakistan neRussia. Chinhu chimwe kana simba guru kana simba guru riri kusimuka richikanda mujenya waro nenyika dzingave dzisiri mubatanidzwa wechisikigo; inyaya yakatosiyana kana simba riri kudzikira richidaro. Vatungamiri veRussia vatove kuita ruzha nezve kugona kwenzira yekuchamhembe kana US ikaramba isingaifadze pakugadzikwa kwayo inotarisirwa kuEuropean missile defense system.
Asi iyo yekukurumidza psychodrama yeHondo yeAfghan iri muPakistan. Ikoko, basa guru rekupa zvakare ratova a chikuru scandal. Zvakanga zvichifungidzirwa, semuenzaniso, kuti, muna 2008, 12% yezvese zvekushandisa zveUS zvaibva kuKarachi kuenda kuBagram Air Base zvakashaikwa kumwe kunzira. Mune izvo zvakanzi nemukuru wemapurisa eKarachi "amai vehutsotsi hwese," mitoro ye29,000 yezvinhu zveUS yakanyangarika mushure mekuburutswa pachiteshi ichi.
Muchokwadi, iyo yese system yekugovera - pamwe nekuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo uye zvibvumirano zvekudzivirira uye chiokomuhomwe kumapoka akasiyana ari chikamu uye chikamu chayo munzira - sezviri pachena yakabatsira mari. uyezvitengeswa maTaliban, pamwe nekuchengetedza misika yese iri munzira uye kutsigira vatungamiri vehondo namakororo emarudzi ose.
Nguva pfupi yadarika, mukupindura kurwiswa kwemhepo kweAmerica kwakauraya makumi maviri nemana emauto emuganho wavo, hutungamiriri hwePakistan hwakamanikidza maAmerica siya Shamsi air base, uko CIA yakamhanyisa mamwe ma drone mashandiro ayo, yakabudirira kumanikidza Washington kuti ipinde mukati. kumbomira mushandirapamwe wayo wemhepo muPakistan, uye akavhara mabhodha iyo nzira yese yekuAmerica inofanirwa kupfuura. Vanoramba vakavharwa inenge mwedzi miviri gare gare. Pasina iyo nzira, nekufamba kwenguva, Hondo yeAmerica haigone kurwiwa.
Kunyangwe iwo mayambuka angangovhurwa mushure mekukurukurirana kwakakosha kwehukama hweUS-Pakistani, meseji haina kunyatsojeka. Hondo dziri muIraq neAfghanistan, pamwe nemumiganhu yePakistani, hadzina kungopedza hupfumi hweAmerica, asi dzakafumura kusabatsira kwe "simba guru." Gumi (kana kunyange mashanu) makore apfuura, maPakistanis angadai asina kumboshinga kuita seizvi.
Zvakazoitika, simba remauto eUS raityisa zvinokatyamadza, asi kutozosvikira George W. Bush adhonza kaviri. Mukuita izvi, akazivisa pasirese kuti US yaisakwanisa kukunda hondo dzepanyika dziri kure kurwisa vavengi vadiki kana kumanikidza kuda kwayo kune nyika mbiri dzisina kusimba muGreater Middle East. Chimwe chokwadi chakafumurwa zvakare, kunyangwe kana zvakatora nguva kunyura mukati: isu hatichagari pasi pano zviri pachena kuti tingakwidziridza sei mabhenefiti muhunyanzvi hwemauto mune chero imwe mhando yesimba.
Mukuita izvi, nyika yese yaigona kuona kuti United States yaive chii: rimwe simba riri kudzikira renguva yeCold War. Mamiriro eWashington ekuvimba nenyika yeEurasia ave pachena zvakakwana, zvinoreva kuti, chero "zvibvumirano" zvinosvikwa nehurumende yeAfghan, ramangwana munyika iyoyo harisi America.
Mumakore gumi apfuura, US yakadzidziswa chidzidzo chekudzokorora kana zvasvika kuhondo dzepasi paEurasian mainland: usavatanga. Kupokana kwekukundwa kwakapetwa kaviri panguva ino kwaisagona kuve pachena. Mubvunzo chete wasara ndewekuti kudzoka kubva kuAfghanistan kuchave kunonyadzisa sei. Iyo US inogara kwenguva refu, ndiko kuwedzera kukuvadza kusimba rayo.
Zvese izvi hazvifanirwe kutaurwa uye zvakadaro, sezvo 2012 inotanga, neiyo mwaka unotevera wezvematongerwo enyikazvatove patiri, hazvisi zvishoma zvinorwadza zvakajeka kuti Washington ichave isingakwanise kupedza Hondo yeAfghan chero nguva munguva pfupi.
Pamusoro pezvairatidzika sekubudirira muIraq neAfghanistan, vakuru veAmerica vakanetsekana zvisingaite kuti sei, mu chirevo chinodzikisira yenguva, kuisa "chiso cheAfghan" kana "chiso cheIraqi" pahondo dzeAmerica. Ikozvino, pane imwe nguva muGreater Middle East, pamwe yave nguva yekupedzisira yekuisa chiso cheAmerica kuhondo dzeAmerica, kuti uvaone zvakajeka nekuda kwehutongi hwehumambo hwavanga vari - uye kuita zvinoenderana.
Tom Engelhardt, mubatsiri-muvambi weAmerican Empire Project uye munyori we Iyo American Way of War: Hondo dzaBush dzakava sei dzaObama naizvozvowo Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro, inoshandisa Nation Institute's TomDispatch.com, pakatanga kubuda chinyorwa ichi. Bhuku rake razvino, United States of Fear (Haymarket Books), ichangobva kubudiswa.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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