Zvakadaro, pfungwa yekuti kusarongeka kukuru kuBhopal kutadza kuendesa ipapo mukuru weUCC Warren Anderson kubva kuAmerica inoseka zvinyoro. Kuedza kunzvenga zvidzidzo njodzi ya1984 Bhopal Gasi yakakandwa pamusoro pehudzvanyiriri hwemakambani makuru ndizvo chaizvo. Zvinopfuura makumi maviri emakore mushure mekunge gasi rayo reMIC rauraya zviuru makumi maviri (kunyanya varombo) vanhu, Bhopal achiri kubhadhara mutengo wekupara mhosva kweCarbide. (Inooneka kubva mukukanganisa kwenguva refu kwehutano hwegasi-yakakanganiswa. Uye kubva muvhu rine muchetura nemvura yakatenderedza yaimbova Carbide plant.) Nepo hurumende yeIndia inotyisa Civil Liability yeNuclear Damage Bill, kana ikagamuchirwa, yaizopa chivharo chepamutemo. kuita zvakadaro munyika yose.
Bhopal yakaratidza kutanga kunotyisa kwenguva itsva. Imwe yairatidza kudonha kwekudzora simba rekambani. BP iri kuramba ichiteuka muMexican Gulf - ine fungidziro dzinobva pa30,000 kusvika 80,000 mbiya pazuva - inokwira chikamu chechina chezana ramakore apo makambani aigona (uye akaita) chero chinhu mukutsvaga purofiti, chero mutengo wemunhu. 'Mazwi akaomesesa' aBarack Obama paBP anonyanya kuvhota pamberi paMbudzi. BP inogona kutora nyaradzo yakawanda kubva mumitongo miviri yeDare Repamusorosoro reUS mumakore maviri apfuura.
Yekutanga yeiyi yakauya muna 2008. Ndizvo zvaive munyaya yekuteuka kwemafuta eExxon Valdez muna 1989 - kusvika panguva iyoyo yakanyanya kurekodhwa (kana kubvumwa) kurasika kwemafuta munhoroondo. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, BP's blowout iri kudzokorora Exxon Valdez mazuva masere ega ega kana zvakadaro. Uye anga achiita izvozvo kubva pakupera kwaApril. Munyaya yeExxon, gweta muna 1994 rakaisa zvirango zvemadhora mabhiriyoni mashanu pakambani. Muna 5, anonongedza Sharon Smith mune imwe incisive chidimbu mukati counterpunch.org, "dare redzimhosva rakadzikisa nepakati chirevo chechirango kusvika kumadhora mabhiriyoni maviri nemazana mashanu." Uye muna June 2.5, "Dare Repamusorosoro rakaderedza mari iyoyo ne2008 muzana, kusvika kumadhora mazana mashanu emamiriyoni-avhareji ye $ 80 pamumhan'ari." Mukuru weExxon Lee Raymond uyo akarwa zvine mutsindo nekukuvadzwa, akaenda pamudyandigere aine $500 miriyoni pasuru zvese zvake. Nepo vakabatwa naExxon Valdez, anodaro Smith, vakaguma vaine mari yakaenzana - chete, yakagovaniswa pakati pe15,000 vavo. Iyo ingangoita gumi muzana yemubairo wekutanga uye ingangoita $400 pamunhu akabatwa
MunaGunyana gore rimwe chetero, makleptocrats eWall Street akakunda hupfumi hwenyika. Zviito zvavo zvakadya mamirioni muAmerica nekumwewo mabasa avo nemararamiro. Asi, maCEO eUS akatora mabhiriyoni emabhonasi gore iroro. Kunyange New York Times yakanzwa kudikanwa kwokuti muchinyorwa chinotungamirira panguva yacho: โVhiki shomanene pashure pokunge Dhipatimendi Rezvemari rapa mabhanga mapfumbamwe makuru enyika madhora ane mabhiriyoni 125 emadhora emuteresi kuti aanunure kubva mungwavaira isati yamboitika, vakuru vakuru vemabhanga vari kuunganidza mari. mumadziva ebhonasi emabhiriyoni kuti vazvipe mubayiro wekuita kwavo. " (Mugore riya resarudzo, Big Oil yakaridzawo tsigiro yekuchera kumahombekombe nemhirizhonga silogan inoti: 'Drill, Baby, Drill.' Chichave chii manje? 'Pra, Mwana, Dzvarira?')
Gore rino, pasina mwedzi mitatu BP isati yashandura Gulf yeMexico kuita dziva remarara, Dare Repamusorosoro reUS rakawedzera kusimbisa simba rekambani nemutongo waro muCitizens United Vs. Federal Election Commission nyaya. Sezvakataurwa naRalph Nader: โNechisarudzo ichi, makambani ave kukwanisa kudurura mari yakawandaโฆ , nyika, uye nhanho dzenyika."
Mason Gaffney anotaura pfungwa iri mupepanhau reCounterPunch kuti โPfungwa dziri seri kweizvi ndedzekuti kambani 'munhu ari pamutemo,' ane kodzero dzose (kana asiri mabasa ese) emunhu; kuti, saizvozvi, ine kodzero yekusununguka kutaura; uye kuti kupa mari inzira yokutaura.โ Saka chin up, BP, pachine tariro. Rangarira kuti vangani vanoenda kuCongress neSeneti vanosvikapo pamahombe eBig Oil.
Ndichiri pakuteuka kweBP, rega kufunga kune vakawirwa nenjodzi dzakadaro vasiri vekuAmerica kana vachena ganda. Sokutaura kunoita munyori wechikamu cheForeign Policy muFocus Conn Hallinan, kuti: โNhamba dzehurumende yeNigeria dzinoratidza kuti kwave kune kurashikirwa kunopfuura 9000 pakati pa1970 na2000, uye pari zvino kune nzvimbo 2,000 XNUMX dzakateurwa zviri pamutemo.โ Asi zvino, hupenyu hwemuAfrica hwakakosherei?
Makore manomwe mushure meBhopal, Larry Summers, panguva iyoyo mukuru wezvehupfumi pabhangi repasi rose, akanyora memo yake yakashata. Izvi zvakataura, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu: โPakati pako neni chete, Bhanga reNyika harifanire kunge richikurudzira ZVIMWE kutama kwemaindasitiri ane tsvina kuenda kuLDCs [Nyika Dzisina Kubudirira]?โ Summers akataura kuti "pfungwa yehupfumi yekurasa tsvina ine muchetura munyika inotambira mihoro yakaderera haina kunaka uye tinofanira kutarisana nazvo." MaZhizha aitozoti aiseka, achitsvinya, zvichingodaro. Vashoma vanotenga chikumbiro chinosiririsa. Zvakadaro, akaenderera mberi nekuve Mutungamiriri weHarvard uye zvino ave chipangamazano mukuru wezvehupfumi waPresident Obama, Uye pfungwa dzake dzememo dzinobata munyika chaimo. Ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika kubva Bhopal.
Mhinduro yeUPA pamitongo yeBhopal inoratidza hunhu hwehurumende hunoshoreka sezvadzaive muna 1984. Kuchema Bhopal uye kugadzirira bhiri remhosva yenyukireya hunyengeri hwakaoma kuenderana. Bhopal yaive post-facto yekutengesa-kunze. Nebhiri iri, hurumende inotengesa kare. Asi ihurumende chete dzine chimwe chinhu chokuvanza kubva kuBhopal 1984? Kunyange panguva iyoyo, mapepanhau aiparidza nemufaro nyaya dzakasimwa dzairatidza kuti โkuparadza kwakaitwa nevashandi veCarbideโ kwakanga kwakonzera njodzi iyi. Makore mana gare gare, 'ongororo' yakabhadharwa neUCC yakataura kuti yakaratidza kuti njodzi iyi yakakonzerwa nomumwe mushandi akanga asingagutsikane pafekisheni iyi. Carbidewo zvakare. Muna December 1985, vamwe venyanzvi dzepamutemo dzeIndia, kusanganisira Nani Palkhivala, vakabatsira kunyengetedza matare eUnited States ikoko kuti matare eIndia akanga ari nhandare yakakodzera kubata nayo nyaya yacho.(Nemiuyo yatiri kurarama pamwe.) Izvozvo zvakadzivirira Carbide kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwaigona kuve kwakaiswa nematare eUS.
Pasina makore gumi gare gare, Enron akabuda chiratidzo chenguva itsva yekusununguka. Vadzidzi vepamusoro, 'nyanzvi,' uye vanyori vezvinyorwa vakashanda nesimba kuti vatiudze kuti mhomho yeEnron yaiva vakomana vakanaka. Zvese izvi, mushure mekushoropodzwa kwekutanga kwechibvumirano cheEnron. Shanduko yemoyo ingangove yekuisirwa mari nemakumi emamiriyoni emadhora yakamiswa nekambani iyoyo "kudzidzisa" veIndia vanogadzira pfungwa, vanoita mutemo nezvimwe.
Kushambadza zvakare, kwakayerera zvakasununguka. Rimwe bepanhau rine mukurumbira rakatanga kutsoropodza zvikuru Enron, kungochinja kuva mumwe wevanopembera. Vamwe vazhinji vakaitawo zvimwe chetezvo. Ndinofungidzira rudzi urwu rwehomwe inotenga dzidzo yakawanda. KuMaharashtra neIndia, yakatenga njodzi. Bhodhi remagetsi rehurumende raimboita purofiti rakaunganidza mamiriyoni mukurasikirwa. Nyika yakadzikirawo mari kubva kumapurojekiti erubatsiro nemasevhisi. Enron, hutsotsi hwaive, hwakadonha muUS, dzimwe dzepfuti dzayo dzepamusoro dzichiita kutiza kubva kumutemo. Kuparara kunoramba kunesu. Mukana mumwe chete wekunzvenga njodzi wakanyangarika apo Dare Repamusorosoro rakakanda chikumbiro chakanangana nechibvumirano cheEnron chakaunzwa neCITU naAbhay Mehta uye ndizvozvo.
Zvichakadaro, kutaura kwaVaObama kunenge kuri kurwadza maBritish. Chokwadi ndechekuti United States yakabatsira, yakatotsigira BP munguva yakapfuura. Mune izvo zvinoshevedzwa naAlexander Cockburn "chibatiso chikuru munhoroondo," CIA yakaita mhirizhonga ikozvino yakashata muIran muna 1953 kubvisa hurumende yaMohammed Mossadegh.
Paramende yeIran nevhoti yakabvumirana yakapa hutongi hweAnglo-Iranian Oil Company. Mossadegh yakakundwa. Akaiswa panzvimbo yake โShah Reza Pahlevi, chisikwa chemakambani emafuta ekuMadokero, ane masimba azere ehudzvinyiriri. Iyo AIOC yakadzosa makumi mana muzana emvumo yayo yekare ikava mubatanidzwa wepasi rose, wakatumidzwa zita rekuti - British Petroleum. " Rondedzero dzemacoups anotsigirwa nemakambani munyika yechitatu aizozadza mavhoriyamu.
Zvese zvakaitwa neUnion Carbide ndokusiyana nazvo muBhopal zvinokatyamadza. Asi kwete, maiwe, zvinoshamisa. Muchikamu chechina chezana remakore kubva ipapo, simba rekambani rakangokura. Bhopals inoitika apo nzanga dzinopa makambani pamusoro penharaunda, uye purofiti yakavanzika pamusoro pezvido zvevanhu. Curb corporate simba, Indian kana American, kana zvinokutsemura.
Rangarirawo, chinhu chinokosha icho vanyajambwa veBhopal vanotaura vadzokororazve: โtinofanira kuona kuti ikoku hakugoni kuitikazve.โ Nekudaro, isu tinoratidzika kunge tiri kuvimbisa zvakapesana. Iyo Civil Liability yeNuclear Damage Bill iri muchimiro chayo inovimbisa kuti makambani eUS ari kukonzera tsaona dzenyukireya paivhu reIndia anoenda nekukuvadzwa kushoma. Muripo unoonekwa semhosva muBhopal unogona kunge uri mutemo mune ramangwana. Kugamuchirwa zvakare, Larry Summers.
P. Sainath ndiye mupepeti wenhau dzekumaruwa weThe Hindu, panowanikwa chikamu ichi, uye ndiye munyori we Wese Munhu Anoda Kusanaya Kwakanaka: Nhau Dzinobva kuIndia's Poorest Districts. Anogona kuwanikwa pa: [email inodzivirirwa].
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