Makore masere apfuura, pandaka akanyora bhuku pamazuva ekutanga eGuantanamo, Inonyanya Kuipisisa Nzvimbo: Guantánamo Yekutanga Mazuva zana, ndakafunga kuti Gitmo yaizoratidza kusanzwisisika munhoroondo yedu. Nhasi, zvinoita sekunge "nzvimbo yehusungwa" ichave nehupenyu hwakareba kupfuura zvandaimbofungidzira uye kuti, uye nezvese zvazvinomiririra, zvichave zvechokwadi, kana zvakashata, nhaka yezana ramakore remakumi maviri nerimwe reAmerica.
Zvinoita sekuti isu hatigone kutiza pendulum isingaperi yehondo isingaperi yehugandanga sezvo inogara ichienda kure nekutonga kwemutemo uye kuchengetedzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo. Mwedzi wapfuura, kushushikana kwaive nako pakutanga zvakaonekwa panguva yemushandirapamwe wemutungamiri wenyika wa2016 pamusoro pezvakataurwa naDonald Trump nezve kudzoreredza kushungurudzwa uye kuwedzera huwandu hweGuantanamo zvakatora nekukurumidza kutsva. Pakati peSeptember, hurumende akabvuma kuti yaive nayo captured munhu weAmerica muSyria. Kunyangwe pasina chokwadi nezvemunhu akasungwa chakaburitswa, kusanganisira zita rake kana chero chaaipomerwa, Pentagon yakasimbisa kuti akanzi "murwi wemuvengi," chikamu chisina kujeka uye chiri pamutemo. Zvakanga zvakadaro, chimwe chezvivakwa zvekutanga zvakashandiswa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende yaGeorge W. Bush kumisa mitemo yaizivikanwa yokusateerera mutemo panguva iyoyo, kusanganisira. Guantanamo, iyo CIA “nzvimbo dzevatema," uyezve "maitiro ekubvunzurudza akawedzerwa. "
Kuisa vanofungidzirwa hugandanga vakabatwa vachirwa kunze kwenyika muhusungwa hweAmerica hazvisati zvamboitika. Hurumende yeUS nguva nenguva yakatora vagari uye vasiri vagari veISIS, uye varwi vesangano remagandanga reSomalia al-Shabaab, pamwe nemapoka akabatana neAl-Qaeda. Kune avo vakatevera zvinhu zvakadaro, zvakadaro, hutongi hwaTrump kukurumidza kumbundira izwi rekuti "muvengi murwi" weachangoburwa mureza mutsvuku uye ndizvo zvakaita. vakakumbira korasi yekunetseka kubva kumagweta ezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye nyanzvi, ini ndakasanganisira. Kusagadzikana kwedu pamwe chete kunobva mukurangarira kwakashata kwemitemo yehugandanga yakasimudzwa neBush manejimendi, kunyanya nzira iyo izwi rekuti "muvengi murwi" rakabatsira kusunungura vatungamiriri varo nemutungamiri wenyika kubva pazvirambidzo zvakawanda, uye nekutya kuti mitemo yakasiiwa inogona kuva nehupenyu hwechipiri mukati. nguva yaTrump.
Vasungwa veGuantanamo
Saka, murwi wemuvengi chii? Mushure mezvose, ndangariro dzinopera uye hurumende haisati yaisa zviri pamutemo chero munhu ari muhusungwa nerubriki iyoyo kubvira 2009. Saka hechino chiyeuchidzo chipfupi. Izwi rakatanga kuoneka mumwedzi yekutanga mushure me9/11. Panguva iyoyo, panguva iyoyo, Mutevedzeri weMutevedzeri Wegweta Mukuru John Yoo - uyo akawana mukurumbira wakashata wekutsanangurazve zviito zvekutambudza se "nzira" dzepamutemo mukubvunzurudzwa kwevasungwa - nevamwe. raishandiswa “murwi wemuvengi” kureva vaya vakatapwa mune yainzi panguva iyoyo Hondo Yenyika Yose Yokutyisa. Mafiro avo, akadaro Yoo, akarara kunze kweCongress kana matare. Mutungamiriri, uye purezidhendi chete, akadaro, ndiye ane simba rekusarudza zvaizoitika kwavari.
"Sezvo mutungamiri wenyika aine masimba eMukuru-mukuru neMutungamiriri ega," Yoo akanyora panguva iyoyo, "Congress haigone kurambidza nebumbiro remitemo kana kutonga danho remutungamiri wenyika rekutanga kurwisana kana kutungamira mauto, kana angobatanidzwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kwete nzira dzekurwira chete, asiwo maitiro evarwi vakatapwa. "
Chikwata, sechaishandiswa panguva iyoyo, chaiitirwa kuva sui generis uye kusave nehukama nevarwi vevavengi "vasiri pamutemo" kana "vari pamutemo", vese vakapihwa dziviriro dziri pamutemo pasi pemutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Pamusoro pazvose, vhezheni yeBush yenzvimbo yemuvengi-yaiitirwa kusunungura nhapwa dzeWashington kubva kune chero dziviriro yaiwanzo kupihwa kuvasungwa vehondo.
Mukuita, izvi zvakavhura nzira yenguva iyoyo yekumahombekombe system ye (mu) kururamisira kune ese maCIA. black sites uye musasa wejeri kuGuantanamo, iyo yakagadzwa muCuba kuitira kutiza kusvika kweCongress kana federal court system. Vakatapwa Mutungamiri Bush uye Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld vakatumirwa ikoko kutanga muna Ndira 2002 vakawira muchikamu ichocho. Mukufambirana nemamiriro enguva iri muWashington, mauto eUS akavagamuchira akanyeverwa kuti asambovadaidza se "vasungwa," kutyira kuti vanozokodzera kuchengetedzwa kwemutemo kunovimbiswa kuvasungwa vehondo. Mumavhiki mashoma, huwandu hwevanhu hwakanga hwakura kusvika mazana evarume, vese vakanzi "varwi vevavengi," vese vakaonekwa naYoo nevakuru vake kureva nhema kunze kwemitemo yehondo pamwe neyeUnited States, uye kunyange kunze kwemitemo yemauto.
Vagari vekuAmerica vakabviswa muhusungwa ipapo. Kunyange zvakadaro vamwe vakanzi varwi vevavengi. Poshi - Jose Padilla - akasungwa muUnited States. Mumwe - Yaser Hamdi - yakatanga kuunzwa kuGitmo mushure mekutapwa muAfghanistan, ichingotakurwa nendege pakati pehusiku kuenda kuUnited States sezvo vakuru vehurumende vaitarisira kutiza kutariswa neveruzhinji nekuda kwekukanganisa kwavo.
Padilla akanga aberekwa ndokukurira muUnited States; Hamdi akakurira muSaudi Arabia. Kuti vadzivise federal detention system, vese vaizovharirwa muchikepe chemauto muSouth Carolina, vachinyimwa mukana wemagweta, uye kuvharirwa pasina mhosva. Kwemakore, magweta avo akaedza kunyengetedza vatongi vehurumende kuti kuvachengeta mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kwaipesana nebumbiro remutemo. Pakupedzisira, Dare Repamusorosoro kuyera mukati, vachitsigira chinzvimbo chaYoo pakurongwa kwavo sevarwi vevavengi, asi vachivabvumira magweta anogona kupikisa zvikonzero uye mamiriro ekuvharirwa kwavo.
Kunyange hurumende kudzivirira kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yemuvengi kwemakore, vose Padilla naHamdi vakazopedzisira - mushure memakore anenge matatu munyaya yaHamdi, matatu nehafu kuna Padilla - vakaendeswa kune vezvematongerwo enyika. Asina kumbopomerwa mhosva, Hamdi aizodzoserwa kuSaudi Arabia, kwaakabva aramba hugari hwake hweUS, sezvinodiwa nekusunungurwa kwake. Padilla akazopomerwa mhosva mudare rehurumende uye pakupedzisira akatongerwa makore 21 mujeri.
Pakazopinda Barack Obama muOval Office, nyaya dzese dziri mbiri dzakange dzagadziriswa, asi yemumwe murwi wemuvengi aive muUnited States, kunyangwe asiri mugari, yakanga ichiri kumirira. Ali Saleh al-Marri, muQatari uye mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza paBradley University muIllinois, akatorwa muusungwa uye akachengetwa pasina mhosva kwemakore matanhatu panzvimbo imwe cheteyo yehondo yakanga yachengeta Padilla naHamdi. Mumavhiki mashoma ekugadzwa kwaObama, zvakadaro, aizoburitswa muhusungwa hwemubatanidzwa uye achipomerwa mhosva. Zvichakadaro, muna Chikumi 2009, kekutanga uye chete nguva, Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro rakangoerekana ratamisa musungwa weGuantanamo, Ahmed Ghailani, kukuchengetedzwa kwemubatanidzwa. Kwapera gore, akatongwa ndokuwanikwa aine mhosva mudare remubatanidzwa nekuda kwekupinda kwake mukubhomba kwemahofisi evamiriri veUnited States muKenya neTanzania muna 1998.
Iro meseji yaiita seine tariro, uye yakateverwa nemamwe maitiro aikwanisa kudzoreredza. Pazuva iro Obama akapinda muWhite House, semuenzaniso, iye zvakasinwa mutemo mukuru wekuvhara Guantanamo mukati megore. Muna March, iye akasiyiwa kushandiswa kweizwi rekuti muvengi murwi kuvasungwa ikoko. Aine chinangwa chokusunungura kana kuedza vose vakanga vasara mumusasa wejeri iwoyo, akagadza boka rebasa kuti riuye nemasarudzo anoshanda ekuita kudaro.
Nemamwe manzwi, pakatanga hutungamiriri hwavo, VaObama vakaita kunge vakagadzirira kudzoreredza kodzero dzakavimbiswa pasi peBumbiro reMitemo kuvasungwa vese, kusanganisira avo vekuGuantanamo, kana zvasvika pakuvharirwa nekutongwa. Iyo pendulum yairatidzika kunge yaizodzokera kumashure kune mutemo wemutemo. Mumakore aitevera, paizove, zvisinei, kuve nekuodzwa mwoyo kwakawanda kana zvasvika pakutonga kwemutemo, kusanganisira kutadza kuvhara Guantanamo pachayo. Paive, zvakare, hutongi hwaObama hwa2011 kudzoreredza nezve danho rayo rekutanga rekutora avo vanonzi 9/11 mubatanidzwa - kusanganisira "mastermind" wekurwiswa uku, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed - mudare remubatanidzwa pane kuvatonga kuburikidza nekomisheni yemauto yeGitmo.
Muchokwadi, manejimendi aya angatopedzisira achengetedza chikamu chemudziyo wekurwisa muvengi. Muna 2011, vasati vaunza Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame, mutongi weSomalia, uye muna 2014 asati aunza Abu Khattala, uyo anonzi akatungamira pakufa kwemumiriri weAmerica nevamwe muBenghazi, Libya, kuUnited States nekuvaisa muhusungwa, uye muna 2016 vasati vaunza vanhu vaviri vekuAmerica vakawanikwa vachirwa mudare reSyria muno, hutungamiriri hwaObama hwaizogadzira chimwe chinhu. nguva yekuvharirwa muchiuto uye kubvunzurudzwa pamberi pekuchengetedzwa kwemubatanidzwa uye kumhan'ara.
Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, vanhu vacho vaichengetwa muchiuto uye vakatanga kubvunzurudzwa imomo. Warsame, semuenzaniso, yakachengetwa muchikepe cheUS Navy kwemwedzi miviri ichibvunzurudzwa isati yapomerwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ichipa rutsigiro rwezvinhu kuboka revarwi veSomalia al-Shabaab uye neal-Qaeda muArabia Peninsula. (Muna December 2011, aizobvuma mhosva yake mudare rehurumende muNew York City.) Khattala akachengetwa kwemazuva 13. Kana vamiriri vehungwaru vekuUS vaine ruzivo rwavanoda, vakaendesa vasungwa kune avo vaizovabatsira kuvapomera - ku "chikwata chakachena."
Kusvika pakudomwa kwehutongi hwaTrump, zvakadaro, hapana mumakore aitevera angangonzi murwi wemuvengi otumirwa kuGuantanamo Bay Detention Facility kana kuchengetwa pasina muripo pavhu reUS. Asi chokwadi, vanhu vakati wandei avo, mumakore aBush, pasina kupokana vakave vasungwa ipapo, vakamhan'ara kudare remubatanidzwa, kusanganisira mukuwasha wabin Laden, Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, naAbu Hamza al-Masri, al-Qaeda. anoshanda achipomerwa mhosva yekuedza kuvaka chitokisi chegandanga muUnited States.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, kudonha uku kune nhamba inoshamisa yekutongwa kwehugandanga kuri kuitika, kusanganisira iyo inonzi Benghazi mastermind, yevaviri vekuAmerica vairwa pamwe neISIS muSyria, uye yemugari weUS Muhanad Mahmoud al-Farekh, aive wawanikwa uine mhosva mudare remubatanidzwa muBrooklyn, New York, rekurangana kubatsira al-Qaeda uye kubhomba muzinda wemauto eUS muAfghanistan.
Mumakore aya, chitendero chekuti vanofungirwa hugandanga vari mukati memubatanidzwa wematsotsi system yakamiswa patsva. Pamusoro pezvo, VaObama vakagadza nhume mbiri dzakateedzana kuti dzitore vasungwa vakabvisirwa kuburitswa muGuantanamo, iyo Congress yakaramba kuvhara. Somugumisiro, huwandu hwe 197 dzakaburitswa mumakore aObama, kusiya 41 chete muhusungwa kusingagumi sezvo Trump akapinda pachigaro.
Zvichakadaro, panguva yeMagweta General Eric Holder naLoretta Lynch, matare edzimhosva aitonga nyaya dzehugandanga dziri kuwanda, kubva kuBoston Marathon kusvika kuedza yemukadzi muColorado kuenda kunze kwenyika kunoroora nhengo yeISIS uye kushandira caliphate. Zvikatorwa pamwechete, zviitiko izvi zvaiita sezvinoreva kupera kwenguva yekuvharirwa kusingapere uye kuvharirwa pasina mhosva. Kana kuti takafunga.
Back to Ramangwana
Zvino, zvinoita sekunge, izwi rekuti "muvengi murwi" radzoka uye ndiani anoziva zvave kuda kudzoka nazvo? Ko hutongi hwaVaTrump hwainyanya kushandisa zita iri kwaireva kuti titarise, kuratidza remangwana reGuantanamo-ish riri kuuya, kudzima tarisiro dzekungwarira dzekuti zvakawanwa zvine mwero zvakawanikwa mumakore aObama zvingangogara? Rangarira kuti, panguva yesarudzo dzemuna 2016, Donald Trump akapika kuti aizowedzera mamwe "akaipa" kuGuantanamo uye akasimbirira kuti kunyange vagari vemuAmerica vanogona kuguma vari muchiratidzo chinoramba chiripo chekusaruramisira kweAmerica.
Zvichakadaro, muna Nyamavhuvhu zvakaratidzwa kuti Pentagon yakanga yatokumbira kubva kuCongress $ 500 mamirioni emadhora kuvaka matumba matsva emauto, chipatara, uye guta rematende revanotamira kuGitmo. Nemamwe manzwi, United States ikozvino yamira panzvimbo inotyisa uye zvakadaro inojairwa muhondo yayo isingaperi yehugandanga uye zviratidzo zvinonongedza kumutsiridzo unogona kuitika wemamwe emitemo yakaipa kwazvo yenyika yekuchengetedza nyika.
Muchokwadi, makore mazhinji gare gare, chinzvimbo chemurwi wemuvengi chinofanira kunge chisina kutanga, mureza mutsvuku wehurongwa hwekutanga, sezvinofanirwa kuvharirwa kusingaperi. Munguva yakapfuura, mitemo yakadai yakabudisa chimwe chinhu kunze kwemvura inodhura, ichisiya George Bush kuti asunungure pachake Kupfuura 500 vasungwa, VaBarack Obama inenge 200, uye hurumende kuti pakupedzisira itore vagari vakanzi varwi vemuvengi kubva muusungwa hwemauto uye kuvaendesa kudare rehurumende. Zvichakadaro, makomisheni emauto asina njodzi akasungirirwa kuGitmo aifanira kutsiva dare redzimhosva haasati atombotanga kutongwa kwevanoti vakarangana muna 9/11, nepo matare akadaro akatoedza vanopfuura mazana mashanu vanopomerwa zvehugandanga.
Izvi ndizvo chaizvo izvo makore aTrump akatichengetera? Kudzokera kune mutemo usina kumbobvira washanda, wakaunza kunyadziswa kwenyika ino, wakadhura mari yakawanda mukutengesa (parizvino, dzinosvika madhora mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni gore negore pamusungwa weGitmo), uye akaderedza kutenda muhurongwa hwematare edzimhosva, kunyangwe matare iwawo aratidza kuti anokwanisa kupfuura makomisheni emauto ekubata nyaya dzehugandanga?
Kune avo vedu vaifunga kuti nyika ino ingangove yadzidza chidzidzo chayo, kushandiswa kwezwi rekuti “murwi wemuvengi” kuvasungwa vatsva uye kumugari wemuAmerica kunopfuura kungodenha, ndiko kurwisa kwemutemo kwekupedzisira. Inomiririra kuyedza patsva kwekubvisa chimwe chidimbu chemucheka wedemocracy yeAmerica uye kusahadzika kutenda kwekutanga mukukosha kwematare uye hurongwa hwekutonga. Ndicho chimwe chiyeuchidzo chekuti kusimuka kwenyika yekuchengetedza nyika kuri kuramba kuchiitika kunze kweiyo yaimbofungwa seyakakosha kune republic - kureva, masangano ekururamisira. Zvakakodzera, saka, American Civil Liberties Union filed chikumbiro chehabeas musi wa5 Gumiguru chekupikisa kusungwa kwemurwi mutsva wemuvengi, vachiti, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kodzero ya "John Doe" kugweta uye vachidaidzira kuti apinzwe muhusungwa uye apihwe mhosva kana kusunungurwa.
Kunyangwe ramangwana richiwanzova chakavanzika, kana hutongi hwaTrump huchidzika nenzira imwe chete iyi zvakare, zvinofanirwa kuve pachena kubva mumakore gumi apfuura nehafu iko kwazvichatungamira: kuenda kune yakavandudzwa mutemo wekusiyana kwemutemo umo maAmerican zviyero zve. kururamisira kuchanyatsonangidzirwazve pakusaruramisira.
Karen J. Greenberg, a TomDispatch dzose, ndiye mutungamiriri weCentre on National Security paFordham Law School uye munyori we Inonyanya Kuipisisa Nzvimbo: Guantánamo Yekutanga Mazuva zana. Bhuku rake razvino ndere Rogue Justice: Kuitwa kweSecurity State. Rohini Kurup, mudzidzi weCNS, akabatsira nekutsvaga kwechinyorwa ichi.
Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kuoneka paTomDispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, co-muvambi weAmerican Empire Project, munyori we Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro, serinovhero, Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda. Bhuku rake razvino nderekuti Shadow Government: Surveillance, Secret Wars, uye Global Security State muNyika-Inotyisa (Mabhuku eShimarket).
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