Vanoti muHarlan County, hapana vasina kwavakarerekera ikoko
Iwe unogona kunge uri murume wemubatanidzwa kana thug yeJH Blair
Uri kudivi ripi?
โUri Kudivi Rapi?โ rakava rwiyo rwemubatanidzwa wakazvarwa patsva weUnited Mine Workers (UMWA) mumakore ekuma1930, rikazova rwiyo rwevashandi vese, mucherechedzo wekuziva kwevashandi mumakore asina kugadzikana eDeal New.
Florence Reece akanyora rwiyo. Aive mwanasikana wemugodhi wemarasha wekuKentucky uye akaroorwa naSam Reece, murongi weNational Miners Union, akabva apinda muhondo ine ropa ye1931 Harlan County. Ikoko vashandi vemigodhi yemarasha nevarongi vemasangano vakarwa nevakuru vemarasha kwemakore anoda kusvika gumi - nekuda kwekodzero yekuve nemubatanidzwa mudunhu umo madhorobha ese kunze kweatatu akabatanidzwa aive emakambani emarasha. Huwandu hwevacheri vakapondwa nevarindi vemugodhi hausati hwazivikanwa. Masoja ehurumende aigara achitumirwa kuminda yemarasha achipindura zvakanzi nemumwe gavhuna wehurumende "kutonga kwekutyisa."
โUri Kudivi Rapi?โ yakanyorwa mukudengenyeka kwepakati pehusiku kumba kwake nevana vake naHarlan County Sheriff JH Blair, achitsvaga murume wake.
Ma1920, makore gumi ekukundwa kwevashandi vekuAmerica kwese kwese, akasiya UMW iri munyatwa. Muna 1932, munyika yeanthracite chete ndimo maive nemubatanidzwa wavo. MuPennsylvania neOhio yakanga yadhirika. Kumaodzanyemba kweAppalachian minda, kubva kuWest Virginia kuenda kuAlabama pakanga pasina mubatanidzwa zvachose.
Rumutsiridzo rwevamigodhi, vachitungamirirwa neUMWA, rwakauya mushure mesarudzo yaFranklin Roosevelt muna 1933 uye mukutenda kwekubatana kwavo chete kunogona kuvaponesa. Murongi Garfield Lewis akanyora, "Vanhu vaziya nenzara zvekuti vari kudirana muMubatanidzwa nezviuruโฆ Pakupera kwegore UMWA waive zvekare mubatanidzwa mukuru wenyika; yaizoenderera mberi nekubhadhara kurongeka kweCongress of Industrial Organisations (CIO) uye kuwedzera kwevashandi kwema'9s.
REBOUND YAKAKURU
Zvichida wakanga uri mubatanidzwa mukurusa wati wambovapo.
Zvakadaro, mabhanga eWall Street nemaindasitiri eEast Coast vaive neakakura seams eMaodzanyemba marasha aisazokanda mapfumo pasi pasina kurwa, uye Harlan akaramba ari "Ropa Harlan." Varindi vemakambani ane zvombo uye vatevedzeri vesheriff vakatenderedza makomo ane materu nemipata yakamanikana yeKentucky Appalachian.
Nhengo dzemubatanidzwa dzakarohwa, mhuri dzavo dzichityiswa. Varongi vakapfurwa, dzimba dzavo dzakapfurwa negasi. "Vatorwa" vakapambwa, zvino rombo rakanaka kana vakangoendeswa kumutsara weruwa.
Mukupera kwegore ra1939 ndipo pavakapinda muHarlan marasha masters akasaina kusaina nemubatanidzwa. Panguva iyoyo UMWA ine simba yaimiririra 400,000 vanoshanda mumigodhi, ichivimbisa kuchengeteka pabasa uye kutiza kubva muhurombo hwaive hwapedza chizvarwa nechizvarwa.
WILDCAT STRIKE WAVE
Maiwe, njodzi yakamirirwa, panguva ino mune yakakura '50s. Mutongi wemauto achembera uye Mutungamiri weUMWA John L. Lewis vakabvuma kubvumidza vashandirwi rusununguko rwekugadzira migodhi. Michina mitsva yaizochinja migodhi yepasiโasi ichibhadharwa nevacheri vemarasha pachavo.
Muna 1959 Lewis paakaenda pamudyandigere, mubatanidzwa wakanga waderedzwa kusvika kunhengo dze180,000, uye nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba dzemarasha, dzaisanganisira Harlan, dzakanga dzisiri mubatanidzwa zvakare. Vashandi vemubatanidzwa, zvino vachitungamirwa nemukuru weMontana, Tony Boyle, vakadzika musasa mumahofisi emubatanidzwa uye vaisawanzopinda muAppalachia, uko kushushikana kwema'30s kwairatidzika kunge kusati kwapera.
Vacheri vezvinzvimbo-uye-mafaira vakapindura nehurongwa hwekuramwa kwemhuka dzemusango, muna 1964, 1966, na1971, uye muna 1969 vakahwina murwi mukuru weWest Virginia Black Lung Strike, kumwe kwekurova mashoma kwezvematongerwo enyika munhoroondo yeUS. Vari kuramwa mabasa mumigodhi yemarasha kumaodzanyemba kweWest Virginia vakamanikidza gavhuna weRepublican kusaina bhiri raibvumira muripo wechirwere chemapapu evatema. Kongiresi yakabva yapasisa mutemo wemubatanidzwa waibatsira vashandi vemumigodhi vaitambura.
Muna 1969, Tony Boyle akapokana chigaro chemutungamiri weUMWA naJock Yablonski, uyo akavimbisa demokrasi mumubatanidzwa. Boyle akaita kuti Yablonski apondwe. Akahaya vaviri vanotyaira mubhawa reCleveland uye paZuva Regore Idzva, vakaponda Yablonksi, mudzimai wake, nemwanasikana wake vari pamibhedha yavo.
Boka rerank-and-file boka reMiners for Democracy rakarongwa parufu urwu. Kukunda kweMFD musarudzo dzemubatanidzwa kwakazotevera, uye sangano revashandi vemumigodhi rakave rudzi rwemasangano ezvinzvimbo muma'70s.
Kokorodzano yeUMWA ya1973 muPittsburgh yaive mhemberero yegutsaruzhinji nemasimba evashandi. Mumwe ane makore 73 anonzi Florence Reece akapinda uye akatungamirira rwiyo runonyandura, rwepfungwa rweโUri Kudivi Ripi?โ
THE BROOKSIDE STRIKE
Kwakatevera makore gumi ekurova muminda yemarasha, kazhinji kurohwa kwekatsi nevamwe vechidiki zviuru makumi mana, vazhinji vevarwi vehondo muVietnam. Hutungamiri hutsva hwemubatanidzwa hwakavimbisa kuronga (kana kurongazve) vasina kurongeka.
Zvakare, Harlan County yakatora nzvimbo yepakati, panguva ino kuBrookside Mine-ichifumura, zvakare, hurombo hwenyika yemarasha, pamwe nekusakendenga kwehupenyu hwevaridzi, mune iyi nyaya Duke Power.
Ndakashanyira Harlan muna 1974 neboka revashandi vomumugodhi vokuBritain. Vashandi vepaHarlan Hotel vakaratidza kufara kutiratidza mabara akanga achiri mukati mekunze kwechivako chekuchembera. Mumwe murongi weUMWA akatitambira akatiratidza pfuti padeshibhodhi remota yake.
Varovi vakahwina, asi pakangopera mwedzi 13 uye kupondwa kwemumwe mushandi wemugodhi wechidiki, Lawrence Jones, ane makore 22. Kuramwa basa kwemuBrookside kunorondedzerwa zvakajeka muunyanzvi hwaBarbara Kopple, firimu rinonzi โHarlan County, USA.โ
NONUNION UYE INOFA
Nhasi, marasha eUS anouya zvakanyanya kubva kumapani ekuMadokero, akacherwa nemichina mikuru inofambisa ivhu uye akatakurwa kumahombekombe pazvitima-refu-maira, zvinorutsa huruva.
Kuchine marasha muAppalachia, asiwo hurombo hwakadzama. Kubatana, nezvose zvayakavimbisa, hakuna. Varidzi vemigodhi havatomboremekedzi hupenyu hwevashandi vemugodhi nemhuri dzavo.
Njodzi ya2010 paMassey Energy's Upper Big Branch Mine kuMontcoal, West Virginia, yakauraya vanhu makumi maviri nevapfumbamwe. Mamaneja akabvuma mhosva yekuvhiringidza kuedza kweMine Safety and Health Administration. CEO Don Blankenship akabatwa nemhosva yekutyora nemaune mitemo yekuchengetedza uye akapedza gore ari mujeri.
Zvakadaro, kune mweya unogara muHarlan, pamwe chete nemweya yehondo dzakapfuura. Musi waChikunguru 1, Blackjewel LLC yakangoerekana yavhara migodhi yayo mitanhatu yeHarlan, yakaisa kubhuroka, uye yakaendesa vashandi vemugodhi kumba vasina mubhadharo. Vashandi vemumugodhi nemhuri dzavo vakapindura nekupinda munjanji kuti zvitima zvichange zvichakatakura zvisatakure marasha kusvikira vabhadharwa. Veruzhinji veko vakaungana vachivatevera.
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