On
Zvita 11, 2000, Chibvumirano chinokosha cheEurope chakanga chava pedyo
kupera. Pazuva rino, vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika veEurope
Union yakaungana mumisangano yakavanzika muguta reNice
kuti vasvike pachibvumirano cheNice Treaty. Chibvumirano chakabvumiranwa
kune vatungamiri veEurope, avo vakanga vakavanzwa zvakachengeteka kubva
kuvepo kwemakumi ezviuru zvevaratidziri vasina kukokwa,
uye zvino yaifanira kusainwa nevamiriri venhengo gumi neshanu
inoti.
Makurukota eKune dzimwe nyika enyika gumi neshanu akasaina Nice
Chibvumirano panguva yemhemberero musi waFebruary 26, 2001. Zvose zvaive
yakasara panguva iyi yakasimbiswa nenyika imwe neimwe. Izvi
kwaisazova muitiro wakaoma, sezvo 14 dzenyika 15
yeEuropean Union inogona kubvumidza Chibvumirano kuburikidza neparamende
mvumo chete. Saka, Chibvumirano cheNice chakakurumidza kugamuchirwa na
ruzhinji rwenyika dzenhengo (Chibvumirano chichiri kuitwa
yakaongororwa mukati meBelgian Paramende). Paingova neimwe chete
chipingamupinyi chidiki chakasara uye iyi yaive Republic of Ireland.
Kubvumidzwa kweChibvumirano cheNice kwaida kugadziriswa
kuBumbiro reMitemo reIrish, iro raida kubvumidzwa
yevanhu veIrish mureferendamu yaChikumi 7, 2001.
Sangano reIrish rakatsigira Chibvumirano, sekukundwa mukati
referendamu yaizopa ngozi huru kune vezvematongerwe enyika
uye vatungamiriri vezvemari veIreland. Fianna Fรกil uye Akanaka
Gael, mapato maviri makuru ezvematongerwo enyika, akakurudzira vanhu veIrish
kupasisa referendamu. Vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika vedzimwe dzeEurope
nyika dzakakurudzira vaIrish kuita zvimwe chetezvo. Chechi yeKatorike
akaudza nhengo dzayo kuti dzipasise Chibvumirano. Vakuru vakuru
masangano evashandi akakurudzira vashandi vavo kugamuchira Chibvumirano.
Nhepfenyuro yenyika yakapa rutsigiro kubva pazuva rekutanga. Economic
uye nyanzvi dzezvemari dzakanyevera nezvemigumisiro yakaipa yekuramba
referendamu, ichitaura kuti Ireland yaida Chibvumirano - iyo
Vanhu vekuIrish vanofanira kuita zvavanenge vachiudzwa.
Asi havana kudaro. Pasinei nezvisungo zveumwe neumwe
chikamu chevanhu veIrish, vanhu veIrish vakavhota makumi mashanu nemana
kubva muzana kusvika ku46 muzana vachipokana neChibvumirano. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive
kubudirira kukuru kune vanorwira masimba munyika yose
uye zvakaratidza kuti danidziro yavo yakabata bata vanhu veIrish.
Kana vari vatsigiri veChibvumirano, hapana nguva yakatambiswa
kurwisa vhoti yeIrish. The mass media muEurope yose
akadaidza vavhoti veIrish se "kupenga" uye "udyire."
Chechi yeKaturike nevatungamiriri vemasangano evashandi vakaonekwa pachena
vakazvininipisa uye vakabvunza chisarudzo chevanhu.
Vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika veIrish vari kudaidzira referendamu yechipiri
iyo Nice Treaty ichikumbira vavhoti kuti vachinje pfungwa dzavo mu
Sarudzo huru yaGumiguru. Kuita pakurambwa kweIrish
cheChibvumirano chinoratidza kupokana kubva kuEuropean Union
budiriro yakarongwa haigamuchirwi uye kuongororwa kweNice
Chibvumirano chinonyatsoratidza zvinosanganisirwa nebudiriro iyi.
Vasati vavhota veIrish vaita sarudzo yavo muna Chikumi 2001, maviri
madingindira epakati aitonga gakava reruzhinji pamusoro peNice Treaty,
Kuwedzera kweEurope uye kusarerekera kweIrish. Vatsigiri ve
Chibvumirano chakasimbisa kukosha kwekuwedzera kweEurope uye
yakavimbisa kuenderera mberi kwekusarerekera kweIrish. Vakatsanangura
kuti Chibvumirano cheNice chichagadzirisa zvibvumirano zvekare uye kubvumira
nyika dzakawanda kuti dzipinde muEuropean Union. Izvi zvaizoitika
pasina kutyisidzira kusarerekera kweIrish. Mapoka anopikisa
Chibvumirano, kusanganisira Green Party, Sinn Fรฉin, Socialist
Bato, Socialist Worker Party, Workers Solidarity Movement,
uye mamwe maAnarchist Mapoka, PANA (iyo Runyararo uye Kusarerekera
Alliance), uye AFRI (Action From Ireland), vakabvumirana kuti
Nice Treaty ndeyekuwedzera, sezvo inotarisira kuwedzera
simba renyika huru pamusoro penyika diki mukati
nzira yekuita sarudzo yeEuropean Union. The European
Union parizvino inoumbwa nenhengo gumi neshanu: Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, uye
Nyika dzakabatana. Vatsigiri veChibvumirano cheNice vakati
kuti dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzinotarisirwa kujoinha uye izvo
Nice inobvumira kuwedzera kuitika. Izvi ichokwadi zvishoma
uye yakashandiswa panguva yekukakavadzana kwevanhu sechinhu chinovhiringidza kubva kune
nyaya dzekuwedzera.
Ichokwadi kuti Bulgaria, Kupro, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia,
uye Slovenia inyika dzese dziri kutonga parizvino
nhaurirano neEU. Turkey yakapihwawo mumiriri
chinzvimbo mukati menhaurirano idzi. Zvisinei, dambudziko rokutanga
nenharo yekuwedzera inomuka nemamiriro e
Chibvumirano cheAmsterdam, chakasimbiswa muna 1998. Chibvumirano cheAmsterdam
zvakapa kuti pawedzerwe dzimwe nhengo shanu dzeNyika ku
European Union. Muhurukuro ne Irish Times,
Mutungamiri weEU Commission, Romano Prodi, akati: 'Pamutemo,
kubvumidzwa kweChibvumirano cheNice hakudiwi kuti uwedzere.
Izvi hazvireve kuti Irish Referendum haina kukosha.
Asi, kubva pane iyi chaiyo-ye-maonero, kuwedzera kunogoneka
pasina Nice."
Nehunyanzvi, European Union yatove nehurongwa hwemutemo
kuwedzera. Yakave nekugona uku kubva 1998, asi hapana nyika
akabatana kubva kuAmsterdam Chibvumirano. The Nice Treaty inogadziriswa
chibvumirano cheAmsterdam nekuwedzera huwandu hwenyika
vanobvumirwa kupinda muEuropean Union, asi zvakanyanya kukosha,
inogadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu ayo kuwedzera kwaizoitwa
tora nzvimbo. Chibvumirano chinonyanya kuita shanduko dzemasangano
mukati meEU, kuita inishuwarenzi kuti nyika dzakakura dzichengetedze
uye kuwana simba kana nyika itsva dzabatana. Muenzaniso wekutanga
izvi zvinoitika mukati meKanzuru yeVashandi. Parizvino,
nhengo yega yega inopihwa mavhoti akati wandei
pahuwandu hwenhengo yenyika. The Nice Treaty inogadzirisa
nhamba iripo uye anogovera mamwe simba kumusoro kwakananga
nyika huru. Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza shanduko iyi.
Ayarendi
uye dzimwe nyika diki dzakaita sedzichapera simba. Zvimwe chete
shanduko inoitika mukati meParamende yeEuropean. Ireland parizvino
ine nhengo gumi neshanu dzenhengo dze15 dzeEuropean Parliament. Mushure
Kuitwa kweNice Chibvumirano, Ireland icharasikirwa ne3
nhengo, ipapo dzine gumi nembiri chete dzenhengo mazana masere nemakumi matatu nenomwe dzeparamende.
Chibvumirano cheNice chichashandurawo kushanda kweEurope
Komisheni. Pasi peNice, European Council ichakwanisa
kuti vasarudze kuti maCommissioner mangani anofanira kuva, rinhi uye
kana EU ikasvika nyika makumi maviri nenomwe. The Nice Treaty zvimwe
inoti panofanirwa kuve nemaCommissioner asingasviki makumi maviri nevanomwe. Kuva nhengo
yeKomisheni yaibva yatenderera pakati penyika dziri nhengo. Naizvozvo,
nyika diki dzinobata Komisheni wavo akakosha
kumiririrwa kwakanaka mukati meEU, seIreland, kwaizorasikirwa
Commissioner wavo kwenguva yakareba isina chokwadi.
Chibvumirano cheNice chinogadzirira European Union kune imwe hierarchal
uye udemocratic system yekushanda. Chirevo chekuti
Nice Treaty yakagadzirirwa kunyanya kuwedzera kwenhengo
nyika kuEuropean Union haina kururama. Mashoko pamusoro pekuwedzera
inofanirwa kutariswa mukati memamiriro ekunze eEurope, chete
sezvikumbiro zvekusarerekera kweIrish zvinofanirwa kuongororwa nazvo
kuremekedza kune zvimwe zviitiko.
Kusatsigira zvematongerwo enyika
The
dingindira guru rechipiri rinoiswa mugakava rinotungamira kusvika
referendamu yakanga iri nyaya yokusatora rutivi kwemauto eIrish.
Vatsigiri veNice Treaty vanotaura kuti kusarerekera kweIrish
inoramba iri yechokwadi, sezvo Ireland isingazove chikamu cheuto chero ripi zvaro
mubatanidzwa mushure meNice. Chirevo ichi chaive chakareruka,
sevatsoropodzi veNice vakakurumidza kukwanisa kutaura nhoroondo uye
zvinoreva Nice kuratidza zvakapesana.
Ichokwadi kuti Republic of Ireland yakagara ichiti
kusapindira mune zvehondo. Izvi, zvisinei, zvakanyanya mudzidziso
pane kudzidzira. Munhoroondo yese, mutemo weIrish wagara uripo
akafarira chirongwa chemauto cheUnited States of America.
Nguva pfupi yadarika, Shannon Airport yakaita basa rakakosha mukati
agenda iyi. Yakashandiswa senzvimbo yekumisa mauto eU.S
munguva yeHondo yeGulf uye hurumende yeIrish ichangobva kupa
mvumo yekuti mauto eUS ashandise Shannon Airport se
kumbomira munzira kuenda kuAfghanistan. Sarudzo iyi yakaitwa
mberi pasina kubvunza Dรกil kana vanhu veIrish.
Hurumende yeIrish zvakare inoramba yakanyarara nezve
iyo ichangobva kunangwa yeIraq.
Zvave kutonyanya kuomera Ireland kuti iti haina kwayakarerekera
senzvimbo dzinoverengeka muIreland dzinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwe
mauto eUnited States. Chiito Kubva kuIreland
yakataura zvakawanda pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kweIrish mune dzimwe nyika
kutengesa zvombo. AFRI yakanyora makambani anopfuura gumi nemaviri ari
muIreland izvo zvinogadzira zvinhu zvevagadziri vezvombo. Zvizhinji
yemakambani anogadzira "dual-use" tekinoroji,
izvo zvavanotengesa kuvagadziri vezvombo, asi mamwe emakambani aya
kubudisa โnhumbi dzehondo,โ dzisina chinangwa
kunze kwekushandiswa sechikamu chehurongwa hwezvombo.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Raytheon, wechitatu mukurusa kugadzira maoko
muUS, mugadziri weTomahawk uye Patriot missile, akazivisa
kuti iri kumisikidza chirimwa mu County Derry. Derry chirimwa
inonzi iri kugadzira hi-tech software, asi ichangoburwa
yakapihwa 800 miriyoni paundi rubatsiro neBritish Ministry
yeDefence. Chishamiso chechinhu chidiki ichi chave kutya tose.
Yakawedzerwa kuIreland maitiro enhoroondo uye mauto azvino
kugadzira, Chibvumirano cheNice chine chinangwa chekuwedzera kusimbisa iyo
European Rapid Reaction Force. Iyo RRF yakatanga kugadzirwa ne
Chibvumirano cheAmsterdam uye ndiyo hwaro hweUto reEurope.
Inosanganisira pasi, gungwa, uye mauto emhepo kubva kuEU nhengo dzeEU.
Iyo RRF inoumbwa ne60,000 simba rakasimba (rine mazana maviri ezviuru
pamwe nekuchengetedza) uye ichabvumira Europe kuisa mauto mukati
nzvimbo yehondo inosvika gore rimwe. Inofanira kunge inokwanisa
yekushanda makiromita 4,000 kubva mukondinendi yeEurope-mu
nzvimbo dzakadai seAfrica neMiddle East. Kana izvi zvisingaiti
inonzwika zvakakwana seuto reNATO, pane zvimwe. Imwe ye
zvinyorwa zveNice Treaty zvinotsanangura kuti Munyori weNATO
General anofanira kupinda misangano yeEU Ministerial uye panofanira
kuve misangano yenguva dzose pakati peEU neNATO komiti yemauto
uye tsvimbo.
Nhoroondo, mutemo weIrish wakafarira mauto eUnited States
project. Hurumende yeIrish, pasina mvumo ye
Vanhu veIrish, vakapinda muKudyidzana kweRunyararo, kumberi kweNATO
sangano. Zvisinei, uye izvi zvakakosha zvikuru, maIrish
vanhu havasati vambobvuma kuve chikamu chepamutemo che
simba reukoloni. Vanhu veIreland vakaona, uye vanoenderera mberi
kuona, mhirizhonga uye kuparadzwa kunoitwa nehukoloni.
Chirongwa chemauto chakafambiswa neNice Treaty chichaita zvisingadzoreki
shandura mamiriro ekare eIreland pamusoro pekolonialism. zveEurope
huzivi hwemauto kuseri kweChibvumirano cheNice hunova hwakafanana
zvakajeka kana zvichitariswa maererano nehurongwa hwayo hwehupfumi.
Neoliberal Agenda
Chikuru
nyaya yakasiiwa isina kubatwa nenhepfenyuro yenyika muIreland ndeye
neoliberal economic policy yakasimudzwa neNice Treaty. Ayarendi
hazvizivikanwe kune kusundidzira kushambadza mberi neEU.
Aer Lingus, ndege yehurumende, uye ESB, yehurumende
kambani yemagetsi, iri kutarisana nekumanikidzwa kubva kuEU kuti iite zvakavanzika.
Chibvumirano cheNice chine chinangwa chekufambisa nzira yekushambadzira
muIreland nedzimwe nyika nhengo.
Mapoka eEuropean industry lobby akakurudzira kupesvedzera
nhaurirano pamusoro peChibvumirano Chakanaka nguva isati yasvika misangano yakavharwa
yaDecember 11 yakaitika. Chimwe chezvikuru zvekambani zvinoda
yaive yekumwe kusimudzira pakati pekuita sarudzo kweEU
pakutengeserana nedzimwe nyika, kuburikidza nekuchinja kweChibvumirano cheEU
Chisungo 133. The Nice Treaty ichawedzera European Commission's
masimba pamusoro penyaya dzeWTO, nekushandura nzira dzekuvhota
yeEuropean Union. Chinangwa cheKomisheni chaive chekuwana
kugona kwakazara kutaurirana vakamiririra EU uye kusuma
vanokwanisa ruzhinji kuvhota munzvimbo dzakakosha uko kune kubatana
inodiwa.
The
Nice Chibvumirano chinopa EU kugona nekukurumidza kupfuura muEurope
mutemo, pasina kuve nehanya nehurukuro yavose.
Nekupa nyika dzakakura simba rekuvhota rakawanda, iyo
kuunzwa kwevanokwanisa kuvhota vazhinji vachakwanisa
kuwedzera kudzvinyirira pfungwa dzenyika diki. In just
chimwe chibvumirano, EU yakabvisa kudiwa kwekubvumirana mukati
nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekuita sarudzo, uye yakabvumira yakakura
nyika kuti dzitonge nzvimbo idzi. Kunyangwe iyo European Commission
anga achitarisirawo kugadzirisa mari iripo uye kukwikwidza
mitemo yekuita nhaurirano pachibvumirano chekudyara ive nyore,
Chibvumirano cheNice chinoratidza kubudirira kukuru kweEurope
vepamusoro.
Naizvozvo hazvishamisi kuti veEuropean
vepamusoro vakashatirwa nekuramba kweIreland kweNice
Chibvumirano. Kubva pasarudzo yeruzhinji paNice, maIrish
hurumende yakatsvanzvadzira kutsvaga mhinduro yekufadza Europe.
Asi izvi zvakaratidza kuva zvakaoma zvikuru, sezvo Europe isingadaro
shandura Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheIreland. Hurumende yeIrish yaive
kumanikidzwa kutsvaga nzira yekupa iyo imwechete referendum kune veIrish
vanhu, nepo vachireva kuti yakanga yakasiyana neyekutanga
Poshi. Mhedzisiro yacho yakafanotaurwa.
Iyo Seville Declaration uye Nice II
Vatsigiri
yeNice Treaty, inotevera, vari kutaura kuti kusarerekera
ikozvino yakachengetedzwa neNational Declaration yehurumende
paSeville European Council musi waChikumi 21, 2002. Seville
Declaration inotaura kuti Ireland ichaenderera mberi nemutemo wayo we
kusarerekera kwemauto uye kuti haizove chikamu cheEuropean
Mauto. Inosimbisawo kuti Ireland ichaita changamire
sarudzo yekuti mauto eIrish anofanira kutora chikamu mukubatsira vanhu
matambudziko ekugadzirisa mabasa akaiswa neEU, zvichibva pane "katatu
kukiyaโ kwerutsigiro rweUN, sarudzo yeHurumende, uye Dรกil
mvumo. Pakupedzisira, Seville Declaration inotaura kuti Ireland
haizogamuchire chero ramangwana rakafanana kudzivirira mutemo kana European
chibvumirano chinogona kutyisidzira kusarerekera kweIrish pasina mvumo
yevanhu veIrish kuburikidza nereferendamu.
Pakangoitwa Zviziviso izvi, vanhu veIrish vakawanda
akabva angoziva nhema dzacho. MaDeclaration anoti
hapazovi nemauto eEU โ asi Ireland yave kutotumira
850 mauto, kana 7.4 muzana yeuto rayo, kuti vabatane neRapid
Reaction Force. Seville inovimbisawo referendum kana iripo
vari kuenderera mberi kune rimwe boka rekudzivirira, asi izvi zvave
zvakataurwa kare. Muna 1997, hurumende yakavimbisa referendamu
vasati vapinda muKuwadzana kweRunyararo ndokubva vatyora zvayo
promise. Uyezve, Zviziviso hazvina chazvinokanganisa
kudyidzana pakati peNATO neEuropean Union.
Zviziviso zveSeville zvakafanana nezvipo zvakapihwa
vanhu veDenmark muna 1993. Vavhoti veDenmark vakaramba Maastricht
Chibvumirano muna 1992. Vakabva vapiwa mukana wekusarudza kubuda
panyaya dzekudzivirira uye mari imwe chete. The Seville
Zviziviso zvinopa zvishoma kune vanhu veIrish, asi iyo
Hurumende yeIrish iri kupinda muchirongwa chechipiri cheNice ne
kuedza kukuru kuripira. Hurumende iri kugadzira
"mapamphlets eruzivo" paNice Treaty, iyo
ichagoverwa kumhuri imwe neimwe munyika pa
mutengo we1 miriyoni Euro kune mutero weIrish. Bato reLabour,
bato rechitatu pakukura muIreland, rapinda muhurumende
mushandirapamwe. Hurumende icharamba ichitambirawo
tsigiro yemamwe mapoka evakuru vevanhu veIrish iyo
yakaitwa pareferendamu yekutanga.
Varatidziri muIreland yese vachasangana neimwe ine simba
Kupikisa kwechipiri Nice Referendum muna Gumiguru. The
mapato madiki ezvematongerwo enyika nemapoka akazvimirira akarwa
referendamu yekutanga, uye vadzoka zvakare kune ino.
Iyi danidziro yechipiri ine zviwanikwa zvakafanana uye ichabatanidza
nzira imwechete yekuronga kwepasi.
Nyaya kubva kuIreland inopa nzwisiso kune gwara
yeEurope. Kuti Ireland ndiyo chete nyika muEurope kubata
referendamu yenyika pamusoro peChibvumirano chakakosha zvakadaro chinoratidza
EU kusavimbika kwesarudzo yeruzhinji pane European policy.
Hapana mubvunzo kuti Europe inoronga kuvandudza kuita imwe
mauto uye nepakati simba renyika uye havazodaro
gamuchira kupokana kubva muzvirongwa zvavo. Muna Gumiguru, vanhu veIrish
kuwana mukana wekutaura zvinopesana kwete Nice chete, asiwo
chirongwa cheEuropean chazvino. Zvinhu zvinogona kunakidza.
Sean
Dunne hurukuro kuNational College yeArt & Dhizaini
uye ari kupedza PhD mune zvemagariro evanhu paTrinity College, Dublin.