Vachitsigirwa nehurumende dzavo uye vakabhanga nemari yakawanda yekutengeserana uye yekudyara uye mari yakawedzerwa, masimba ehupfumi ehupfumi achangobva kusimukira ari kutora hutongi hwenzvimbo dzakakura dzakaorera kubva kunyika dzine urombo muAfrica, Asia, neLatin America kuburikidza nekupindirana kwenzvimbo. huwori, hutongi hwemisika yakasununguka. Mamirioni emaeka enzvimbo akapihwa - kazhinji mahara - kune avo, kunyanya, vanovimbisa kuisa mari muzvivakwa kuti vafambise kuendesa zvigadzirwa zvekurima zvakapambwa kumisika yavo yekumba uye kubhadhara muhoro unoenda zvishoma. kudarika $1 dhora pazuva kune varombo vemuno varimi. Mapurojekiti uye zvibvumirano zviri mumabasa ekuwedzera ekutora ivhu kuti avhare mamwe makumi emamiriyoni emahekita eminda yekurima munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Kutengeswa kwepasi kukuru / kuchinjisa kunoitika panguva uye munzvimbo umo varimi vasina minda vari kukura muhuwandu, uye varimi vadiki vari kutamiswa nechisimba neo-colonial state uye kubhuroka kuburikidza nechikwereti uye kushaikwa kwechikwereti chinokwanisika. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mamiriyoni evarimi vakarongwa vasina minda nevashandi vokumaruwa vari kutamburira kuti vawane minda inorimwa vanoparwa mhosva, vanodzvinyirirwa, vanopondwa, kana kuti kupfigirwa mujeri uye mhuri dzavo dzinopinzwa muzvitangwena zvomumaguta zvakazara nehosha. Chirevo chenhoroondo chine zvakafanana uye mutsauko nekuvakwa kwehumambo hwekare kwemazana emakore apfuura.
Chimiro Chekare uye Chitsva Agro-Imperial Exploitation
DMumakore mazana mashanu apfuura ehutongi hwehumambo, kushandiswa uye kutengesa kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zvekurima nezvicherwa zvakatora chikamu chepakati mukupfumisa humambo hweEuro-North America. Kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi 19, minda mikuru nemalatifundios, akarongwa akatenderedza zvirimwa zvakakura, aivimbwa nevashandi vekumanikidzirwa—varanda, vashandi vebasa, semi-serfs, varimi vanoroja, vashandi vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika, uye mamwe marudzi akawanda (kusanganisira vasungwa)— kuunganidza hupfumi uye purofiti kune vagari vekoloni, vatengesi vekumba, uye hupfumi hwehurumende.
Humambo hwekurima hwakachengetedzwa kuburikidza nekukundwa kwevanhu veko, kupinza nhapwa nevashandi vekune dzimwe nyika, uye kubvutwa nechisimba nekutorerwa minda. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, vatongi vekoloni vaisanganisira vatungamiri vemunharaunda sevatungamiri uye vakatsvaga varombo, vakadzingwa vagari venyika kuti vashande semasoja ekoloni achitungamirirwa nevachena veEuro-America.
Colonial-style agro-imperialism yakarwiswa neveruzhinji-based national liberation movements mukati me19th nehafu yekutanga ye20th century, zvichizoguma nekugadzwa kwehutongi hwenyika dzakazvimirira muAfrica, Asia, neLatin America. Kubva pakutanga kwekutonga kwadzo, nyika dzichangozvimiririra dzakatevedzera mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yekuva varidzi vevhu uye kushandiswa kwevapambevhu. Hutongi hushoma hwehudzvanyiriri, hwesocialist, uye hwechirudzi hwakazotora, zvishoma kana kuti zvachose, varidzi veminda yekune dzimwe nyika, sezvakaitika kuChina, Cuba, Indochina, Zimbabwe, Guyana, Angola, India, nedzimwe. Kubvutwa kwakawanda uku kwakakonzera kuti ivhu riendeswe mumaoko emabhubhurosi akanga achangosimuka, zvichisiya ruzhinji rwevashandi vekumaruwa vasina minda kana kuti vari kungogara pasi pevhu. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuchinja kubva kuhutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi hwakanga hwakanyorwa nechibvumirano chezvematongerwo enyika chinovimbisa kuenderera mberi kwemaitiro emakoloni evaridzi vevhu, kurima, kutengesa, uye hukama hwebasa (inotsanangurwa seneo-colonial agro-export system). Kunze kwezvishomanana dzehurumende idzi dzakatadza kuchinja kuvimba kwadzo nezvirimwa kunze kwenyika, kuita misika yakasiyana-siyana, kutanga kuzviriritira kwezvokudya, kana kupa mari kuti varombo vekumaruwa vagare munzvimbo dzakaorera dzisina kurimwa.
Ikoko kugovewa kwevhu kwakaitika, hurumende dzakatadza kuisa mari yakakwana mumhando itsva dzesangano rekumaruwa (mapurazi emhuri, co-ops, kana communal ejidos) kana kuti akatemesa mabhizinesi makuru ehurumende aidzorwa nepakati ayo aifambiswa zvakanaka, akatadza kupa zvakakwana. kurudziro kune vanogadzira zvakananga, uye zvakashandiswa kupa mari yekusimudzira maguta-maindasitiri. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mapurazi mazhinji ehurumende nemacooperatives akazoparadzwa. Munyika dzakawanda, varombo vakawanda vokumaruwa vakaramba vasina pokugara uye vachizviisa pasi pezvaidiwa nevateresi vomunzvimbomo, vashandi vehondo, uye vakweretesi vemari uye vaiwanzodzingwa.
Neo-liberalism uye Kusimuka kweAgro-Imperialism
EMucherechedzo weiyo new style agro-imperialism ndiko kutorwa kweSouth Korea kwehafu (1.3 miriyoni mahekita) yeminda inorimika yeMadagascar pasi pemakore 70-90 okurenda umo Daewoo Logistics Corporation yekuSouth Korea inotarisira kubhadhara chero kondirakiti yekurima. chibage nemafuta emichindwe zvekutengesa kunze kwenyika. MuCambodia, nyika dzinoverengeka dziri kusimukira dzezvekurima dzeAsia neMiddle East dziri “kutaurirana” (nechiokomuhomwe chakakura uye kupa “kudyidzana” kwenzvimbo kunobhadhara kune vezvematongerwo enyika veko) kutorwa kwemamiriyoni emahekita evhu rakaorera. Kukura nekudzika kwekuwedzera kweagro-imperial ichangobva kusimukira munyika ine hurombo muAsia, Africa, neLatin America inodarika iyo yehumambo hwekutanga hwekoloni isati yasvika zana ramakore rechi20. (Nyaya yakadzama yenyika itsva dzeagro-imperialist uye neo-colonial colonies ichangobva kunyorwa pawebhusaiti yeGRAIN.)
Masimba ekufambisa ari kuseri kwekukunda kweagro-imperialist uye kutora nyika kunogona kukamurwa kuita mabhuroka matatu:
- Hutongi hwemafuta eArabu akapfuma, kunyanya pakati peGulf States (muchikamu, kuburikidza nemari yavo yehupfumi)
- Nyika dziri kusimukira dzehumambo dzeAsia (China, India, South Korea, neJapan) neIsrael
- Nyika dzekutanga dzehumambo (US neEurope), World Bank, Wall Street investimendi mabhangi, uye mamwe makambani akasarudzika emamperial speculator-mari.
Imwe neimwe yeaya agro-imperial blocs yakarongwa kutenderedza imwe-kusvika-nhatu dzinotungamira nyika. Pakati penyika dzeumambo dzeGulf, Saudi Arabia neKuwait ndidzo dzinotora nyika huru. MuAsia, iChina, Korea, uye Japan. Pakati pevadzvanyiriri veU.S.-European-World Bank pane mafemu akasiyana siyana ezvekurima ari monopoly ari kutenga minda kubva kuGoldman Sachs, Blackstone muU.S. kusvika kuLouis Dreyfuss kuNetherlands neDeutschbank kuGermany. Inosvika mazana emamiriyoni maeka evhu rinorimika anga ari kana kuti ari mushishi rekugovewa nevaridzi vevhu vakuru vepasi rose mune inova imwe yenzvimbo huru dzevaridzi vevhu munhoroondo yekuvaka empire.
Iyo sellout inowanzotevera imwe yenzira mbiri kana musanganiswa wezvose. Nyika dzichangobva kusimukira dzehumambo dzinotungamira kana kukumbirwa nehurumende yeneo-colonial kuti vaise mari mu "budiriro yezvekurima." Nhaurirano dzedivi rimwe dzinotevera apo mazakwatira emari anobva kuhomwe yeumambo achienda kumaakaundi ebhanga mhiri kwemakungwa evadyidzani vavo veneo-colonial. Zvibvumirano uye zvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano hazvina kuenzana: chikafu uye zvekurima zvinenge zvatengeswa kunze kwenyika kumisika yemusha yeagro-imperial nyika, kunyangwe ruzhinji rwenyika inofa nenzara uye zvinoenderana nekutumirwa kwechimbichimbi chechikafu kubva kuhumambo hwevanhu. masangano. Budiriro, kusanganisira zvivimbiso zvekudyara kukuru, yakanangana nekuvaka migwagwa, zvifambiso, zviteshi, uye nzvimbo dzekuchengetera kuti zvishandiswe chete kufambisa kuendeswa kwezvirimwa zvekurima mhiri kwemakungwa nemafemu makuru ezvekurima. Mazhinji enzvimbo inotorwa pasina rendi kana pasi pemubhadharo wezita, unoenda muhomwe dzevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika kana kuti udzokororwe mudhorobha rekutengesa zvivakwa nemusika weumbozha wekunze. Kunze kwehama dzekubatana kana shamwari dzevatongi veneo-colonial, vanenge vese vatariri vanobhadhara zvakanyanya uye vashandi vehunyanzvi vanobva kunyika dzeumambo mutsika yekare yekoloni. Hondo ine muhoro wakaderera, vakadzidza, zvizvarwa zvenyika yechitatu kazhinji vanopinda sevashandi vepakati pehunyanzvi uye manejimendi - vachikanganisa chero mukana weiyo yakakosha tekinoroji kana hunyanzvi hwekuendesa kune vagari venzvimbo. Chinhu chikuru uye chinozivikanwa zvikuru nenyika yeneo-colonial kupinza basa kwevashandi vemumapurazi emaoko, avo vasinganyanyi kubhadharwa mari inodarika $1 kusvika ku$2 pazuva uye vanodzvinyirirwa zvine utsinye nekunyimwa chero vamiriri vesangano rakazvimirira roga.
Kusiyana neizvi, makambani agro-imperial nehurumende vanowana purofiti yakakura, chikafu chakachengetedzeka pamitengo inotsigirwa, kushandisa simba rezvematongerwo enyika kana kutonga kwehugemo pamusoro pevadyidzani, uye kutanga hupfumi hwemahombekombe kuti vawedzere mari yavo uye kufambisa kutora kwekunze kwemari, kutengeserana. , uye zvikamu zvekugadzirisa.
Target Nyika
Wnepo paine kukwikwidzana kukuru uye kupindirana pakati penyika dzeagro-imperial mukupamba nyika dzakanangidzirwa, tsika iri yekuti maArabu epetroleum atarise kupinda mumaneo-colonies kuMaodzanyemba neSoutheast Asia. Nyika dzeAsia "economic tiger" dzinotarisa Africa neLatin America. IU.S.-Europe vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana vanobira yaimbove nyika dzemakomunisiti dzekuEastern Europe uye yaimbova Soviet Union, pamwe neLatin America neAfrica.
Bahrain yakatora nzvimbo muPakistan, Philippines, neSudan kuti igozvipa nemupunga. China, ingangove nyika ine simba zvakanyanya mune zvekurima nhasi, yakaisa mari muAfrica, Latin America, uye Southeast Asia kuti ive nechokwadi chemutengo wakaderera wesoya bhinzi (kunyanya kubva kuBrazil), kugadzirwa kwemupunga muCuba (5,000 hectares), Burma, Cameroon (10,000 hectares. )
Bhanga repasi rose reWorld Bank (WB) rakaita basa guru mukusimudzira kutorwa kweminda yeagro-imperial, richipa mari inosvika bhiriyoni imwe nemazana mana emadhora kuti ibatsire mabhizimusi ekutora minda “isingashandiswe zvakanaka”. WB inomisa zvikwereti zvayo kumaneo-colonies, seUkraine, pakuvhura kwavo minda kuti ishandiswe nevanoita mari kunze kwenyika. Tichitora mukana neo-liberal kana yepakati-kuruboshwe hurumende muArgentina neBrazil, agro-imperial investigative kubva kuUS neEurope vakatenga mamirioni emaeka eminda yakaorera nemafuro kuti vape misha yavo, ukuwo mamirioni evarimi vasina minda nevashandi vasina mabasa. akasara kuti aone zvitima zvakatakurwa nenyama yemombe, gorosi, nesoya bhinzi zvichinanga kunzvimbo dzinodzorwa nechiteshi chezvikepe uye zvichienda kumisika yemisha yemambo muEurope, Asia, uye U.S.
Dzinosvika nyika mbiri dzehumambo dzichiri kusimukira, Brazil neChina, dziri pasi pekutorerwa minda yehumambo nedzimwe nyika dzehumambo "dzakakwira" uye dzave vamiriri vezvekurima. MaJapani, Europe, neNorth America vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana vanobira Brazil kunyangwe sevagari vekuBrazil vekoloni uye vekurima maindasitiri vakatora nzvimbo dzakafara dzemiganhu muParaguay, Uruguay, neBolivia. Muitiro wakafanana unoitika kuChina uko mapurazi akakosha anoshandiswa nemaJapan uye mhiri kwemakungwa maChina macapitalist, panguva imwe chete iyo China iri kutora ivhu rakaorera munyika dzine urombo muAfrica neSoutheast Asia.
Mhedzisiro yeAgro-Imperialism
Tdanho rinotevera riri kuitika parizvino nderekutora masimba ezvekufambisa, zvivakwa, uye masisitimu echikwereti, izvo zvinoperekedza kukura kwezvirimwa zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Kuita monopolizing zvivakwa, kiredhiti, uye purofiti kubva kumbeu, fetereza, maindasitiri ekugadzira, matoiri, uye kubhadhara mubereko pazvikwereti zvinowedzera hutongi hwehumambo pamusoro pehupfumi hwemakoloni uye kuwedzera simba rezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro pevashandi vemunharaunda mukati memahofisi.
Neo-colonized class chimiro, kunyanya mune zvekurima zvakanyanya, zviri kushanduka kuita mana-tier class system umo macapitalist ekunze nevamiriri vavo vari pamusoro pechinzvimbo chevakuru chinomiririra isingasviki 1 muzana yehuwandu. Muchikamu chechipiri, chinomiririra 10 muzana yehuwandu, ndevevezvematongerwo enyika venzvimbo, hama dzavo nehama, uye mahofisi evakuru akaiswa zvakanaka nevakuru vemauto vanozvipfumisa kuburikidza nekudyidzana neo-makoloni uye kuburikidza nechiokomuhomwe uye nekutora minda. Muchikamu chechitatu, vepakati venzvimbo vanomiririra vangangosvika makumi maviri muzana uye vari munjodzi yenguva dzose yekuwira muurombo, kunyanya pakatarisana nekuoma kwehupfumi hwenyika. Varimi vakatorerwa minda, vashandi vekumaruwa, vapoteri vekumaruwa, vanogara mumaguta, uye varimi vanorarama nezvikwereti uye varimi vanoumba chikamu chechina chechimiro chekirasi ine inoda kusvika 20 muzana yevanhu.
Mukati meizvi, chikamu chepakati chiri kuderera uye kuchinja mukuumbwa. Huwandu hwevarimi vemhuri vari kurima kuitira misika yemunyika huri kudzikira pamberi pemapurazi anotsigirwa nehurumende, evekunze ari kuzvigadzirira misika yavo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vatengesi vemisika nevadiki mumisika yemuno vari kusarira shure, vachidzvanywa nezvitoro zvikuru zvekunze. Kurasikirwa nemabasa kwevagadziri vemumba vezvinhu zvepapurazi uye masevhisi uye kubviswa kwevazhinji vezvekutengeserana pakati peguta nenyika kuri kupinza kupatsanurwa kwekirasi pakati pepamusoro nepasi matinji echimiro chekirasi. Iyo nyowani yepakati yekoloni yekirasi inogadziridzwa zvakare kuti ibatanidze diki diki revagweta, nyanzvi, veruzhinji, uye yakaderera-nhanho mashandiro emafemu ekunze nemauto ehurumende neakazvimirira. Basa rekubatsira reboka idzva repakati mukushandira axis yesimba rehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika richavaita kuti vasanyanya kurerekera kurudzi uye kuve neukoloni mukuvimbika kwavo uye nemaonero ezvematongerwo enyika, vatengi vemusika wakasununguka mumararamiro avo, uye vanyanye kutendera kudzvanyirira. (kusanganisira fascistic) mhinduro dzemumba kumhirizhonga yekumaruwa nemadhorobha uye kurwira kururamisira kwakakurumbira.
Parizvino, chinotadzisa zvikuru kufambira mberi kweagro-imperialism kuparara kwehupfumi hwepasi rose, uko kuri kukanganisa kutengeswa kwemari kunze kwenyika. Kudonha kwemitengo yezvinhu kuri kuita kuti zvitadze kuisa mari muminda yekurima mhiri kwemakungwa, ukuwo kuoma kwechikwereti kuchikanganisa mari yekutorwa kweminda mhiri kwemakungwa. Kudzikira kwemakumi manomwe muzana mumari yemafuta kuri kudzikamisa Middle East Sovereign Funds nedzimwe mota dzekudyara dzeGulf oiri dzekunze. Nekune rimwe divi, kudonha kwemitengo yekurima kuri kukanganisa varimi vemuAfrica, Asia, neLatin America vepamusoro-soro, izvo zvave kumanikidza kudzika kwemitengo yeminda uye kupa mukana kune veImperial varimi vezvekurima kuti vatenge ivhu rakaorera nemitengo iri pasi-pasi.
Kuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika kwazvino kuri kuwedzera mamirioni evashandi vekumaruwa vasina mabasa kumazana emamiriyoni evarimi vakatorerwa minda panguva yekuwedzera kwekukura kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima mukati mehafu yekutanga yemakore gumi aripo. Mari yebasa uye ivhu zvakachipa, panguva imwechete iyo inodiwa yevatengi inoshanda iri kudonha. Agro-imperialists vanogona kupinza basa remumaruwa reThird World ravanoda ne$1 pazuva kana pasi, asi vangatengese sei zvigadzirwa zvavo vowana madzoro anobhadhara mari dzezvikwereti, chiokomuhomwe, chekufambisa, chekushambadzira, mihoro yevakuru, mihoro, mabhonasi maCEO. , uye migove yema investor kana kudiwa kuri kudzikira?
Vamwe ma agro-imperialists vanogona kutora mukana wekuderera kwehupfumi kutenga zvakachipa iye zvino uye vanotarisira kuwana purofiti yenguva refu apo mabhiriyoni emadhora ekudzoreredzwa kwemari nehurumende atanga kushanda. Vamwe vanogona kuderedza kutorwa kweminda yavo kana kuti zvimwe vangangobata nzvimbo yakakura yevhu yakakosha isati yagadzirwa kusvikira musika waita zvakanaka apo varimi vakatorerwa minda vachiziya nenzara kumucheto kweminda isina kurima.
TmaImperials matsva ari kubhengi kune nyika itsva dzemaimpiriyasi dzichiita zviwanikwa (mari nemauto) kusimudzira mauto eneo-colonial mukudzvinyirira kumukira kusingadzivisiki kwemabhiriyoni evanhu vakadzingwa uye vakasarirwa muSudan, Ethiopia, Burma, Cambodia, Brazil, Paraguay, Philippines, China, uye kumwewo. Nguva iri kupera yezvibvumirano zviri nyore, kutamiswa kwevaridzi, uye kurenda kwenguva refu kunopedzwa nevabatsiri vemunharaunda neo-colonial uye mhiri kwemakungwa vatengesi vemakoroni nenyika. Hondo dzehumambo uye kudzikira kwehupfumi munyika dzakare uye dzichiri kusimukira hupfumi hwadzo uye kuyedza kudisa kwevanhu vavo kuzvipira pakuvaka humbowo hwekoloni. Pasina rutsigiro rwemauto epasi rose nehupfumi, hutete hwevatongi venzvimbo dzeneo-colonial havangakwanise kutsungirira, kumukira kwakawanda kwevarombo vanodyidzana nevanodzika pasi vepasi vepakati uye mauto ari kukura evasina mabasa vechidiki vakadzidza kuyunivhesiti.
Nguva itsva yeagro-imperial empire kuvaka uye mafungu matsva ehurumende dziri kusimukira inogona kunge iri yenguva pfupi. Muchinzvimbo chayo tinogona kuona mafungu matsva emasangano ekumaruwa anorwira rusununguko uye makwikwi anotyisa pakati penyika itsva nedzakare dzehumambo dziri kurwisana pamusoro pekushaikwa kwemari nehupfumi. Nepo vashandi vanodzika pasi nevashandi munzvimbo dzekuMadokero dzehumambo vachipokana pakati peimwe bato rehumambo (Democrat/Republican, Conservative/Labor), havazoite basa remangwana rinoonekwa. Kana uye kana vakasununguka, vanogona kutendeukira kune demagogic nyika yekurudyi kana kune isingaonekwe parizvino (zvirinani muUS neEurope) "patriotic nationalist" socialist kuruboshwe. Chero zvazvingaitika, kumukira kwakawanda kuhushe huchatanga kumwe kunhu, paine kana pasina shanduko muUS kana Europe.
