Mugwagwa
Mukupedzisira
makumi maviri nehafu emakore, huwandu hwemajeri hwakasangana neiyo United
States Bureau of Justice Statistics director Jan Chaiken gore rapfuura akafona
"chaizvoizvo incredible" kuwedzera. Chaiken akashuma zvakapetwa kana zveUS
mwero wokupfigirwa kubva muna 1975. Mwero iwoyo, vanopfuura vasungwa 600 pamunhu ari wose
100,000 vanhu, ndiyo yepamusoro-soro munyika dzakabudirira. IUS
inosunga vagari vayo pamwero wakapetwa katanhatu kupfuura Canada, England, uye
France, yakakwirira nekanomwe kupfuura Switzerland neHolland, uye nekagumi Sweden
uye Finland. Beyond sheer magnitude, chikamu chechipiri cheAmerica
kusungwa kwacho hunhu hwayo hwakanyanya. Pane chero zuva rakapihwa, Chaiken
yakashuma, 30 muzana yevarume veAfrica-America vane makore 20 kusvika ku29 vari โpasi
utarisiri hwokururamisaโโmungava mujeri kana mujeri kana kuti pakuongororwa kana kuti parole.
Kunyanya kutonhora imhando yehuwandu inoshandiswa neBureau of Justice
Nhamba dzekutarisa mikana yehupenyu hwese yekuvharirwa kwevanhu
mumadzinza nemadzinza akasiyana. Kubva pamitengo yemazuva ano, inofanotaura
kuti jaya reMutema rine makore 16 muna 1996 rinotarisana nomukana we29 muzana wokushandisa mari
nguva ari mujeri muupenyu hwake. Nhamba dzinoenderana dzevarume vachena mu
boka rimwe chetero rezera i4 muzana. Maererano naThomas K. Lowenstein, mutungamiriri
yeElectronic Policy Network, 7 muzana yevana Vatemaโkanenge ka9
vanopfuura vana vechichenaโvane mubereki ari mujeri.
MuIllinois,
nhamba yevasungwa yakawedzera neinopfuura 60 muzana kubvira muna 1990. Izvozvo
kukura kwakawedzerwa kunyanya nekubvumidzwa kwevatema, kusanganisira kusimuka
nhamba yevasina mhirizhonga yezvinodhaka. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvehurumende zvinopfuura
Vasungwa 44,000 ndevemuAfrica-America. Maererano ne Chicago Reporter,
magazini yemwedzi nomwedzi inobata nyaya dzedzinza nourombo, 1 muvashanu Black Cook
County (iyo ine Chicago nedzimwe nzvimbo dzayo) varume vane makore makumi maviri
mungava mujeri kana mujeri kana parole. Kune Cook County vachena zvakafanana
murume nezera, reshiyo inoenderana i1 mu104. Illinois ine 115,746 zvimwe.
vanhu vakanyoresa mumayunivhesiti ayo ehurumende emakore mana kupfuura mumajeri ayo. Rini
iyo inouya kune Vatema, zvisinei, ine 10,000 vamwe vasungwa. Kune wese
African-American vakanyoresa mumayunivhesiti iwayo, vaviri nehafu Vatema varimo
mujeri kana parole muIllinois. Kusandurudzwa kwakafanana kwerudzi rwe
zvinoreva zvinogona kuwanikwa mune dzimwe nyika dzine vanhu vatema vakakosha. In
New York, Justice Policy Institute inoshuma kuti vamwe vatema vakapinda mutirongo
nekuda kwemhosva yezvinodhaka kupfuura kupedza kudzidza kubva kuyunivhesiti hombe yenyika
system ine undergraduate, masters, uye madhigirii echiremba akasanganiswa mu
1990s.
Mune mamwe
nharaunda dzemukati meguta, ruzhinji rwevatema varume vava narwo
marekodhi emhosva. Sekureva kwaCongressperson Danny Davis, zvizere makumi manomwe muzana e
varume vane makore ari pakati pe18 ne45 munharaunda ine hurombo yeNorth Lawndale pa
Chicago's West Side vaimbova vatadzi. Chris Moore, mutungamiriri weChicago
Urban League's Male Involvement Program, iyo inopa masevhisi ekutsigira
16- kune 35-ane makore ekuzvarwa vanababa mune 2 yakakwirira hurombo South Side nharaunda, inoshuma
kuti chikamu chimwe chetecho muzana chevatengi vake chakazara nerekodhi dzemhosva. Job
vanopa mazano paLeague's Employment, Training, and Counselling
Dhipatimendi rinofungidzira kuti hafu ye3,742 yavo kunyanya vatengi veVatema ndeyekupedzisira
gore rakanyorwa felony marekodhi sechipingamupinyi chinotungamira kumabasa. Criminologists
Dina Rose naTodd Zvakajeka vakawana nharaunda dzevatema muTallahassee uko kwese
mugari anogona kuziva ingangoita shamwari imwe chete kana hama yanga iri
kusungwa. Munharaunda dzemumaguta evatema munyika yose,
kusungwa kwakapararira uye kwakajairika zvekuti zvave izvo Chaiken
inodana โchinenge chinoitika choupenyu.โ
A Madivi Akawanda
Disenfranchisement
Vatsvakurudzi uye
vamiriri vanoronda kukonzeresa kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda vanowana akati wandei
mhedzisiro inoparadza munharaunda dzevatema. The most well
inozivikanwa chimiro cheichi chinonzi "chibatiso kukuvara muhondo yezvinodhaka" ndiyo
kunyimwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakapararira kwevapari vemhosva nevaimbova mhondi. Gumi nyika
kuramba kodzero dzekuvhota kweupenyu kune vaimbopara mhosva. Maererano neSentencing Project,
46 inoti inorambidza vasungwa kuvhota vachipika mutongo une mhosva, makumi matatu nemaviri
nyika dzinoramba kuvhota kune vanopara mhosva parole, uye makumi maviri nepfumbamwe anoti disenfranchise felony
probationers. Nekuda kwemitemo iyi, 13 muzana yevarume vese veBlack muUS
vakarasikirwa nekodzero dzavo dzesarudzoโโmugumisiro unorwadza,โ anodaro British
wezvemagariro evanhu David Ladipo, โkukuwedzera kwekodzero dzokuvhota dzinowanikwa, pakadaro
mutengo, nekufora kwerusununguko kwemakumi mashanu nemakumi matanhatu. " Asi zvehupfumi
migumisiro inokosha zvakafanana. Kana jeri uye zvinyorwa zvemhosva zvinokandwa
mumusanganiswa iwoyo, mhedzisiro yemusika wevashandi kazhinji ine njodzi. Saka,
hazvina kujairika kunzwa vaongorori vezvidzidzo nevapeji vebasa vachitaura
urovha hunosvika 50 muzana yevanhu vane zvinyorwa. Imwe kudzidza,
yakavakirwa muCalifornia mukuvamba kwama1990, yakawana kuti 21 muzana chete yaikoko
hurumende parolees vaishanda nguva yakazara. Muchidzidzo chakadzama, Karen Needels
yakawana kuti isingasviki 40 muzana yevarume 1,176 XNUMX vakasunungurwa mujeri reGeorgia
system muna 1976 yaive nemari yakanyorwa zviri pamutemo mugore rega rega kubva 1983 kusvika
1991. Kune avo vane mihoro, avhareji yemuhoro wepagore yaive yakaderera zvakanyanya uye
akasiyana zvakanyanya nerudzi: vachena vaichimbova vasungwa vakaita avhareji yemadhora 7,880 pagore
uye Vatema vakangoita $4,762 chete. Muchidzidzo chakanyanya kutaurwa mukukura
zvinyorwa pamusoro pemigumisiro yemusika wevashandi yematsotsi ane marudzi akasiyana
mitemo yekururamisira, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeHarvard Richard Freeman akashandisa data kubva ku
National Longitudinal Survey yeVechidiki (NLSY). Kuganhurira sampuli yake ku
varume vari kunze-kuchikoro uye kutonga kune akawanda akasiyana (kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka,
dzidzo, dunhu, uye zera) izvo zvinogona kurerekera kumusoro kubatana pakati pematsotsi
marekodhi uye isina simba yemusika wevashandi kubatanidzwa, Freeman akawana kuti avo vaive nazvo
anga ari mutirongo kana pakuedzwa muna 1980 aive nemukana wepamusoro we19 muzana wekuve
vasina basa muna 1988 pane avo vasina chekuita nehutongi hwemhosva
system. Akawanawo kuti zvinyorwa zvemujeri zvakaderedza nguva yaishandiswa
mushure mekusunungurwa ne25 kusvika ku30 muzana.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura,
Princeton sociologist Bruce Western akachera NLSY data kuratidza izvozvo
kusungwa kune "makuru uye anogara aripo pamabasa-tarisiro ye
vaimbova vasungwa.โ Anoona kuti kuipa kwemusika wevashandi mhedzisiro yevechidiki
kuvharirwa kunogona kugara kweanopfuura makore gumi uye kusungwa kwevanhu vakuru ikoko
inoderedza basa rinobhadharwa nevhiki shanu kusvika kugumi pagore. Kubva pakusungwa
mitengo yakanyanya kunyanya pakati peavo vane simba shoma mumusika wevashandi
(vadiki uye vasina hunyanzvi varume vashoma), anoratidza, kusungwa kweUS zvinoshamisa
kunowedzera kusaenzana. Tsvakurudzo iyi inopindirana nekuedza kwakawanda
zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti tarisiro yebasa yevanonyorera basa vane
marekodhi emhosva akaipisisa kupfuura mikana yevanhu vasati vambovapo
akabatwa nemhosva kana kusungwa uye kubva pauchapupu hwevashandi vekuisa basa
vanobata nevakambopara mhosva. "Kunyangwe vasungwa vakaregererwa vanogona kuwana mabasa,"
ari New York Times yakashuma Fall last, โivo vanotambira hafu chete yemari
vanhu vemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu emagariro uye ehupfumi vasina kumbove
akasungwa.โ Zvipingamupinyi zvebasa rewaimbova mutadzi zvinosanganisira zviri nyore
kuramba kwevashandirwi vakawanda kumbofunga kuhaya "ex-con." Vashandirwi
gara uchitarisa matsotsi muzvikamu zvakawanda, kusanganisira
zvebhangi, kuchengeteka, mabasa emari, mutemo, dzidzo, uye utano. Asi
kumabasa mazhinji, maitiro evashandirwi haana basa: macode ehurumende anoisa pamawere
zvipingamupinyi pakubhadharwa kwevaimbova vatadzi muhurumende dzakawanda nezvimwe
mabasa. Panguva imwecheteyo, vaimbova vatadzi vanonyanya kushaikwa mune
musika wevashandi nechimiro chechiitiko chemazuva ese mujeri. โKuwedzera
chisimba uye kutsvikinyidzana kwemajeri nemajeri,โ anodaro Western, โndiko
sezvingabvira kubudisa mamwe mafungire, miitiro, uye miitiro yetsika iyo
'mukati' basa rekusimudzira kupona asi hazvienderane nazvo
kubudirira mumusika webasa wakajairika. " The alternately aggressive and sullen
chimiro chinokunda kuseri kwemabhawa chinouraya mumusika webasa umo yekupinda-chikamu
mabasa anowedzera kuda hunyanzvi "hunyoro" hune chekuita nekutengesa uye mutengi
service. Mune izvi sedzimwe nzira dzisingaverengeki, musungwa anogona kubviswa, pa
zvishoma kwenguva pfupi, kubva mutirongo asi jeri rinogara mukati meaimbova mutadzi,
achiganhurira โrusunungukoโ rwake paโkunze.โ Zvipingamupinyi kumabasa zvakagadzirwa ne
kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda vemuAfrica-America hakugumiri kune avo vane
zvinyorwa. Sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Elijah Anderson, nhamba โinoshamisaโ
uye chikamu chevarume Vatema vari pasi pekutariswa kwetsotsi
hurongwa hwekururamisira โhunofanira kutorwa sechikonzero chekupararira
maonero evarume vechidiki veBlack seane ngozi uye vasingavimbike. "
Vaimbova vatadzi'
mikana yekubudirira "kubatanidzwazve" inowedzerwa ne de-legitimization
yekuvandudza iyo yakaperekedza kusimuka kweAmerican mass
kusungwa nyika. Pasi peiyo zvino inotonga chirango paradigm chaiyo
โkusakwanisa kuita basa,โ nhamba yevasungwa vakanyoreswa mukurapa zvinodhaka,
kudzidziswa basa, kana zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvave kuderera zvakanyanya kubvira
1980s. Maererano neInstitute on Crime, Justice, and Corrections, 9 chete
muzana yevasungwa iye zvino vari kuita nguva yakazara yekudzidzira basa kana
mabasa edzidzo. Nyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira New York, dzakabvisa
kodzero yevasungwa yekutora makosi ekuwedzera ekukoreji uye Congress yakabviswa
kodzero yevasungwa yekugamuchira Pell grants kubhadhara mari yechikoro chekoreji.
tyisa
Ironies uye Sinister Synergies
Mamiriro ezvinhu anomuka
kubva kuruzhinji Kusungwa kwevatema kuzere nehutsinye, mutemo wekuzvizadzisa
zvidhori uye kusawirirana kwemagariro evanhu. Mitemo yekutonga kwemhosva ndeye
kusunda mazana ezviuru zvevakatotambura uye varombo
"underclass" Vatema vanoenderera mberi kubva pakuita mubairo wekuita ne
musika wevashandi.
Maererano ne
Lowenstein, 80 muzana yevasungwa vekuAmerica vabereki. Vatsvakurudzi
fungidzira kuti vana vevasungwa vane mukana wakapetwa kashanu wokusangana nazvo
kusungwa kupfuura avo vasina kumbonzwa marwadzo ekuva nemumwe wavo
vabereki vakasungwa. Zvichakadaro, kuvharirwa kunowedzera kushomeka kwehunyanzvi hwebasa
boka rakakosha rekutsvagisa rinoratidza kuve chinhu chinotungamira chinotsanangura
"Mhosva" maitiro pakati pevanhu vanotambura pakutanga. โMhosva
mitengo inodyidzana,โ Richard B. Freeman naJeffrey Fagan vakaratidza,
โkune mihoro yepamutemo inotarisirwa, kunyanya pakati pevarume vechidiki vane mabasa mashoma
unyanzvi kana tarisiro.โ Iyo "hondo yezvinodhaka" iyo inobatsira zvakanyanya kune
kusungwa kwevashoma kunowedzera mutengo wezvinhu zvepasi pevhu, kusanganisa
nekushaikwa kwevaimbova vatadzi vehunyanzvi hwekutengesa muhupfumi hwemutemo kuti
gadzira zvinokurudzira zvisingarambiki kune vakaregererwa kuti vaite chaizvo mhando ye
maitiro ekuita mari anodzokera kujeri.
MuIllinois
nhasi, 36 muzana yevaimbopara mhosva uye inoshamisa 48 muzana yeVatema
vaimbova vatadzi vanodzokera kujeri mukati memakore matatu. Nhamba idzi dzinonetsa Danny
Davis, ane Dunhu reChinomwe paChicago's West Side rine vashanu vaimbova musungwa
transition centers. Sevarume nevakadzi mudunhu rake โshanduko kubva
kusungwa kune rusununguko," Davis nguva pfupi yadarika akaudza Illinois Senate Judiciary
Komiti, โChavanonyanyoda mabasa. Zvavanowana panzvimbo,โ akadaro Davis
vakadzidza kuti, โkungotarisa zvisina tsarukano, kufona usingadairwi, uye kuvharika madhoo. Mabasa
vari kure uye vashoma pakati, uye kazhinji havapo" kunyangwe kune "serious uye
varume nevakadzi vechokwadi, vachishanda kuchenesa chiito chavo, uye kuchinja kupinda
vagari vanobudirira.โ
Kurambirwa chii
Davis anodana "mukana wechipiri wekuva vagari vanobudirira," kunyangwe
Vaichimbova vatadzi vane pfungwa dzokudzoreredza kazhinji vanozviwana vabatwazve mukati
zviitwa zvisiri pamutemo asi zvinounza mari zvinovadzosera kumashure
lockups. Iyo yakarasika inogona kuwana, kuchengetedza, kudiwa kwevatengi, uye vanhu uye
hupfumi hwemagariro hunokonzerwa nekusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda hunodhura nharaunda dzeVatema
Mamiriyoni asingaverengeki emadhora mukusimudzirwa kwehupfumi, zvichiwedzera
mukati meguta hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwatoremadzwa nemakumi emakore ekubhururuka kwemari uye
de-industrialization. Izvo zvakakatyamadzwa, zvakarohwa, uye zvakashatirwa zvigadzirwa zve
jeri-industrial complex inosunungurwa kudzokera kune imwe nhamba shoma ye
kunyanya Vatema uye vane hurombo hwepamusoro-makodhi nematurakiti ecensus, kudzika
urombo, kuparwa kwemhosva, uye kuora mwoyo ndizvo zvinonyatsozivikanwa
yemazuva ano eAmerica "hyper-segregation" nerudzi uye kirasi.
Kukura mu
kushandisa mari mumajeri zvakanangana nekuderera kwekukura kwezvakanaka
kushandisa mari munharaunda munzvimbo dzakadai sehurombo- uye dzinoderedza utsotsi sedzidzo,
kuriritira vana, uye kudzidziswa basa. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu John Hagan naRonit Dinovitzer
ona kuti mari yeruzhinji mukusungwa iko zvino "yakakura zvekuti akati wandei
nyika huru ikozvino dzinoshandisa mari yakawanda kana yakawanda kuvharira vechidiki vakuru kupfuura
kudzidzisa vagari vezera ravo rekukoreji.โ Kubva kuma1980 kusvika kuma1990, ivo
mushumo, kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa mari kwakakwira nekukurumidza kupfuura chero imwe mhando
yechikamu chekushandiswa kwehurumende, kugadzira mukana wakakura unodhura izvo
kubatsira kune hutsinye, kuzvizadzisa kwega kwekudyara kweruzhinji kwakashata.
The New
rusaruraganda
Zvichakadaro, vasungwa '
Kudzimwa kubva kuhuwandu hwehurovha hweUS hunobatsira zvakanyanya
maonero akanaka eAmerican socioeconomic performance ayo anowedzera kuipa
mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika kune vashoma. Bruce Western yakaratidza kuti factoring
kuvharirwa muhuwandu hwekushaya mabasa kunonetsa maAmerican anojairwa
fungidziro yekuti misika yevashandi yeUnited States "isina kudzora" yanga iri
iri kuita zviri nani muEurope inonzi hyper-regulated job system. Kure
vachitora nzira yekuzvibata, "nyika yeUS yakaita hukuru uye hwekumanikidza
kupindira mumusika wevashandi kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwehurongwa hwemutemo. "
Chiyero chekushayikwa kwemabasa cheAmerica chakagadziridzwa kusungwa chaizokwira nembiri
mapoinzi, zvichipa US chiyero chekushaya basa chiri padyo neiyo yeEuropean
nyika, uko kunosanganisira vasungwa vasina mabasa kunokwidza mwero wekushaya mabasa
zvishoma zvegumi kubva muzana. Kusanganisira kusungwa kwaizonyanya
kukwidziridza chiyero chepamutemo chekushaikwa kwevarume vechitema, icho Western inofungidzira,
tichiverenga jeri, inenge 39 muzana pakati pema1990. Kana iwe uchifungidzira
kusungwa, Western uye waaishanda naye Becky Petit vakawana, pakanga paine "kwete
kutsungirira kupora mukushanda kwevadiki vevatema vakasiya chikoro chesekondariโ
panguva refu Clinton boom.
By zvokugadzirwa
kuderedza urovha hwakaunganidzwa uye hwemarudzi, huwandu
kusungwa kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuti ruzhinji rwetsika rurambe ruchifuratira
maghetto emudhorobha anogara pasi peiyo rhetoric yepamutemo nezve "mukana"
ari kugadzirwa ne โfree marketsโ. Inobatsira kubvisa kutendeseka
nhaurirano yeAmerica yakadzama uye isingaparadzanisiki yakabatana kusaenzana kwedzinza uye
kirasi kubva muhurukuro yavose yenyika. Inokurudzira uye inogonesa "itsva,"
rusaruraganda rwakajeka munguva iyo yakazaruka, kuratidzwa kweruzhinji kwerusarura kwave
discredited. Kuvimba zvakanyanya pane dzakareba dzekuAmerica mukana ngano uye
standard class ideology, iyi rusaruraganda rutsva runopomera vanhu vashoma mukati meguta
"kutadza" kwavo kuenzanisa kuita kwechena mune inonzi yakasununguka ikozvino,
nzanga yakanaka, uye isina ruvara. Vachena vanotenda, thanks partly to the
kudzikira kwerusaruraganda rweruzhinji rwevanhu, izvo zvipingamupinyi zvemarudzi zvakasimudzwa
United States inofunga kuti vanhu vemavara avo โvasingabudiririโ vanoperevedza
nekuda kwesarudzo dzavakaita uye/kana nekuda kwetsika nemagariro kana kunyange
biological limitations. โSezvinoita vachena veAmerica,โ anonyora kudaro Leonard Steinhorn
naBarbara Diggs Brown mukuvhiringidza kwavo NeRuvara rweGanda Redu: The
Illusion of Integration uye Chokwadi cheRace (2000), "kuedza kwese kune
yakaitwa kuti igamuchire Vatema muAmerican mainstream, uye iko zvino vaenderera
yavoโฆ 'Tine mharidzo; takagadzirisaโenderera mberi nazvo.โโ
Kururamisa
Keynesianism
Iyo yekupedzisira mutemo
kuseka pamwoyo wekuda kweAmerica kumajeri kunopfupikiswa mu
chirevo chekugadzirisa Kenynesianism. Kuwedzera kwekuvaka jeri, kunodyiswa neva
kukwira "musika" wevatema vatadzi, ibasa rinowanzo shamisa uye mutero-base
musiki uye mutsigiri wehupfumi wenzvimbo kune vachena "pasi" kana "kumusoro"
nharaunda dzehurumende dzinowanzobviswa kubva kune vashoma vemumaguta
concentrations. Idzo nharaunda, idzo pachadzo dzinowanzova dzakaparadzana nguva pfupi yapfuura
kudzikisira maindasitiri uye mhuri dzinoparadza purazi re "musika wemahara"
system, yave chikamu chejeri-industrial lobby iyo inomanikidza zvakanyanya
mitongo uye mitemo yakasimba, kutsvaga kuchengetedza nekuwedzera hwaro hwehupfumi hwavo
kunyange sezvo mwero woutsotsi hunopfuurira kuderera. Nechikonzero chakanaka: kuwedzera kwekuvaka jeri
inoshanda seizvo Ladipo anodana "yemazuva ekupedzisira Keynesian infrastuctural investment
chirongwa chenharaunda [kazhinji] dzakawirwa nedambudzikoโฆ. Zvamazvirokwazvo, kwave kwakadaro
budiriro inoshamisa maererano nekugadzira yakachengeteka, yakabhadharwa inobhadharwa,
uye kazhinji mabasa akabatanidzwa.โ Maererano naTodd Clear, iyo yakaipa musika wevashandi
migumisiro yekusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda munharaunda dzevatema zvimwe iduku
"zvichienzaniswa nekutamiswa kwehupfumi kwezvinhu" kubva kuBlack kuenda kuchena
nharaunda dzinosanganisira kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda. Sezvo Zvakajeka zvinotsanangura mukutonhorera uye
mashoko akajeka: โMusungwa mumwe nomumwe anomiririra pfuma yezvemari yave iri
kubviswa munharaunda iyoyo ndokuiswa kumwewo. Semunhu wehupfumi, iyo
munhu aizoshandisa mari ari pedyo kana pedyo nekwaanogaraโkazhinji, an
guta remukati. Kusungwa kunobvisa icho chiitiko chehupfumi: Panzvimbo yekutenga
snacks mune deli yemunharaunda, musungwa anotenga izvo zvekutenga mujeri
commissary. Kubviswa kwacho kunogona kureva kurasikirwa kwehupfumi hweimba
munharaunda, asi chikomborero kunharaunda yejeri. Musungwa mumwe nomumwe anomiririra
mari inosvika zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu zvemadhora munharaunda umo jeri iri,
tisingatauri kukosha kwekuvaka nzvimbo yejeri pakutanga
nzvimbo. Uku kunogona kuve kuchinjisa kukuru kwekukosha: Mukomana wechidiki anokosha mashoma
zviuru zvemadhora ekutsigirwa kwevana uye kutenga kwenzvimbo kunoshandurwa
mumari inosvika zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu zvemadhora kunharaunda yevasungwa vekumaruwa. The economy of the
nharaunda yekumaruwa inosimudzirwa, hupfumi hweguta renzvimbo
yakasvibiswa. "
Zvinowirirana ne
iyi ichangoburwa Chicago Tribune nyaya ine zita rakashata "Towns Put
Zviroto Mumajeri.โ Kuzasi kweHoopeston, Illinois, iyo wechuru
inoshuma, kune โkurukurirano yemagaba ane mothball aimboita kuti izvi zviwedzere
dhorobha uye kana chero mweya iwoyo wakabatikana ungadzoka kana iyo Illinois
Department of Corrections rinouya kudhorobha.โ โHaudi kufunga nezvazvo
kusungwa," Meya weHoopeston akaudza wechuru, โasi ichi ndicho
mukana weHoopeston. Tanetswa nekuvharwa kwezvirimwa. Ault's
kuda kupinda mujeri sweepstakes kwakasimbiswa neimwe diki
meya weguta, Andy Hutchens weIna, Illinois. Maererano ne wechuru,
mundima inotiyeuchidza kuti tibatanidze kupatsanurwa kwemari yemutero pakati pe
nzira dzekuti kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda kubira hupfumi kubva mukati meguta: "Kare
Jeri [raIna] rakavakwa, guta raingotora $17,000 XNUMX chete pagore mumafuta emotokari
mari yemutero. Iye zvino nhamba yacho yakada kufanana ne $72,000. Bajeti yekanzuru yegore rapfuura
mari yekubhadhara yaive $380,000. Inopfuura hafu yemari iyoyo imari yemujeri.
Migwagwa yaigadzirwa nematombo akachekwa nemafuta kwezvizvarwa nezvizvarwa zvichadaro
zvese zvakafukidzwa neasphalt. Iyo $850,000 nharaunda yenharaunda iyo inopeta sejimu
uye lab yekombuta yechikoro mhiri kwemugwagwa iri kubhadharwa nayo
mari yejeri, Hutchens akadaro.
โIchokwadi
anozviita nenzira iyi. Iri guta diki revanhu mazana mana nemakumi mashanu riri kuwana mari yemutero
yetaundi re2,700," Hutchens akadaro, ndokuwedzera nekuseka, "Uye avo
vanhu vari mujeri iroro havagoni kundivhota kuti ndibude pachigaro.โ
Misa
Kuunganidzwa
Maererano ne "kuwana-kuoma
pautsotsiโ vezvematongerwe enyika nevanoita mitemo, โjeri rinoshandaโ: โโrinoderedza utsotsi
rates. Asi iyo intuitively seductive nharo, iyo inotaura kuderera
federal crime index ye1990s sehumbowo hwayo hwekutanga, haigone kutsanangura chikonzero nei
kuparwa kwemhosva kwakawedzera muma1970 uye mukupera kwema1980 apo huwandu hwemajeri hwakakura
pamwero wakafanana newavakaita kuma1990. Inofuratira chokwadi chekuti mushonga
zvikonzero hazvifananidzi mu federal index-chinhu chakakosha kusiiwa kubva ipapo
mwero wevasungwa unodyiswa zvakasimba neโhondo yezvinodhaka.โ Iyo inofuratira
simba mukana kuti zvimwe zvinhu, kusanganisira rekodhi-kureba zvoupfumi
kuwedzera kwema1990, kupa tsananguro dziri nani pane kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda
pakudzikira kwemhosva dzehurumende. Inonyara, pakupedzisira, nekuenzanisa
international data. Vagari vemuUS vanogona kungobatwa nemhosva
sevagari vari munyika dzeEurope vanoisa mujeri uye vanoisa mujeri zvishoma
zvikamu zvehuwandu hwavo nekuti vanoona majeri seakakosha
criminogenic - sevapfuri veutsotsi. Vanhu vekuAmerica vane mikana yakawanda kupfuura yavo
musungwa-musungwa vamwe vekuEurope kuti vabatwe nekubatwa chibharo, kuponda,
ugororo, uye kurova zvakanyanyisa.
Clear has
yakawana zvitatu โzvinowedzera kuparwa kwemhosvaโ pavarombo vomumaguta
nharaunda. Chekutanga, kusungwa kwakatekeshera uye kuiswa mujeri kwevechidiki vemuguta
nokuti mhosva dzezvinodhaka dzinoita "kutsiva" kunoshamisa uko "kunodzima
mabhenefiti ekudzivirira kuparwa kwemhosva kwekutadza kuita basa. " Pamberi pechido chakatsiga
zvezvinhu zvisiri pamutemo, kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda uye kuiswa mujeri โkunovhura mikana yemabasa
bhizinesi rekutumira zvinodhaka uye rinobvumira kukwidziridzwa kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera
vagari vemo vanoita zvokutengeserana zvisiri pamutemo.โ Maitiro emazuva ano ekutonga mhosva anowanzo
bofu kuchiitiko ichi, Zvakajeka kupokana, nekuti "atomistic" yayo
kunzwisiswa kwehunhu hwematsotsi sehunhu hwemunhu hunovhariridza
boka nheyo yezviitwa zvisiri pamutemo zvemukati meguta. Chechipiri, kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda
inodzamisa kuvepo kweakaipa "social factor" inobatsira
"Mhosva" munharaunda shoma: mhuri dzakaputsika, kusaenzana, urombo,
kuparadzaniswa, uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu. Chechitatu, kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda zvinokatyamadza
inoderedza simba rekudzivisa rejeri.
โSevanhu vakawanda
kuwana zivo yakadzikama yeupenyu hwemujeri,โ Zvakajeka akadzidza, โsimba re
jeri rokudzivisa kuparwa kwemhosva nokutya rinoderera.โ Saka, Newsweek
mutori wenhau Ellis Cose akacherekedza gore rapfuura kuti jeri "rave tsika" mukati
dzimwe nharaunda โidzo kupinda dzinogona kuva mukana wekuonanazve nawo
shamwari.โ Mutengesi wezvinodhaka anobva kuMaryland akaudza Cose nezve "kutya kwake pamusoro pekutongwa.
Anzwa nyaya dzinotyisa dzemajaya aishungurudzwa mukati, akanetseka
kuti aizodzivisa sei kurwiswa. Pane imwe nguva mujere, akawana kuti
ruzhinji rwaisanganisira shamwari kubva kuhood. Panzvimbo pekuita chimwe chinhu
kutya, jeri โrakanga rakaita somusasa mukuru.โโ
Zvakajeka uye
mumwe anoona nezvekuparwa kwemhosva Dina Rose anofunga kuti dzimwe nharaunda dzemuUS dzine
vakasvika pane chavanoona somutongi wemhosva anoda kuziva โpakunanzvaโโmhashu
apo mitemo yehurumende inodzvinyirira chaizvoizvo inokwidza mwero woutsotsi. Apo 1
muzana kana kupfuura yevagari venharaunda vanoiswa mujeri pagore, ivo
theorize, kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda kunotadzisa nharaunda dzesocial network kune
pavasingachakwanisi kudzora utsotsi. Asi, chokwadi, the
nharaunda "dzinopinzwa" nemitemo yehutongo hwemhosva dziri munzvimbo yakati
nhamba shoma yevashoma-based inner-city zip codes. Rekodhi 600,000
vapari vemhosva vakaburitswa mujeri gore rapfuura โvanodzoka,โ anodaro New York Times,
"kunyanya kunharaunda dzine urombo dzemaguta makuru."
Chikamu che
Tangle
Haisi nyaya iri nyore
kuona kuti kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda kuri kuwedzera kusvika papi
zvakadzika zvemagariro nehupfumi uye zvine chekuita netsika nezvematongerwo enyika traumas izvo
yatotambudza nharaunda dzemukati meguta uye kubatsira kutsanangura zvisingaite Vatema
โkupara mhosva,โ kusungwa, uye kuiswa mujeri pakutanga. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakadaro
zvisingarambiki kuti nhangemutange yekuvharisa ine mhedzisiro yakaipa kwazvo
panharaunda dzevatema. Zvisingarambike zvakaenzana inyaya yekuti kusungwa kwevatema
mitengo inoratidza kusarura kwakadzama kwerudzi muhurongwa hwehutongi hweutsotsi uye nekufara
nzanga. Ita macheerleaders e "kuomesera" mhosva uye mutemo wekutonga chaizvo
tenda kuti maAfrica-America anofanirwa kutambura zvisingaite pa
maoko ehurongwa hweutongi hweutsotsi? Pane mabhuku akawanda anoratidza izvozvo
rusaruraganda rwemaitiro, masangano, uye tsika uye rusarura rwakanyanya nerudzi
uye kirasi ndiyo inotungamira zvikonzero zvekupara mhosva mukati meguta. Imwe mutumbi mukuru we
zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti Vatema ndivo vanyajambwa verusaruraganda pamatanho ese e
hurongwa hwekutonga kwemhosva - kubva kumira, frisk, uye kusungwa kusvika pakupomerwa,
kutongwa, kusunungurwa, uye kuuraya. Misiyano iyi inopa mvumo kune iyo
kufamba kwemapoka evapari vemhosva kuti vaparadze mhosva nejeri
zvinyorwa kune dzakawanda dzisiri dzemhirizhonga, kunyanya muzviitiko apo
vaichimbova musungwa vakaratidza chishuvo chomwoyo wose cheโkunanga.โ Kuwedzera uye zvakadzama
mishonga ichadiwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kumisa jeri idzva
kuvaka (kumisa kunyengera, kuzvidzokorora kuwedzera kwe
prison-industrial complex), kubviswa kwemitemo inonyima kodzero dzekuvhota
vapari vemhosva uye vekare, ruregerero uye kusunungurwa kwevasungwa vazhinji vakabatwa nemhosva
mhosva dzisiri dzechisimba, kubvisa-mhosva yezvinodhaka, kubviswa kwe "hondo pa
zvinodhakaโ kumba nekune dzimwe nyika, kudzokororwa kwemutongo wehurumende nemubatanidzwa uye wemuno
"zero kushivirira" maitiro uye zvisungo, kubviswa kwemarudzi, madzinza, uye
kirasi profiling muchipurisa, uye kubviswa kwepachivande,
majeri e-purofiti uye mamwe mabasa ehupfumi anowana kuwana mari
kubva mukusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda.
Varatidziri uye
vanogadzira mitemo vanofanira kudana uye kuita zvirongwa zvemhosva-kugarisana-kururamisira
"Peace dividend": kuchinjirwa kukuru kwemari inoshandiswa pakusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda,
kuongorora, uye kuvharirwa munzvimbo dzakadai semadhiragi,
kudzidziswa basa, masevhisi ekuchinja kune vaimbopara mhosva, uye dzidzo yeruzhinji
maererano mikana yebasa yevaimbopara mhosva. Vanofanira kufona
uye ita hurongwa hwekutsauswa kwezviwanikwa zvehutongi hwematsotsi kubva ku "kuparwa kwemhosva mukati
mumigwagwaโ (kureva, kushungurudzwa nekuiswa mujeri kwevakaderera uye
mukati meguta vanhu) kuita zvakakomba ne "mhosva mu
suites.โ Zvakawanda, vanofanirwa kutsvaga kugovaniswazve kwezviwanikwa
kubva kuvanhu vane ropafadzo uye kazhinji vakapfuma zvinoshamisa kusvika kune avo vakawanda
kurangwa kubva pakuzvarwa nenhoroondo yeAmerica yakareba uye yakabatana yekugara nhaka
kirasi uye dzinza ropafadzo.
America's
kuwedzera kwemajeri, kuedzwa, uye vanhu vakaregererwa vanotorwa kunyanya
kubva kune izvo zvinotungamira kudzoreredzwa kweuranda anonzi Randall Robinson anodana "the
Mamirioni evaAfrica-America vakanyura-pasi-mumahero emaguta nehutsinye
kusunungurwa kwenguva-kuremara munzanga muuranda hweAmerica. " The chivavarirwa
mhinduro dziri, pamwe, kupfuura maparameter eiyo iripo yezvematongerwo enyika-economic
order. โCapitalism,โ Eugene Debs akaita nharo muna 1920, โinoda uye inofanira kuva
jeri kuti rizvidzivirire pamatsotsi [akaderera] arakasika.โ Asi
mienzaniso yeWestern Europe neCanada, uko vanogadzira mitemo vanosarudza
kudzivirira uye kugadzirisa kuburikidza nemaitiro eruzhinji-democracy, ratidza
kuti kusungwa kwevazhinji hachisi chinhu chisingadzivisiki che capitalism per se.
Hapana chinogona kuregerera vanogadzira mitemo uye vanorwira kubva pamutoro kusvika kumagumo
Racist Criminal Justice maitiro ari kuwedzera zvakanyanya
matambudziko akatarisana nenyika ine vanhu vasina chokwadi uye vasingapindiki.
Zvikuru zvino chingori chiratidzo chekukanganisika kwematambudziko anogadzira,
tsigira, uye dzikamisa maitiro akashata eAmerica ekirasi uye kusaenzana kwedzinza,
kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda kwazova chikamu chepakati chenyonganyonga. Kune izvi nezvimwe
zvikonzero, ichave inonyanya kukosha chinangwa chekugadzira, demokrasi
kupikisa uye kuumbwa kwemitemo mumireniyumu itsva.
Z
Paul Street ndiye director director kuChicago Urban League. Zvinyorwa zvake,
zvinyorwa, uye wongororo dzakaonekwa mukati Mune Zuva,
Z Magazine, Kudzokorora Kwemwedzi,
Kusiya, Jyedu yeSocial History,
Mid-America, Uye Nyaya yeAmerican Ethnic History.