Nhamba shoma dzinotaura nyaya inoshamisa pamusoro pekuchinja kwakanyanya mukunakidzwa kwenhau
neInternet.
Pashure pokunge makore ekuma1990 apera, ndakatanga kuona kuti nhau dzaibuda sei padandemutande
yakachinja mukati mehafu yekupedzisira yemakore gumi. Iyo yakazara Nexis database
yakapa mamwe manhamba anoratidza:
-
Muna 1995, nhepfenyuro dzakasvibiswa neInternet sechinhu chinoshamisa
tsime rezivo. Mapepanhau makuru muUnited States uye kunze kwenyika akataurwa
kuโnzira huru yemashokoโ munhau 4,562 XNUMX. Zvichakadaro, panguva yemutambo
gore rose, zvinyorwa zvaitaura nezve โe-commerceโ kana โelectronic commerceโ chete
Ka915. -
Muna 1996, kufukidzwa kweInternet se "nzira huru yeruzivo" yakadonha
kusvika kunhau 2,370 XNUMX mumapepanhau makuru, inenge hafu yemwero wegore rapfuura.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuvharwa kwekutengeserana kwemagetsi kwakapetwa kaviri, ne
inotaura muzvinyorwa 1,662. -
Kekutanga, muna 1997 kusimbiswa kwenhau paInternet zvakanyanya
akaritora senzira yekutengeserana. Huwandu hwezvinyorwa mumapepanhau makuru
kutaura nezve "nzira huru yeruzivo" yakaderera zvakanyanya, kusvika pa1,314 chete.
Zvichakadaro, mareferensi e-e-commerce akawedzera simba, kusvetuka
kusvika ku2,812 zvinyorwa. -
Muna 1998, kunyangwe nekukwira kukuru kwevanhu online, pfungwa ye
โmugwagwa mukuru wemashokoโ wakabuda munyaya 945 chete mumapepanhau makuru.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, e-commerce yakava kushushikana kwenhau, nemapepanhau iwayo
zvichireva pazviri muzvikamu zvitanhatu nemazana mana nenhatu. -
Muna 1999, nepo kushandiswa kweInternet kwakaramba kuchikura nekusvetuka uye miganhu, iyo
Nhepfenyuro dzenhau dzakaridza pasi "ruzivo rwepamusoro-soro" mifananidzo (ine chete
842 inotaurwa mumapepa makuru). Asi mapepanhau makuru akataura nezve e-commerce
muzvinyorwa 20,641.
Mapepa ezuva nezuva eAmerica akaronga sei zvingangoita
zveInternet? Mukati memakore mashanu okupedzisira ema1990, nhamba yegore negore
of Washington Post nyaya dzaidudza โnzira huru yemashokoโ dzakaenda
kubva ku178 kusvika ku20, zvakadaro New York Times nyaya dzakabva pa100 kusvika ku17.
Asi mukati mehafu yegumi yemakore mamwe chetewo, gore rose hwerengedzo yenyaya dzinonongedzera
kune zvemagetsi kutengeserana zoomed-kukwira mu Post kubva ku19 kusvika ku430 uye mukati
ari Times kubva 52 kuna 731.
Mune mamwe mapepanhau eAmerica akatanhamara, chimiro chakanga chakafanana. The ari
Angeles Times vakamira pa "information superhighway," kubva
nyaya 192 muna 1995 kusvika pa33 muna 1999; Chicago Tribune nyaya dzakaenda
kubva pa170 kusvika pa22. Zvichakadaro, e-commerce bandwagon yakapinda mukudarika:
The LA Times yakawedzera kubva pa24 kusvika ku1,243 nyaya pagore. The Chicago
wechuru yakawedzera kubva pa8 kusvika pa486.
Makore mashanu apfuura, kwakave nekufarira kukuru kweNyika iri kusimukira
Wide Web. Taura nezve "information superhighway" yakamutsa mifananidzo yemahara,
kuongorora kwakasiyana-siyana. Mutsara uyu wairatidza kuti Webhu yaive yakanyanya
chitubu chekudzidza nekutaurirana. Nhasi, maererano nezvakapararira
spin, Webhu inonzwisiswa zvakanyanya senzira yekuita nekushandisa mari.
Shanduko huru mukuburitswa kwenhau kunoratidza kushambadzira kweWebhu
nevanoita mari nehomwe dzakadzika. Asi nhepfenyuro dzenhau dzakanyanya dzave dzichiraira
pamwe chete neanotsanangura. Havasi kungotaura nezve shanduko huru-yemari
yeInternet, vari kukunyengereraโuye kazhinji vachitora chikamu zvakananga.
Mazhinji emamwe mega-mafemu anotonga magazini racks uye airwaves ari
iye zvino ari kutonga Webhu nenzvimbo dzakasimudzirwa zvakanyanya.
Hungu, e-mail inogona kuva yakanaka. Hongu, iyo Internet yakaratidza kukosha kwayo
varatidziri vane vavariro dzakakwirira uye bhajeti shoma. Hongu, kutsvaga kweWebhu kunogona kuwana
ruzivo rwakawanda mukati memasekondi. Asi ngatibatei pane zvavepo
zviri kuitika kuWorld Wide Web zvakazara.
Vezvenhau kugadziridzazve zvinotarisirwa neveruzhinji zveInternet
zvaitika mukufambirana nekushambadzira kwakadzikama kwepamhepo.
Zvichiwedzera, mari hombe iri kuruka Webhu, uye inonyanya kutengeswa
mawebhusaiti anoratidza chokwadi ichocho. Anenge ese mawebhusaiti makuru-vhoriyamu
ikozvino ndeyamakongiresi makuru. Kunyange mhinduro dzeinjini yekutsvaga dziri kuwedzera
yakatsveyamiswa, nenzvimbo dzekutanga dzakaiswa girisi nemari yekuseri kwezviitiko.
Mazuva ano, "nzira huru yeruzivo" inonzwika seyechinyakare uye isina kujeka.
Iyo World Wide Web haifanirwe kuita zvine musoro zvakanyanya sezvairi
kufanira kuita mari. Kubwinya kwese kune kutengeserana kwemagetsi. SaMartha Stewart
takafara muna December 1998 Newsweek chinyorwa: "Webhu inotipa vadiki,
vatengi vakapfuma.โ
Kugadzira pantheon yecyber-heroes, kuburitswa kwenhau kwakakanda mabhizinesi
saBill Gates, Jeff Bezos naSteve Case sevaoni vakuru. Kana wako
tariro yeramangwana rekutaurirana riri munzira yeMicrosoft, Amazon.com,
uye America Online, iwe uchave wakafadzwa zvikuru. Z
Bhuku razvino raNorman Solomon ndiro Tsika dzeMedia Inonyengera Yakanyanya.
Society's
Pliers
Political Vision!?
Yakanyorwa naMichael Albert
In Iyo Politics yeSocial Ecology (Black Rose, 1998), Janet Biehl naMurray
Bookchin inoshuma kuti Libertarian Municipalism (kana LM) ine chinangwa che "kuvaka
uye kuwedzera demokrasi yakananga munharaunda, zvekuti vagariwo zvavo vaite sarudzo
kunharaunda dzavo uye nharaunda yavo yeseโฆkuburikidza nekutarisana
maitiro ekufunga nekuita sarudzoโฆpamisangano mikuru
umo vagari vese venzvimbo yakapihwa vanosangana, nemaune, uye vanoita sarudzo
panyaya dzine chekuita nevanhu vose.โ Uye โmagungano ekuita sarudzo anofanira
zvine munhu wese mumanispalaโ uye โkusangana nguva nenguva, pamwe
mwedzi wega wega pakutanga, uye gare gare vhiki nevhikiโฆmuimba yemitambo, nhandare, chivanze,
horo, paki, kana chechiโฆโ
Nekuda kwekuti LM inoona hunhu hutsva, ndinoshamisika kuti sei vanyori vachitaura
mutemo, asi usakurukure nzira dzekutonga kusawirirana kana
kubata kutevedzera uye kuita. Chero zvazvingava, maererano nezvavari
ita hurukuro, Biehl naBookchin vanoshuma kuti โpamberi pomusangano mumwe nomumwe
hurongwa hwaizorongwa, huchiumbwa nezvinhu uye nyaya dzine vagari
vakumbira gungano kuti rifunge,โ kunyange zvazvo tisingazivi kuti ndiani anodhirowa izvi
agenda kumusoro, uye zvinoenderana nemaitiro api, uye negwara rei
sarudzo yemaitiro.
"Chirongwa chaizoziviswa ... kwasara mazuva akati wandei ... kupa
vagari nguva yekuronga chero mipiro yavanoda
kugadzira." Asi mugari anogona sei kutora chikamu mumagakava ezvematongerwo enyika akavakirwa
pamazuva mashoma kutanga musoro, uye nei zvichidikanwa kuti munhu wese atore chikamu
mukutsinhana kwose? Zvichida LM inotora huwandu hwezviitwa zvemutemo
zvingadzikira zvikuru munharaunda iri nani, asi zvichimirira kuratidzwa kwe
kuti, chokwadi chekuti isu hatigone kusarudza zvinhu zvese nguva dzese chinoratidza
chido chine musoro chekugovera chiremera dzimwe nguva, uye nekudaro kuziva
kuti tingazviita sei zvinoenderana nezvatinokoshesa. Uyezve, chii chinoitika mukuchinja
kuLM kune vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vanowanzoshanda pakuunganidza ruzivo
uye kuriongorora uchigadzirira kuita zvisarudzo? Inoendesa ku
LM inosiya iyo inonzi hurumende yekusingaperi yakagadzikana, ichichinja
vavhoti chete kuti vave magungano evagari vemo? Kana kuti zvose
basa riri kuitwa parizvino nevakuru vasina kusarudzwa harichadiwi? Kana zvakadaro
zvinodiwa, ndiani anozviita uye simba ravo nderei?
Chero zvazvingava, magungano anoratidzika kuva ndiwo chete masangano ezvematongerwe enyika anokosha
inoratidzwa muLM, uye chimwe chinotsanangura chinovaratidza ndechekuti
kuti mavhoti "aizotorwa neruzhinji mutemo" kuitira kuti "kana zvishoma se51%
yevagari vakafarira mwero, waizopfuudzwa."
Sei LM ichitora seyakareruka (a) kuti sarudzo dzese dzinofanirwa kuve dzakawanda
vhota, uye (b) kuti kutonga kwesangano rega rega munharaunda, zvisinei
kuti inobata dunhu rakafara zvakadii, inofanira kunge iri mumaoko egungano
kune mamwe manispala kwaanogara? Sei uchifanira
ruzhinji runosarudza zvinhu zvoupenyu hwangu zvinobata ini ndoga? Uye zvakapesana
zvakanyanyisa, nei yunivhesiti kana Grand Canyon ichifanira kunge iri pasi peiyo
zvikonzero zveavo vanogara kwarinogara?
Nezvesarudzo hombe, "mune libertarian municipalist policy, makanzuru
vaizoumbaโฆ mubatanidzwa nokutumira vamiririri,โ asi โnhume dzaizodaro
kwete kuva vamiririri; kureva kuti chinangwa chavo chaisazova chekugadzira mitemo
kana kuti mitemo inomiririra vatsigiri vavo vanofungidzirwa kuti vakarara, nenzira idzo
vanofungidzira kuva zvinobatsira kwavari. Panzvimbo pezvo, nhume dzaizova
vanorairwa nevanhu mumagungano avo ekanzuru kuti vaite zvavanoda
zvido.โ
Izvo Biehl anokurudzira pamusoro hazvisi izvo chete kuti vamiriri vanofanira kudzidza uye
vozoshandisa ruzivo rwavo rwezvido zvenhengo dzavo so
sekuedza kuaratidza-izvo vazhinji vangati ndizvo zvatinoita isu
parizvino vane vanofanirwa kushanda-asi ivo vanofanirwa kuita chaizvo
kuendesa mavhoti enhengo dzavo. Saka, โnhume dzaizonyatsoita
vanosungirwa kuvhota zvinoenderana nezvido zvemanisipala ekumusha kwavo,
izvo zvaizovapa mirayiridzo yakasimba mukunyora.โ Asi pfungwa ipi
zvinoita here kutumira vanhu vashoma kumusangano wemubatanidzwa,
kana vachingotakura mavhoti ekuwedzera kubva kukanzuru yavo maererano
nyaya imwe neimwe ichamutswa? Kana vamiririri vakangounza sarudzo dzakarekodhwa chete
vevanhu vavo, sei tichida congress, ndoda vanhu vanoenda
kuenda kundoipinda here? Ingoverenga vhoti. Ukuwo, kana vamiririri
vari kuungana kuti vawedzere uye nekubatanidza maonero avo uye chete ipapo kushandisa iyo
zvishuwo zvevamiriri vavo kuti vaburitse matambudziko muchiedza chekuratidzwa
ruzivo uye ongororo inounzwa muCongress, zvakanaka, zvinonzwika
izvo zvino mumiriri masangano anoti kuita izvozvi.
Z MAGAZINI FEBRUARY 2000 13 |
Commentary |
LM inotsvaga kupa mutambi wese munharaunda yega yega vhoti imwe pane yega yega
Sarudzo inotariswa kupi zvako mumubatanidzwa pamusoro pavo. Ko LM inofunga
kuti kana mubatanidzwa wemanisiparati wafunga kuti unoda kuudza kanzuru
musangano muIowa City kuti inofanirwa kushanda zvakasiyana pazvinhu izvo
usakanganisa chero munhu kunze kweIowa City, iyo mubatanidzwa mukuru une
kodzero yokudaro? Ko vanhu vemuIowa City havafanire kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika
Sarudzo mukati menharaunda yavo pane vekunze, uye havafanirwe kuve nazvo
izvi zvakakura taura zvishoma zvichienderana nekuti vanonyanya kubatwa sei
zvisarudzo? Saka, gungano rangu muIowa City haritsvage mvumo kubva
imwe mubatanidzwa wepamusoro nezvesarudzo dzese dzatinofarira, chero bedzi
Sarudzo dzinotikanganisa zvakanyanya.
Asi kana LM ikabvuma kukosha uko vanhu vanofanirwa kushandura sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika
maererano nekukanganiswa kwavanoitwa navo ipapo: (1) Nei LM ichizoita zvemuchina
kukurudzira kuti sarudzo dzese dzisarudzwe nehutongi hweruzhinji? uye (2) Nei zvaizodaro
LM vanoti masangano anobata dunhu rakakura, achipfuura
miganhu yeguta rimwe chete, zvisinei ive pasi pe
purview of the municipality kwavanenge vari?
Sezvingabvira, LMers havatendi kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu vese
yenyika inofanira kusarudza zvandichadya kwemangwanani mangwana,
kwete chete nezvikonzero zvakanaka, asi nekuti zvaizomanikidza kuda kwe
vamwe pamabasa angu asina kuvakanganisa. Nenzira imwecheteyo, ndinobheja
LMers havatendi kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu venyika vanofanira
tinofanirwa kuita kana kubvumidza sarudzo nezve nharaunda yedu
zvinobata isu chete. Asi tinofanira kukwanisa kuita zvisarudzo zvakadaro
munharaunda pasina kutarisirwa nevamwe vasina kukanganiswa. Asi kana zvachinja
kuti ive iyo LM maonero ezvematongerwo enyika ekuita sarudzo, uyezve chete
nyaya dzemuno izvo zvinonyatso kurudzirwa nemanisipalati ari munhu mumwechete
vhoti imwe mukati megungano remunharaunda, asi zero mavhoti kunze kwayo.
Ipapo handiti veLMers vari kuti democracy yechokwadi inoreva kupa mutambi wega wega simba
zvinopesvedzera zvisarudzo zvakaenzanirana kusvika pamwero wazvinotapurwa
nayo, sezvatingagona? Kana zvirizvo, saka LMers haifanire kukoshesa kutaura izvozvo zvese
Sarudzo dzinofanirwa kunge dziri dzemunhu mumwechete-vhoti imwe chete, kana manisipala mumwe chete
sarudza marongero ese esangano riri mairi asi izvo zvinokanganisa
vanhu kure nekure. Uyewo hatifaniri kutaura, somuenzaniso, kuti gungano romunzvimbomo
anofanirwa kupa mutongo pazvisarudzo pamusoro pechivanze changu zvisina basa chero munhu
asi ini nemunhu mumwe-vhoti imwe chete. Ndinofanira kuva nemasimba ehudzvanyiriri pamusoro pazvo.
Uye saizvozvo, isu hatingataure kuti vanhu veWashington,
DC inofanirwa kutarisa Raibhurari yeCongress kana Supreme Court isina
imwe inobata, saka nei tichifanira kubvumidza gungano remunharaunda kuti ritarisire
museum kana yunivhesiti isina kuita sarudzo kubva kune vanopinda
iyo, kushanda mairi, kana kuti inoshumirwa nayo, asi kugara mune dzimwe nzanga?
Ini ndinoda yakawanda yekukurudzira kwehunhu uye yemanzwiro kumashure kweLM asi ndinoshamisika kuti sei
inofuratira mativi ezvamatongerwe enyika kunze kwokuvhota vakatarisanaโkupi
imwe hurukuro yemutemo, kutonga, kuita, uye kuita,
semuyenzaniso? Zvimwe zvakakosha kune inodzika logic ye libertarian municipalism,
Ini zvakare ndinoshamisika kuti sei 50 muzana yekuvhota ichikwidziridzwa kune chinodiwa. Pane kudaro,
wadii kutsigira nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita sarudzo imwe neimwe yakakodzera mune dzakasiyana
magadzirirwo, anoshandiswa mumapateni anoita kuti vatambi varatidze zvido zvavo zvakaenzanirana
sezvavanokanganiswa nezvinobuda mune zvematongerwo enyika?
Nyaya mukuona polity ndeyekuti unoita sei basa rezvematongerwo enyika riitwe
maererano netsika dzinotungamirira uye pasina kushandisa nguva yakawanda zvokuti
Hupenyu hwese hunorasika? Chii chinodiwa musanganiswa wemunharaunda, wedunhu, uye
nyika kutarisa kune zvisarudzo muchiedza chechokwadi chekuti dzimwe sarudzo
zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya munharaunda, nepo vamwe vachizviita zvakanyanya mudunhu, uye
asi vamwe zvikurukuru vari munyika? Iwe unobata sei nekukakavadzana, kusimbisa,
kuuraya, uye kunyanya ruzivo rwakakosha kunyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika?
Iwe unodzivirira sei kugadzira iyo yakagadziriswa hierarchy yevakuru vakasarudzwa kana zvachose
ma bureaucrats pamusoro pehuwandu hwevanhu, kunyangwe uine vanhu vari kugadzirira
uye kuparadzira ruzivo kana kutonga kupokana, kana kuita
sarudzo dzemutemo?
Ini ndinofunga LM inonakidza uye inoreva zvakanaka tanga pane zvimwe zveizvi
mibvunzo, kunyange ine mwero zvakanyanya muhukuru hwayo uye yakaomesesa mukuzivisa kwayo.
Z
14 Z MAGAZINI FEBRUARY 2000 |