Hyakavakirwa kunze kweSt. Louis, Missouri, iyo Monsanto Chemical Company yakavambwa muna 1901 naJohn Francis Queeny. Queeny, nyanzvi yekemisitiri akazvidzidza, akaunza tekinoroji yekugadzira saccharin, yekutanga kutapira yekugadzira, kubva kuGermany kuenda kuUnited States. Mumakore ekuma1920, Monsanto yakava mugadziri anotungamira wesulfuric acid nemamwe makemikari emuindasitiri, uye ndeimwe yemakambani mana chete anonyorwa pakati pemakambani gumi epamusoro emakemikari eUS mumakore gumi ese kubva kuma1940s. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1940, mapurasitiki nemachira ekugadzira akanga ava musimboti webhizimisi reMonsanto. Muna 1947, mutakurwi wekuFrance akatakura fetireza yeammonium nitrate yakaputika pachiteshi chemamita 270 kubva pachirimwa chepurasitiki cheMonsanto kunze kweGalveston, Texas. Vanhu vanopfuura 500 vakafa mune yakazoonekwa seimwe yenjodzi huru dzokutanga dzeindasitiri yemakemikari. Chirimwa ichi chaive kugadzira styrene uye polystyrene mapurasitiki, ayo achiri akakosha zvikamu zvekurongedza chikafu uye zvakasiyana zvigadzirwa zvevatengi. Mumakore ekuma1980 iyo US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yakaronga polystyrene sechishanu mukurongeka kwayo kwemakemikari ayo anogadzirwa anoburitsa tsvina ine ngozi zvakanyanya. Muna 1929, Swann Chemical Company, yaizotengwa neMonsanto munguva pfupi iri kutevera, yakagadzira mapolychlori-nated biphenyls (PCBs), ayo airumbidzwa zvikuru nekusabvira kwawo uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari zvakanyanya. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwaive muindasitiri yemidziyo yemagetsi, iyo yakatora maPCB sechinhu chisingabatike chinotonhorera kuchizvarwa chitsva chevashanduri. Pakazosvika ma1960, mhuri yeMonsanto yaikura yePCB yaishandiswawo zvakanyanya semafuta ekuzora, mahydraulic fluid, mafuta ekucheka, mabhanhire asingapindi mvura, uye zvisimbiso zvemvura. Humbowo hwehupfu hwePCBs hwakaonekwa kare kumakore ekuma1930, uye masayendisiti eSweden aidzidza nezvebiological mhedzisiro yeDDT akatanga kuwana zvakakosha zvePCBs muropa, bvudzi, uye mafuta nyama yemhuka dzesango muma1960s. Tsvagiridzo muma1960 nema1970s yakaratidza maPCB uye mamwe anonhuhwirira organochlorines kuve ane simba carcinogens, uye zvakare akaatsvaga kune akasiyana siyana ekubereka, kusimudzira, uye immune system kusagadzikana. Kubatana kwavo kwemakemikari ezve organic zvinhu, kunyanya mafuta, ndiko kukonzeresa kuwanda kwavo kukuru kwebioaccumulation, uye kupararira kwavo kwakakura mukati meNorth dandemutande rezvikafu zvemumvura: Arctic cod, semuenzaniso, inotakura PCB yakapetwa kanosvika 48 miriyoni yemvura yakapoteredza. uye zvikara zvinodya nyama senge polar bears zvinogona kuchengetedza matishu ePCB kanopfuura ka50 kupfuura izvozvo. Kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwePCB kwakarambidzwa muUnited States muna 1976, muchetura uye endocrine kukanganisa mhedzisiro inoenderera pasi rese. Nzvimbo yepasirese yekugadzira PCB yaive chirimwa cheMonsanto kunze kweEast St. Louis, Illinois. East St. Louis inzvimbo inogara yakaora mwoyo yehupfumi, mhiri kweRwizi rweMisissippi kubva kuSt. โEast St. Louis,โ anoshuma kudaro munyori wedzidzo Jonathan Kozol, โine vamwe vevana vanorwara zvikurusa muAmerica.โ Kozol inoshuma kuti guta rine huwandu hwepamusoro hwekufa kwe fetus uye kuberekwa kusati kwakura mudunhu, chechitatu chepamusoro chekufa kwevacheche, uye imwe yemhando yepamusoro yehucheche hweasthma muUnited States.
Dioxin: Nhaka Yekusvibiswa Tivo vanhu vekuEast St. Louis vanoramba vachitarisana nekutyisa kwekuratidzwa kwemakemikari epamusoro, urombo, kuparara kwezvivakwa zvemaguta, uye kuparara kwemabasa emuguta, asi taundi riri pedyo reTimes Beach, Missouri rakaonekwa rakadaro. yakanyatsosvibiswa ne dioxin iyo hurumende yeUnited States yakarayira kuti ibudiswe muna 1982. Sezviri pachena taundi racho, pamwe chete nevaridzi veminda vakazvimirira vanoverengeka, vakahaya kondirakiti kuti imwayaire marara mumigwagwa yaro nemarara kuti huruva irambe ichidzika. Kondirakiti mumwecheteyo akange ahaiwa nemakambani emakemikari emuno kuti aburitse matangi avo edhaka ane dioxin. Pakafa mabhiza 50, dzimwe mhuka dzepamusha, uye mazana eshiri dzomusango munhandare yemukati yakanga yapfapfaidzwa oiri yacho, nzvero yakatevera iyo yakazotevera nzufu dzacho kuva dioxin kubva mumatangi edhaka remakemikari. Vasikana vadiki vaviri vaitamba munhandare vakarwara, mumwe wavo akaiswa muchipatara kwemavhiki mana aine kukuvara kwakanyanya kweitsvo, uye vamwe vana vazhinji vakazvarwa naamai vakafumurwa nemafuta ane dioxin vakaratidza humbowo hwekusagadzikana kwe immune system uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwehuropi. Kunyange zvazvo Monsanto yakaramba ichiramba chero kushamwaridzana nechiitiko cheTimes Beach, St. Louis-based Times Beach Action Group (TBAG) yakafumura mishumo ye laboratory inonyora kuvapo kwehuwandu hwePCBs dzakagadzirwa neMonsanto mune zvinyorwa zvevhu zvakasvibiswa kubva muguta. "Semaonero edu, Monsanto iri pamwoyo wedambudziko muno muMissouri," anotsanangura kudaro Steve Taylor weTBAG. Taylor anobvuma kuti mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro peTimes Beach nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa mudunhu iri inoramba isina kupindurwa, asi inotaura humbowo hwekuti kuferefetwa kwedhaka rakapfapfaidzwa muTimes Beach kwaingogumira kune izvo zvinotsvakwa kune mamwe makambani kunze kweMonsanto. Iyo yekuvharidzira paTimes Beach yakasvika pamazinga epamusoro eReagan manejimendi muWashington. Masangano ezvemhoteredzo munyika mumakore eReagan akave nemukurumbira wakashata nekuda kwevakuru-vakuru vanodzokororwa nevakuru veindasitiri, umo makambani aidiwa akavimbiswa kusateedzera mutemo uye kuderedzwa zvakanyanya faindi. Reagan akagadzwa maneja weEnvironmental Protection Agency, Anne Gorsuch Burford, akamanikidzwa kusiya basa mushure memakore maviri ari pachigaro uye mubatsiri wake akakosha, Rita Lavelle, akakandwa mujeri kwemwedzi mitanhatu nemhosva yekunyepa uye kukanganisa kururamisira. Mune chimwe chiitiko chine mukurumbira, Reagan White House yakaraira Burford kuti irambe magwaro paTimes Beach nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa mumatunhu eMissouri neArkansas, ichitaura nezve "ropafadzo yekutonga," uye Lavelle akazotaurwa nezvekupwanya magwaro akakosha. Mutori wenhau anoferefeta we Philadelphia Inquirer bepanhau rakaratidza Monsanto seimwe yemakambani emakemikari ane vatungamiriri vaigara vachitambira misangano yemasikati neyekudya kwemanheru naLavelle. Kubviswa kwaitsvagwa nevagari veTimes Beach kwakanonoka kusvika 1982, makore gumi nerimwe mushure mekunge kusvibiswa kwatanga kuwanikwa, uye makore masere mushure mekunge chikonzero chaonekwa se dioxin. Kudyidzana kweMonsanto ne dioxin kunogona kurondwa kumashure pakugadzira kwayo mushonga wesora 2,4,5-T, kutanga mukupera kwema1940. "Pakarepo, vashandi varo vakatanga kurwara nekuputika kweganda, marwadzo asinganzwisisiki mumakumbo, majoini uye dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri, kushaya simba, kutsamwa, kutya uye kurasikirwa kwechido," anotsanangura kudaro Peter Sills, munyori webhuku rinouya pamusoro pe dioxin. "Memos yemukati inoratidza kuti kambani yaiziva kuti varume ava vairwara sezvavaitaura, asi yakachengeta humbowo hwese hwakavanzwa." Kuputika kwakaitika paMonsanto's Nitro, West Virginia chirimwa chemishonga yesora muna 1949 kwakakwevera pfungwa kune zvichemo izvi. Iyo inosvibisa inokonzeresa mamiriro aya haina kuzivikanwa se dioxin kusvika 1957, asi iyo US Army Chemical Corps sezviri pachena yakafarira chinhu ichi sechingangoita chemakemikari ehondo. Chikumbiro chakasvitswa na St. Louis Journalism Ongororo pasi peUS Freedom of Information Act yakaratidza mapeji angangoita mazana matanhatu emishumo uye tsamba pakati peMonsanto neArmy Chemical Corps pamusoro peiyi mushonga wesora, uchidzokera kumashure se600. Mushonga wesora Agent Orange, uyo waishandiswa nemauto eUS kusvibisa masango emvura yeVietnam mumakore ekuma1960, waive musanganiswa we2,4,5-T ne2,4-D waiwanikwa kubva kune akati wandei, asi Monsanto's Agent. Orange yaive neiyo dioxin yakawanda yakapetwa kakawanda kupfuura iyo yakagadzirwa naDow Chemical, iyo defoliant inotungamira mugadziri. Izvi zvakaita kuti Monsanto ave mupomerwi mukuru mumhosva yakaunzwa nevarwi vehondo yeVietnam kuUnited States, avo vakatarisana nezviratidzo zvinonetesa zvinokonzerwa neAgent Orange. Apo mari ye $ 180 mamiriyoni yakagadziriswa muna 1984 pakati pemakambani emakemikari e7 uye magweta evarwi vehondo, mutongi akarayira Monsanto kubhadhara 45.5 muzana yehuwandu. Mumakore ekuma1980, Monsanto yakaita nhevedzano yezvidzidzo zvakagadzirirwa kuderedza mutoro wayo, kwete chete muAgent Orange sutu, asi mukuenderera mberi kwezviitiko zvekusvibiswa kwevashandi panzvimbo yayo yekugadzira West Virginia. Mhosva yematare yemakore matatu nehafu yakaunzwa nevashandi vezvitima vakafumurwa dioxin zvichitevera kubuda mugwara kwechitima yakaburitsa patani yedata rakashandiswa uye dhizaini inorasisa muzvidzidzo izvi. Mumwe mukuru weUS EPA akagumisa kuti zvidzidzo zvakashandiswa kutsigira zvaitaurwa naMonsanto zvekuti dioxin mhedzisiro yaingogumira kuchirwere cheganda chloracne. Vatsvagiri veGreenpeace, Jed Greer naKenny Bruno vanotsanangura mhedzisiro: "Sekureva kweuchapupu kubva mukutongwa, Monsanto yakafumura zvisirizvo vashandi vakafumurwa nevasina kuburitswa pachena, vakabvisa zvine mutsindo nyaya dzakakosha dzegomarara, vakatadza kuratidza kurongeka kwezvidzidzo zvechloracne neyakajairwa maindasitiri dermatitis maitiro, haana. kupa vimbiso yemarekodhi asina kukanganiswa akaunzwa uye anoshandiswa nevanopa mazano, uye akataura manyepo nezve dioxin kusvibiswa mune zvigadzirwa zveMonsanto. " Mhosva yedare, umo vatongi vakapa mubairo wekukuvadza wemadhora miriyoni gumi nematanhatu vachipokana neMonsanto, yakaratidza kuti zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zveMonsanto, kubva kumushonga wemumba kusvika kuSantophen germicide yaimboshandiswa muLysol brand disinfectant, zvakange zvakasvibiswa ne dioxin. "Uchapupu hwevatungamiri veMonsanto pakutongwa kwakaratidza tsika yekambani apo kutengesa uye purofiti zvakapiwa zvakakosha kupfuura kuchengetedzwa kwezvigadzirwa nevashandi vazvo," yakashuma kudaro. Toronto Globe uye Mail mushure mekuvhara kwekutongwa. โVakanga vasina basa noutano nokuchengeteka kwevashandi vavo,โ anotsanangura kudaro munyori Peter Sills. "Panzvimbo yekuyedza kuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakachengeteka, vakavimba nekutyisidzirwa uye nekutyisidzira kudzingwa basa kuti vashandi vavo vashande." Ongororo yakazotevera yakaitwa naDr. Cate Jenkins veEPA's Regulatory Development Branch yakanyora zvinyorwa zvakatonyanya kurongeka zvesainzi yehutsotsi. "Monsanto yakanyatsoendesa mashoko enhema kuEPA izvo zvakakonzera zvakananga mitemo isina simba pasi peRCRA [Resources Conservation and Recovery Act] uye FIFRA [Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act] ..." yakashuma Dr. Jenkins mune imwe memorandamu ye1990 ichikurudzira sangano kuti riite kuita ongororo yemhosva yekambani. Jenkins akataura magwaro emukati eMonsanto anoratidza kuti kambani "yakatora" masampuli emishonga yesora yakaunzwa kuDhipatimendi rekurima reUS, yakavanda kuseri kwe "process chemistry" nharo dzekukanganisa kuedza kutonga 2,4-D uye akasiyana chlorophenols, yakavanza humbowo nezve kusvibiswa kweLysol, uye yakabvisa mazana akati wandei evaimbova vashandi vayo vanorwara zvakanyanya kubva pakuenzanisa zvidzidzo zvehutano: "Monsanto yakavhara kusvibiswa kwe dioxin yezvakasiyana zvigadzirwa zvayo. Monsanto yakatadza kutaura nezve kusvibiswa, yakatsiva ruzivo rwemanyepo zvichiratidza kusasvibiswa kana kuendesa samples kuhurumende kuti iongororwe iyo yakanyatsogadzirirwa kuitira kuti dioxin ivepo.
Mishonga yeHerbicide yechizvarwa Chitsva Today, glyphosate herbicides senge Roundup account yeinokwana chikamu chimwe chete pazvikamu zvitanhatu zvekutengesa kwegore negore kweMonsanto uye hafu yemari yekushanda kwekambani, zvichida zvakanyanya kubva apo kambani yakabvisa makemikari ayo emaindasitiri uye machira ekugadzira sekambani yakaparadzana, inonzi Solutia, munaGunyana 1997. Monsanto inosimudzira zvine hukasha Roundup semushonga wakachengeteka, unoshandiswa pane zvese kubva kumakwenzi neminda yemichero, kusvika kumasango makuru econiferous, uko kupfapfaidzwa nemhepo kwemushonga wesora kunoshandiswa kudzvanyirira kukura kwembesa dzine mashizha nemakwenzi uye kukurudzira miti. kukura kwemiti ine pundutso yemisipiresi nemispruce. The Oregon-based Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP) yakaongorora pamusoro pe408 zvidzidzo zvesainzi pamusoro pemigumisiro yeglyphosate, uye ye polyoxyethylene amines inoshandiswa se surfactant muRoundup, uye yakagumisa kuti mushonga wesora hauna kunaka kudarika kushambadzira kweMonsanto: โZviratidzo zvemuchetura muvanhu mushure mekudya Roundup zvinosanganisira kurwadziwa nemudumbu, kurutsa, kuzvimba kwemapapu, mabayo, kutadza kuziva, uye kuparadzwa kwemasero matsvuku eropa. Kushatirwa kweziso neganda kwakataurwa nevashandi vachisanganisa, kurodha nekuisa glyphosate. EPA's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System yakanga ine mishumo ye109 yemigumisiro yehutano yakabatana nekusangana neglyphosate pakati pa 1966 naOctober, 1980. Izvi zvaisanganisira kutsamwa kweziso kana ganda, kusvotwa, dzungu, kutemwa nemusoro, manyoka, kusaona zvakanaka, fivha uye kupera simba. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti misi ye1966-1980 inomiririra nguva yenguva Roundup isati yasvika pakushandiswa zvakanyanya. Kuzviuraya kwakatevedzana uye kuyedza kuzviuraya muJapan mukati memakore ekuma1980 vachishandisa mushonga weRoundup wakabvumira masayendisiti kuverenga dhesi inouraya yemaonzi matanhatu. Mushonga wesora une muchetura kakapetwa ka100 kuhove pane vanhu, une chepfu kumakonye evhu, mabhakitiriya evhu uye fungi anobatsira, uye masayendisiti akayera huwandu hwakanangana hwehupenyu hweRoundup muhove nedzimwe mhuka dzesango, kuwedzera kune chechipiri mhedzisiro inokonzerwa nekubvisa masango. Kupatsanurwa kweglyphosate kuita N-nitrosoglyphosate uye mamwe makomisheni ane hukama kwakawedzera kushushikana pamusoro pekugona kuitika kwecarcinogenicity yeRoundup zvigadzirwa. Chidzidzo che 1993 paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia paBerkeley's School of Public Health chakawana kuti glyphosate ndiyo yainyanya kukonzera zvirwere zvine chekuita nemishonga yezvipembenene pakati pevashandi vekuchengetedza nzvimbo muCalifornia, uye nhamba yechitatu chikonzero pakati pevashandi vekurima. Ongororo ya1996 yezvinyorwa zvesainzi nenhengo dzeVermont Citizens' Forest Roundtable-boka rakabudirira kukurudzira Vermont Legislature kuti irambidze kushandiswa kwemishonga yesora mumasango-yakaratidza humbowo hutsva hwekukuvadzwa kwemapapu, kurova kwemoyo, kusvotwa, kubereka. matambudziko, kukanganisa kwechromosome, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinokonzerwa nekusangana neRoundup herbicide. Muna 1997, Monsanto yakapindura kumakore mashanu ekunyunyuta neNew York State Attorney General kuti zviziviso zvaro zveRoundup zvaitsausa; kambani yakachinja kushambadzira kwayo kuti idzime zvainzi mushonga wesora "unoora" uye "ushamwari kunharaunda," uye yakabhadhara $50,000 yekubhadhara mari yehurumende panyaya iyi. Muna Kurume 1998, Monsanto yakabvuma kubhadhara faindi ye225,000 yemadhora ekunyorwa zvisirizvo mumidziyo yeRoundup pazviitiko makumi manomwe neshanu. Chirango chacho chaive chigadziriso chikuru chakambobhadharwa nekutyorwa kweWorker Protection Standards yeFederal Insecticide, Fungicide uye Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Maererano ne Wall Street Journal, Monsanto yakagovera midziyo yemushonga ine mavara anorambidza kupinda munzvimbo dzakarapwa kwemaawa mana chete panzvimbo yemaawa 4 anodiwa. Iyi ingori ichangoburwa munhevedzano yemafaindi makuru uye mitongo yakanangana neMonsanto muUnited States, kusanganisira $12 miriyoni yemhosva yakawanikwa munyaya yerufu rweleukemia yemushandi weTexas muna 108, kubhadharwa kwemadhora mazana matanhatu nemakumi mana nesere echipomerwa mhosva yekutadza kutaura nezvehutano hunodiwa. dhata kuEPA muna 1986, faindi yemadhora miriyoni imwe chete nehurumende Attorney General weMassachusetts muna 648,000 panyaya yekurasika kwe1990 gallon acid wastewater, iyo $1 miriyoni yekugara muHouston, Texas muna 1991 inosanganisira kuiswa kwemakemikari ane njodzi mumakomba asina mutsara. , nevamwe vakawanda. Muna 200,000, Monsanto yakatora chinzvimbo chechishanu pakati pemakambani eUS muEPA's Toxic Release Inventory, yaburitsa 39 miriyoni mapaundi emakemikari ane muchetura mumhepo, pasi, mvura, uye pasi pevhu.
Biotechnology Nyika Itsva Yakashinga Monsanto kukurudzira kwehasha kwezvigadzirwa zvayo zvebiotechnology, kubva kuBovine Growth Hormone (rBGH), kusvika kuRoundup Ready soya bhinzi nezvimwe zvirimwa, kusvika kumhando dzayo dzedonje dzisingaurayiwi netumbuyu, kunoonekwa nevazhinji vanoona sekuenderera mberi kwemakumi emakore akawanda etsika dzisina chokwadi. . โMakambani ane hunhu, uye Monsanto ndechimwe chezvakaipa zvikuru,โ anotsanangura kudaro munyori Peter Sills. "Kubva kuMonsanto's herbicides kusvika kuSantophen disinfectant kusvika kuBGH, vanoita kunge vari kubuda munzira yavo kukuvadza vashandi vavo nekukuvadza vana." Pakutanga, Monsanto yaiva imwe yemakambani mana emakemikari aitsvaga kuunza yakagadzirwa neBovine Growth Hormone, yakagadzirwa muE. Imwe yaive yeAmerican Cyanamid, ikozvino iri yeAmerican Home Products, iyo iri munzira yekubatanidza neMonsanto. Kuedza kweMonsanto kwemakore gumi nemana kuwana mvumo kubva kuUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kuunza recombinant BGH kumusika kwakazadzwa nekukakavadzana, kusanganisira kupomerwa kwekuedza kwakabatana kudzvanyirira ruzivo nezvehuipi hwehomoni. Mumwe chiremba wezvipfuyo weFDA, Richard Burroughs, akadzingwa basa mushure mekunge apomera kambani pamwe nebazi rekudzvanya nekushandisa data kuvanza majekiseni eRBGH pahutano hwemombe dzemukaka. Muna 1990, pakaonekwa mvumo yeFDA yeRBGH, chiremba wezvipfuyo paYunivhesiti yeVermont yekutsvagisa zvekurima akaburitsa ruzivo rwakambodzvanyirirwa kune vezvematongerwo enyika vaviri vachinyora zvakanyanya kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehutachiwana hwemazamu mumhou dzakabaiwa jekiseni panguva iyoyo-yekuyedza Monsanto hormone. , pamwe chete nechiitiko chisina kujairika chekuremara kwakasimba kwekuzvarwa muvana vemhou dzakarapwa rBGH. Ongororo yakazvimirira yedata reYunivhesiti neboka redunhu rekusimudzira purazi rakanyora mamwe matambudziko ehutano hwemombe ane chekuita neRBGH, kusanganisira kuwanda kwekukuvara kwetsoka nemakumbo, matambudziko emagetsi nekubereka, uye hutachiona hwechibereko. Bazi reUS Congress 'General Accounting Office (GAO) rakaedza kuferefeta nyaya iyi, asi harina kukwanisa kuwana marekodhi aidiwa kubva kuMonsanto neYunivhesiti kuti iite ongororo yaro, zvikuru maererano nezvinofungidzirwa kuti teratogenic uye embryotoxic madhara. Vaongorori veGAO vakagumisa kuti mhou dzakaiswa jekiseni neRBGH dzine mastitis (hutachiwana hwehutachiwana) chiyero chetatu chepamusoro pane mhou dzisina kurapwa, uye yakakurudzira kutsvakurudza kwakawedzerwa pamusoro pengozi yemazinga akakwirira emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mumukaka unogadzirwa uchishandisa rBGH. Monsanto's rBGH yakabvumidzwa neFDA kuti itengeserwe kutengeswa kutanga muna 1994. Gore rakatevera, Mark Kastel weWisconsin Farmers Union akabudisa chidzidzo chezviitiko zvevarimi veWisconsin nemushonga. Zvaakawana zvakapfuura 21 zvingangoita zvinetso zvehutano izvo Monsanto yaidiwa kuti inyore pane yambiro label yePosilac yayo yeRBGH. Kastel akawana mishumo yakapararira yekufa kunongoerekana kwaitika pakati pemhou dzakarapwa neRBGH, kuwanda kwehutachiona hwemazamu, kuomerwa kwemetabolism uye matambudziko ekuzvara, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kusakwanisa kurumudza mombe dzakarapwa kubva pamushonga. Varimi vemukaka vakawanda vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira vakaedza rBGH kamwe kamwe vaida kutsiva zvikamu zvikuru zvemombe dzavo. Panzvimbo pekugadzirisa zvikonzero zvekunyunyuta kwevarimi pamusoro peRBGH, Monsanto yakaramba ichigumbura, ichityisidzira kupomera makambani maduku emukaka akashambadzira zvigadzirwa zvavo semahara ehomoni yekugadzira, uye kubatanidzwa mumatare edzimhosva akawanda emakambani emabhizimisi emakambani emukaka anopesana nekutanga uye. chete mutemo unosungirwa kunyora weRBGH muUnited States. Zvakadaro, humbowo hwekukuvadza kweRBGH pahutano hwemhou uye vanhu vakaramba vachikwira. Nhamburiko dzekudzivirira kunyorwa mazita esoyabhinzi nechibage zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva kuUnited States zvinoratidza kuenderera mberi kwemaitiro akagadzirirwa kudzikamisa zvichemo pamusoro pehomoni yemukaka yeMonsanto. Nepo Monsanto ichipokana kuti soya bhinzi dzayo dzeโRoundup Readyโ dzichazoderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yesora, kutambirwa kwakawanda kwembeu dzembesa dzisingashiviriri zvirimwa zvinoita sezvingangoita kuti varimi vawedzere kuvimba nemishonga yesora. Masora anomera mushure mekunge mushonga wesora wapararira kana kupunzika kazhinji kazhinji unozoiswazve mishonga. "Ichasimudzira kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemushonga wesora," murimi wesoya weMissouri Bill Christison akaudza Kenny Bruno weGreenpeace International. "Kana paine nzvimbo yekutengesa yeRRS, inyaya yekuti unogona kurima nzvimbo ine sora rakawanda uye kushandisa makemikari akawandisa kurwisa dambudziko rako, izvo zvisiri izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zvichiitwa nemunhu." Christison anopikisa zvinotaurwa neMonsanto zvekuti mbeu dzinodzivirira sora dzinodiwa kuderedza kukukurwa kwevhu kubva mukurimwa kwakawanda, uye anoti varimi vekuMadokero ekuMadokero vakagadzira nzira dzavo dzakawanda dzekuderedza kushandiswa kwesora. Monsanto, kune rumwe rutivi, yakawedzera kugadzirwa kwayo kweRoundup mumakore achangopfuura. NeMonsanto's US patent yeRoundup yakarongwa kupera mugore ra2000, uye makwikwi kubva kune jenaric glyphosate zvigadzirwa zvatove kubuda pasi rose, kurongedzerwa kweRoundup herbicide nembeu dze "Roundup Ready" kwave musimboti wezano reMonsanto rekuramba richikura mukutengesa mishonga yesora. Hutano hunogona kuitika uye mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza zvirimwa zvinoshivirira zvirimwa hazvina kuongororwa zvizere, kusanganisira allergenic mhedzisiro, kupindira kana kusakura kwesora, uye mukana wekupokana nemishonga yesora inotamiswa kuburikidza nekume kune dzimwe soya bhinzi kana zvirimwa zvine hukama. Nepo matambudziko ese ane soya bhinzi asingaurayiwi nesora angangorambwa seakareba uye ane fungidziro, ruzivo rwevarimi vedonje vekuUS nembeu dzeMonsanto dzakagadzirwa nemajini zvinoita senge ichitaura nyaya yakatosiyana. Monsanto yakabudisa marudzi maviri ekotoni yakagadzirwa nemajini, kutanga muna 1996. Imwe ndeyeRoundup-resistant yakasiyana-siyana uye imwe, inonzi "Bollgard," inobudisa chepfu yebhakitiriya inotarisirwa kudzora kukanganisa kubva kune zvitatu zvinotungamirira zvekotoni. Muchetura, unobva kuBacillus thuringiensis, wakashandiswa nevarimi veorganic muchimiro chemushonga wemabhakitiriya chaiwo kubvira kutanga kwema1970. Asi nepo mabhakitiriya eBt ari enguva pfupi-pfupi, uye anoburitsa muchetura wavo muchimiro chinongotanga kushanda mualkaline digestive masisitimu emamwe makonye nemakonye, โโzvirimwa zveBt zvakagadzirwa nemajini zvinoburitsa chimiro chinoshanda chechepfu mukati mehupenyu hwechirimwa. Zvizhinji zvechibage chakagadzirwa nemajini chiri pamusika pari zvino, semuenzaniso, imhando yeBt inoburitsa, yakagadzirirwa kudzinga gonye rechibage nehumwe twupukanana. Dambudziko rekutanga rinotarisirwa nevakawanda pambeu dzinoburitsa mishonga yezvipembenene nderekuti kuvepo kwechepfu mukati mehupenyu hwechirimwa kungangokurudzira kugadzirwa kwemhando dzinoshingirira dzezvipembenene zvakajairika. IU.S. EPA yakasarudza kuti kupararira kwakapararira kuBt kunogona kuita kuti kushandiswa kwechisikigo kwebhakitiriya reBt kusashanda mumakore matatu kusvika mashanu chete uye inoda kuti varimi vadyare nzvimbo dzekupotera kusvika ku40 muzana isiri yekotoni yeBt mukuedza kudzivisa izvi. Chechipiri, muchetura unoshanda wakavanzwa nezvirimwa izvi unogona kukuvadza zvipembenene zvinobatsira, moths, uye butterflies, kuwedzera kune izvo zvipenyu izvo varimi vanoda kubvisa. Asi zvinokuvadza zvinokonzerwa neBt-secreting "Bollgard" yekotoni zvakaratidza kuva zvakanyanya pakarepo, zvakakwana zvokuti Monsanto nevamwe vayo vakadhonza mamiriyoni mashanu emapaunzi embeu yedonje yakagadzirwa nemajini kubva pamusika uye vakabvumirana nemamiriyoni emadhora ekugadzirisa nevarimi. kumaodzanyemba kweUnited States. Varimi vatatu vakaramba kugara neMonsanto vakapihwa mari inosvika madhora miriyoni maviri neMississippi Seed Arbitration Council. Hazvisi chete zvinomera zvakarwiswa nekotoni bollworm, iyo Monsanto yaiti yaizoramba ichipikisa, asi kumera kwaiva nemavara, zvibereko zvaive zvishoma, uye zvirimwa zvakanga zvisina kumira zvakanaka, maererano neakaundi akawanda akabudiswa. Vamwe varimi vanoti vakarasikirwa negoho zvinosvika zvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana. Varimi vakadyara donje reMonsanto's Roundup-resistant vakashumawo kukundikana kwakanyanya kwechirimwa, kusanganisira mabhotoro akaremara uye asina kumira zvakanaka akangoerekana adonha kubva pachirimwa zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzvina zvemwaka wekurima. Pasinei nezvinetso izvi, Monsanto iri kufambira mberi kushandiswa kwemajini enjiniya mune zvekurima nekutora kutonga kwemazana makuru, makambani embeu akasimbiswa muUnited States. Monsanto parizvino ine Holdens Foundation Mbeu, mupi wegermplasm inoshandiswa pa25-35 muzana yechibage cheUS acreage, uye Asgrow Agronomics, iyo inotsanangura se "anotungamira murimi wesoya, mugadziri uye muparadzi muUnited States." Chirimo ichi chapfuura, Monsanto yakapedza kutora kwayo De Kalb Genetics, kambani yechipiri pakukura kwembeu muUnited States uye yepfumbamwe pakukura pasirese, pamwe neDelta nePine Land, kambani huru yeUS yembeu yedonje. Nekutora kwayo Delta nePine, Monsanto yava kutonga zvikamu makumi masere neshanu muzana zvemusika wembeu yedonje wekuUS. Iyo kambani yanga ichitsvaga zvine hukasha kutora kwemakambani uye kutengesa zvigadzirwa kune dzimwe nyika zvakare. Muna 1997, Monsanto yakatenga Sementes Agroceres SA, inotsanangurwa se "kambani inotungamira yechibage chembeu muBrazil," ine chikamu che30 muzana chemusika. Pakutanga gore rino, Brazilian Federal Police yakatsvaga kupomerwa kunze kwenyika zvisiri pamutemo kwemabhegi e200 e-transgenic soya, mamwe acho akatevedzwa kune imwe kambani yeArgentina yeMonsanto. Zvinoenderana nemutemo weBrazil, zvigadzirwa zvekunze zvekunze zvinongounzwa mushure menguva yekuvharirwa uye kuyedzwa kudzivirira kukuvara kunobvira kumaruva ekuzvarwa. MuCanada, Monsanto yaifanira kuyeuka masaga 60,000 embeu yekubata chibharo ("canola") muna 1997. Zviri pachena kuti kutumirwa kwembeu inodzivirira Roundup yaiva nejeni rakaiswa rakasiyana nerakanga rabvumirwa kushandiswa nevanhu nezvipfuwo. Nepo Monsanto's herbicides uye zvigadzirwa zvakagadziridzwa zvakange zviri zvegakava reruzhinji kwemakore mazhinji, zvigadzirwa zvayo zvemishonga zvine rekodhi inotambudza. Chigadzirwa chepamusoro cheMonsanto's GD Searle pharmaceuticals subsidiary ndiyo yekugadzira inotapira aspartame, inotengeswa pasi pezita remhando Nutrasweet uye Equal. Muna 1981, makore mana Monsanto isati yatenga Searle, Food and Drug Administration Board of Inquiry ine masayendisiti matatu akazvimiririra yakasimbisa mishumo yakanga ichitenderera kwemakore masere kuti "aspartame inogona kukonzera uropi." FDA yakakanzura rezinesi raSearle rekutengesa aspartame, ndokuzongodzora danho rayo pasi pekomisheni mutsva akagadzwa neMutungamiri Ronald Reagan. Chidzidzo che 1996 mu Journal of Neuropathology uye Experimental Neurology chakavandudza kunetseka uku, kubatanidza aspartame nekuwedzera kwakanyanya kwekenza dzehuropi nguva pfupi mushure mekunge chinhu chaunzwa. Dr. Erik Millstone weYunivhesiti yeSussex Science Policy Research Unit inotaura nhevedzano yemishumo kubva kuma1980 inobatanidza aspartame kune yakafara dhizaini yekusagadzikana muvatengi vane hanya, kusanganisira kutemwa nemusoro, kusaona zvakanaka, chiveve, kurasikirwa nekunzwa, tsandanyama spasms, uye kukonzeresa. epileptic-type sezures, pakati pezvimwe zvakawanda. Muna 1989, Searle zvakare akamhanyira FDA, iyo yakapomera kambani yekutsausa kushambadzira munyaya yemishonga yayo yekurwisa chironda, Cytotec. Iyo FDA yakataura kuti kushambadza kwakagadzirirwa kushambadzira mushonga kune vanhu vakawanda uye vadiki pane zvakange zvarairwa nesangano. Searle/Monsanto aidiwa kuti abudise shambadziro mumajenari akati wandei ezvokurapa, ayo aive nemusoro wekuti โRakatsikiswa Kuti Kururamise Kushambadza Kwakapfuura Kwaionekwa Nezvekudya Nezvinodhaka Kurasisa.
Monsanto's Greenwash Gkunyangwe iyi nhoroondo yakareba uye inotambudza, zviri nyore kunzwisisa kuti nei vagari vane ruzivo muEurope yose uye US vasingadi kuvimba neMonsanto neramangwana rezvokudya zvedu uye hutano hwedu. Asi Monsanto iri kuita zvese zvainogona kuti iratidzike isina kukanganiswa nekupikisa uku. Kuburikidza nenhamburiko dzakaita semushandirapamwe wavo wokushambadza weยฃ1 miriyoni muBritain, nerutsigiro rwavo rwechiratidziro chitsva chepamusoro-soro cheBiodiversity paAmerican Museum of Natural History muNew York, nezvimwe zvakawanda, vari kuedza kuratidzika kuva vakasvibira, vakarurama, nezvimwe zvakawanda. vakatarira mberi kupfuura kunyange vadzivisi vavo. MuUS vari kusimudzira chimiro chavo, uye pamwe vachifurira mutemo, nerutsigiro rwevanhu vari padanho repamusoro rehutongi hwaClinton. Muna Chivabvu 1997, Mickey Kantor, mugadziri wemushandirapamwe wesarudzo waBill Clinton we1992 uye Mumiriri weUnited States Trade panguva yekutanga temu yaClinton, akasarudzwa pachigaro cheMonsanto's Board of Directors. Marcia Hale, aimbove mubatsiri wemutungamiri wenyika, akashanda semukuru weMonsanto anoona nezveruzhinji muBritain. Mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika, VaAl Gore, avo vanozivikanwa zvikuru muUS nekunyora uye kutaura kwavo pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza, anga achitsigira zvikuru zvebiotechnology kubva panguva yake ari muSeneti yeUS. Gore's Chief Domestic Policy Advisor, David W. Beier, aimbove Mutungamiriri Mukuru weHurumende Affairs kuGenentech, Inc. Pasi peMukuru Mukuru Robert Shapiro, Monsanto yakaburitsa zvimisikidzo zvese kuti ishandure chifananidzo chayo kubva kune inochenesa makemikari ane njodzi kuenda kune yakavhenekerwa, inotarisisa nzvimbo yecrusading yekudyisa nyika. Shapiro, akaenda kunoshandira GD Searle muna 1979 ndokuve mutungamiri weNutrasweet Group muna 1982, anogara paMutungamiriri weAdvisory Committee yeTrade Policy neNhaurirano uye akashanda kwenguva senhengo yeWhite House Domestic Policy Ongororo. Anozvirondedzera semunhu anoona uye ari Renaissance Man, ane chinangwa chekushandisa zviwanikwa zvekambani kuchinja nyika: โChikonzero chete chekushanda pakambani hombe ndechekuti unokwanisa kuita zvinhu pamwero wakakura izvo zviri chaizvo. zvakakosha," akaudza mubvunzurudzo Business Ethics, magazini inokosha yesangano reโbhizimisi rinotarisira magariro evanhuโ muUnited States. Shapiro ane fungidziro shoma pamusoro pemukurumbira weMonsanto muUnited States, achirondedzera netsitsi dambudziko revashandi veMonsanto vakawanda vane vana vevavakidzani vanogona kuhwihwidza pavanoziva panoshanda mushandi. Anoshuvira kuratidza kuti ari kufambirana nechishuwo chakapararira chekuchinja kwehurongwa, uye akatsunga kutungamira chishuwo ichi kumagumo ekambani yake, sezvaakaratidza mubvunzurudzo ichangoburwa ne. Harvard Business Ongororo: โHaisi nyaya yevarume vakanaka nevakaipa. Hapana chikonzero chokuti, 'Kudai vanhu vakaipa ivavo vaizorega bhizimisi, ipapo nyika yaizova yakanaka.' Hurongwa hwese hunofanira kushanduka; pane mukana wakakura wekuvandudza. " Ehe, Shapiro's reinvented system ndeyokuti makambani makuru haasi kungoramba aripo, asi anoshandisa kutonga kunoramba kuchiwedzera pamusoro pehupenyu hwedu. Asi Monsanto yakagadziridza, tinoudzwa. Vakabudirira kurasa kupatsanurwa kwemakemikari mumaindasitiri uye vakazvipira kutsiva makemikari ne "ruzivo," muchimiro chembeu dzakagadzirwa nemajini uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvebiotechnology. Ichi chimiro chinokatyamadza chekambani ine chigadzirwa chine mari zvakanyanya mushonga wesora, uye ine chepamusoro chepamusoro chekuwedzera chikafu chinoratidzika kunge chiri kurwarisa vamwe vanhu. Ibasa risingaite kukambani inotsvaga kutyisidzira vatsoropodzi nematare uye kudzvinyirira kushoropodzwa munhau. Monsanto ichangoburwa Annual Report, zvisinei, zvinonyatsoratidza kuti yakadzidza mashoko ose akarurama. Roundup hausi mushonga wesora, chishandiso chekuderedza kurima uye kuderedza kukukurwa kwevhu. Zvirimwa zvinogadzirwa nemajini hazvisi zvepurofiti yeMonsanto chete, ndezvekugadzirisa dambudziko risingachinjike rekukura kwevanhu. Biotechnology haisi kudzikisa zvinhu zvese zvipenyu kuti zvienderane nenzvimbo yezvigadzirwa โ zvinhu zvinotengwa uye kutengeswa, kutengeswa nekupa mvumo โ asi ichokwadi chiratidzo che "decommoditization": kutsiviwa kwezvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nehukuru hwakawanda hwakawanda hwehunyanzvi. , zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa. Iyi iNewspeak yemhando yepamusoro. Pakupedzisira, isu tinofanira kutenda kuti Monsanto kusimudzira kwehasha kwebiotechnology haisi nyaya yekungozvikudza kwekambani, asi kuti kuzadziswa kwechokwadi chiri nyore chezvakasikwa. Vaverengi veMonsanto Annual Report zvinounzwa nekuenzanisa pakati pekukurumidza kukura kwemazuva ano muhuwandu hweakaonekwa maDNA base pairs uye exponential maitiro ekuita miniaturization muindasitiri yezvemagetsi, maitiro akatanga kuzivikanwa kuma1960s. Monsanto yakadaidza kukura kuri pachena kweyainodaidza kuti "ruzivo rwebhayoloji" kuve chinhu chidiki pane "Mutemo weMonsanto." Kufanana nechero mimwe mitemo yekuisa yezvakasikwa, munhu haana sarudzo asi kuona kufanotaura kwacho kuchizadzikiswa uye, pano, kufanotaura hakuna chinhu chidiki pane kuenderera mberi kwekukura kwekusvika kweMonsanto pasi rose. Asi kukura kwounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hupi nohupi hausi โmutemo womuzvarirwoโwo zvawo. Tekinoroji haisi masimba emagariro kune ivo pachavo, kana kungoita "zvishandiso" zvisina kwazvakarerekera zvinogona kushandiswa kugutsa chero magariro atinoda. Asi izvo zvigadzirwa zvemamwe masangano emagariro uye zvido zvehupfumi. Kana imwe nzira yekuvandudza tekinoroji yatangwa, inogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakura kupfuura yaigona kufanotaurwa nevagadziri vayo: iyo yakanyanya simba tekinoroji, mhedzisiro yacho inozowedzera kudzika. Semuyenzaniso, inonzi Green Revolution mune zvekurima kuma1960 nema1970 yakawedzera goho kwenguva pfupi, uye yakaitawo kuti varimi pasi rose vawedzere kuvimba nemishonga inodhura. Izvi zvakaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vatize kubva munyika yacho, uye munyika dzakawanda zvakakanganisa ivhu, mvura yepasi, uye ivhu renzanga izvo zvakachengetedza vanhu kwemireniyamu. Uku kuparadzaniswa kwakakura kwakakurudzira kukura kwevanhu, kugariswa kwemaguta, uye kusasimbaradzwa munharaunda, izvo zvakazokonzera imwe denderedzwa rehurombo nenzara. "Yechipiri Green Revolution" yakavimbiswa neMonsanto nemamwe makambani ebiotechnology inotyisidzira kunyange kukanganisa kukuru mukugara kwevhu uye hukama hwevanhu. Mukuramba Monsanto nebiotechnology yayo, hatisi kuramba tekinoroji yega yega, asi tichitsvaga kutsiva tekinoroji inoramba hupenyu yekubata, kutonga, uye purofiti nehunyanzvi hwechokwadi hwezvakatipoteredza, hwakagadzirirwa kuremekedza maitiro echisikigo, kuvandudza munhu uye nharaunda. hutano, kuchengetedza nharaunda dzine nyika, uye kushanda pamwero wevanhu. Kana tichitenda mudemokrasi, zvakakosha kuti tive nekodzero yekusarudza kuti ndeapi matekinoroji akanakira mharaunda yedu, pane kuve nemasangano asingaverengeki seMonsanto atisarudzire. Panzvimbo pehunyanzvi hwakagadzirirwa kuenderera mberi kwekupfumisa kwevashoma, tinokwanisa kudzika tekinoroji yedu netariro yekunzwana kukuru pakati penharaunda dzedu dzevanhu nenyika. Utano hwedu, zvokudya zvedu uye remangwana reupenyu pasi pano zvechokwadi zviri muchiyero. Z Ichi chinyorwa chinodhindwa patsva yenyaya inotungamira mune yakada kudzvanywa chinyorwa cheEngland Ecologist magazini (ona Z Zvita 1998). Yakasarudzwa sePamusoro makumi maviri neshanu Yakaongororwa Nyaya neProjekti Censored. Brian Tokar ndiye munyori we Nyika Inotengeswa (South End Press, 1997) uye Iyo Green Alternative (Revised Edition: New Society Publishers, 1992). Anodzidzisa kuInstitute for Social Ecology uye Goddard College.