Sanjay Kak muNew Delhi-based, akazvimirira zvinyorwa zvemufirimu. Basa rake rinoratidza zvaanoda mune ecology, uye mamwe uye kuramba zvematongerwo enyika uye mafambiro. Mafirimu ake anosanganisira Mapemberero Atinoita Rusununguko uye Mashoko pamusoro peMvura. Firimu rake razvino ndere Red Ant Dream. Iye mupepeti we Kusvikira Rusununguko Rwangu Rwauya: Iyo Intifada Itsva muKashmir.
DAVID BARSAMIAN: Uri kuUnited States kuburitswa Kusvikira Rusununguko Rwangu Rwauya. Une chinyorwa uye sumo mairi. Nei bhuku iri?
SANJAY KAK: Kashmir kazhinji iri munhau. Mumakore a2008, 2009, uye 2010 pakanga paine nhevedzano yezviitiko zvinoshamisa. Chikamu ichocho chenyika, chave chichitambudzwa nehondo kwemakore anoda kusvika 25, chakaona, muna 2008, kuchinja kukuru mune zvaiitika. Panguva iyo mauto akashongedzerwa aionekwa kunge akapwanywa kana kukundwa kana kudzorwa, kamwe kamwe pakava neimwe nzira yekuratidzira yeruzhinji, mhomho yevanhu, mazana nezviuru zvevanhu vaibuda mumigwagwa, icho chaive chinhu chisingaonekwe mumigwagwa. Kashmir mumakore. Saka zviitiko muna 2008 zvakamiririra kupera kwechimwe chikamu chekupikisa kuvepo kwemauto eIndia ikoko. Nyaya yose yekodzero yekuzvisarudzira yakawana chimiro chitsva uye chimiro. Gore rakatevera racho rakava nokutsutsumwa kwakafanana.
Zvino muna 2010 pakava nekupisa kukuru. Kubva kutanga kwaKurume kusvika munaGunyana, migwagwa yakatorwa sezvairi nevaratidziri. Kwaigara kune kurwisana—vanhu vanopfuura 120 vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo, vakawanda vavo vari vakomana vaduku. Asi chaive chakakosha nezve 2010-uye chaive chimwe chinhu chatakanga taona chichiuya-chaive chekuti kuratidzira mumugwagwa uye kukanda matombo uye hunhu hwakafanana neIntifada hwekumukira ikoko hwakafananidzwawo nekuyerera kwekunyora. Kwete, zviri pachena, munhau dzemazuva ose, iyo yaigona kungoona majaya achikanda matombo, asi paInternet, iyo ne2010 yakanga yasvika chaizvo muKashmir.
Ndakaororwa nekukura kunoshamisa uye kunaka kwekufunga kwaiperekedzwa nekuratidzira kwemumugwagwa. Saka, subtitle yebhuku, Iyo New Intifada muKashmir, zvine chekuita nezvatave kudaidza kuti intifada yepfungwa. Vechidiki veKashmiris vakagadzira kuwanda kwekunyora kutsva. Iri bhuku rakaedza kuziva nguva ino uye kurangarira chimwe chinhu chakakosha zvikuru.
Mubhuku, unoratidza MC Kash, Kashmiri rapper. Chii chakakuswededza pedyo naye?
Pamwe pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvaiitika muna 2010 kwaive kubuda kwevaKashmiri rapper. Vazhinji vavo vairira muchirungu uye vachichengeta kwete chimiro cherap chete, asiwo chinangwa chayo chepakutanga, chaive chezvematongerwo enyika. Vaive vakawandisa, asi MC Kash ndiye munhu wandainyanya kufarira basa rake. Kwakanga kusiri kungoti aibhinya pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika, aitorevera nezvezviitiko zvaiitika pedyo naye. Asi aitotorawo pressure.
Sezvaunogona kufungidzira, munzvimbo yekunetsana, kubhinya nekuiisa paInternet hakuiti kuti usazivikanwa kwenguva yakareba. Situdio yaaimborekodha yaimanikidzwa nehurumende, saka aiomerwa nekurekodha. Zvaishamisa kuti mwana ane makore 19 mune imwe nzvimbo yakadaro aikwanisa, nenzira ipi zvayo yaibvira, kuramba achiita zvaaiita uye kuomerera kune zvematongerwo enyika. Saka “Kusvikira Rusununguko Rwangu Rwasvika” mutsara unobva ku“I Protest,” imwe yerap dzake, uye ndakafunga kuti wakanga uri musoro wakakodzera webhuku racho. Rega ndiverenge chikamu chacho:
Ndinopikisa.
Ndichapotsera matombo uye handingambotiziri.
Ndichapikisa kusvikira rusununguko rwangu rwasvika.
ndinopikisa mukoma wangu akafa.
Ndinopikisa bara riri mumusoro make.
Ndinopikisa.
Ndichapotsera matombo uye handingambotiziri.
Ndichapikisa kusvikira rusununguko rwangu rwasvika.
Zvino zvaakaita, chaive chidhindo chehunyanzvi, akati, “Ngatirangarirei vese vakaurairwa kutenda gore rino. Akabva averenga mazita ose emajaya anopfuura 100 akanga aurayiwa mumugwagwa. Uye pakanga pane kuguma kwaityisa zvikuru. Imhando yemupumburu unouya kumagumo erap. Uye anoti:
Uye iwe ucharwa kusvika pakufa kwaro.
Uye iwe ucharwa kusvika pakufa kwaro.
Uye iwe ucharwa kusvika pakufa kwaro.
Muna 2007, chinyorwa chako paKashmir, Mapemberero Atinoita Rusununguko, akasunungurwa. Waifungidzira here panguva iyoyo kuti kurwisana nezvombo kwaizoenda kune kusateerera kwevanhu kusina chisimba?
Muna 2005, 2006, uye 2007 pandakanga ndichishanda pafirimu, kurwira kuzvitonga muKashmir, bato reAzaadi, kwakaratidzika kunge kwapera simba. Pakanga pasina zviratidzo zvaioneka. Kana chiri chinhu, pakanga paine rudzi rwekuora mwoyo mumhepo. Asi pandakacheka firimu iroro uye takatanga kuriratidza muna 2007, munzvimbo dzakawanda muIndia ndakava nemafungiro akadai kubva kuvanhu vakati, “Asi unenge uchiratidza kuti hazvisati zvapera uye pane zviri kuitika.” Ndakakatyamadzwa nekuverenga firimu iri, nekuti yaisava chinangwa changu. Ndaiti, “Chokwadi? Ndiwo maverengero auri kuverenga firimu racho here?” Zvakanaka, ndinofunga senge hunch, magadzirirwo emufirimu ane mhando yekunzwa. Asi, chokwadi, ndakanga ndisingazivi. Yakanga iri mhando isinganzwisisike yekurevererwa kwechero hunhu hwaive kumashure kwekubatanidza firimu gore raitevera uye takaona rudzi rwakasiyana kwazvo rwekuunganidza zvematongerwo enyika. Chidzidzo chakakosha ndechekuti pese apo masangano ezvematongerwo enyika nekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza anofunga kuti ane chivharo pamamiriro ezvinhu, ingori nyaya yemakore mashoma isati yaputika zvakare, nokuti hapana shanduko chaiyo.
India inyika yeGandhi, kusaita mhirizhonga, uye kusateerera kwevanhu. Mazhinji ekurwira rusununguko akashandisa nzira idzodzo kurwisa maBritish. Izvi zvakaitei mupfungwa kune nyika yeIndia, iyo yaiwanzofarira kurwa nekuti inovapa mukana?
Ichokwadi. Kuratidzira kwakawanda kubva muna 2008 zvichienda mberi munzira dzakawanda kwakakanganisa hurongwa hweIndia. Chero bedzi pakanga paine mauto ane zvombo, zvaive nyore kwavari kuti ichi chimurenga chine chisimba uye kukwevera kutarisiro kuhunhu hwayo hwechiIslam uye hwakasimba, pamwe nekukwevera hukama kune hukama nePakistan. Chokwadi, zvose izvi zvaivawo zvechokwadi. Pakistan yakatsigira kurwa kwezvombo muKashmir, ruzhinji rwevagari veKashmir maMuslim, uye pakava nehondo. Nekuti yakauya mushure me9/11 uye iyo yekuAmerica-yakafurira Islamophobia yakatsvaira pasirese, iyo yeIndia yakange yanyatso budirira mukubhuroka Kashmir ne, izvi zvakabatana nePakistan, uye izvo zvakabatana neAfghanistan, uye, hongu, iyi mithunzi. weTaliban. Rudzi irworwo rwekunyanya kurerutsa.
Kupfuura kuumbwa kweIndia, vezvenhau veIndia havana kukwanisa kufuratira zvaiitika muKashmir. Nekuda kweiyo mitsva yesocial media, vechidiki vaitumira chaiyo awa neawa tsananguro yezvaiitika. Vanhu vaipfura vhidhiyo vachiisa. Vanyori vekune dzimwe nyika vakagara muNew Delhi, kunyangwe ivo vasina kukwanisa kuenda kuKashmir, vakawana pfungwa yezvaiitika. Bhuku racho rinoirondedzera se“Intifada Itsva”—chikamu chenguva yedu zvikuru. Nepo zvimiro zvekutonga zvichiramba zvakangofanana, kuramba kwave kwakanyanya kumazuva ano, kwazvino, uye kwakabatana nenyika.
Musi waKurume 14, 2013, Lok Sabha, yakafanana neCongress of the Indian State, yakatambira chisungo chakati, "Nyika yese yeJammu neKashmir, kusanganisira nharaunda iri pasi pePakistani zvisiri pamutemo, iri uye ichagara iri nyika. chikamu chakakosha cheIndia. "
Ndiyo horosi yedambudziko, iro nderekuti wanga uine makore angangoita makumi maviri nemashanu echiuto ane zvombo muKashmir Valley uye wanga uchipokana nezvematongerwo enyika kudzora kweIndia kweKashmir kwemakore makumi mana izvi zvisati zvaitika. Asi mhinduro chete iyo nyika yeIndia inogona kuuya nayo ndeyekuramba ichidzokorora kuti Kashmir chikamu chakakosha cheIndia.
Chokwadi, dai chaive chikamu chakakosha cheIndia saka haungade mauto anopfuura mazana matanhatu ezviuru kuchengetedza huwandu hwevanhu. Saka izvi zvinogara zvichidzokororwa mucherechedzo wakanaka kwazvo wekubhuroka kwemazano ezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro pekugadzirisa dambudziko mune chero nzira kunze kwechiuto. Ini ndinofunga kuti zvakaitwa zvakanyanya kusimudza kuzvivimba kwenzvimbo yekuchengetedza.
Nekuti, nditendei, kwave nekuchinja kukuru munzira iyo nyaya yeKashmir irikuonekwa pakati pevanhuwo zvavo muIndia yese. Makore manomwe, masere, gumi apfuura pakanga paine gumbeze rekunyarara kwakatenderedza Kashmir saka zvaive zvichiri kugona kuti nyika irase chero mutsara kuvanhu veIndia uye kuti vanhu vazvitende. Asi makore gumi apfuura akaona rudzi rwekuvhurwa kweKashmir kuburikidza nemafirimu, kunyora, uye Internet. Saka ini ndinofunga kuti tiri kuona chinzvimbo chenyika yeIndia chichiva nehunhu - chakagara chiri mutsika uye nehunhu husina chokwadi - chakafumurwa kwete pamberi peKashmiris, iyo yakamira pachena kare kare, asi pamberi pevanhu veIndia.
Zviise iwe pachako mune shangu dzeHindu Indian nationalist. Kune iye munhu Kashmir inogara imwe nzvimbo yakakosha.
Imwe yenhamo yekuonesa vivisection kweIndia subcontinent pakupatsanurwa yaive yekuti Kashmir yakava mukombe waifanirwa kusungirirwa nyika mbiri idzi dzakatambura, Pakistan neIndia. Uye panyaya yeIndia, chokwadi chekuti yaive purovhinzi yevaMuslim-zhinji iyo mambo aive asingafarirwe, Hari Singh the maharaja, aifanirwa kunge akabvuma kuIndia, yakava mukombe weIndia. Isu hatisi rudzi rwechiHindu nekuti kune dunhu rine maMuslim akawanda uye rakabvuma kuIndia. Panyaya yePakistan, yaive nhaurirano, ndiko kuti, kutadza kwePakistan kutora Kashmir kwaive kutadza kwekuisa Pakistan senyika yevaMuslim vekuSouth Asia.
Munhaurirano iyi yese, mune zvese izvi zvisiri zvenhaurirano, Kashmiri aive asipo. Izvo zvese nezve rukudzo uye chimiro chega chemarudzi ese aya nekuti kwaive neboka remubatanidzwa muKashmir, izwi reKashmiris rakanyaradzwa. Uye zvinosiririsa. Asi pakupedzisira, hondo yezvombo yakatanga. Uye pasina kurwa uku, izwi revanhu veKashmiri ringadai risina kumbonzwika. Zvichida iyo nguva yekurwa kwezvombo yapera, asi yakawana chinhu chakakosha-yakapa imwe mhando yesangano uye pakati pezwi reKashmiri.
Mukufamba kwemakore ekupandukira hutongi hweIndia, makumi ezviuru zveKashmiris akaurayiwa, zviuru zvakatsakatika, uye mazana ezviuru akakuvadzwa nekushungurudzwa. Chirevo chakapihwa muna 2009 neInternational People's Tribunal paKashmir inonzi "Uchapupu Hwakavigwa," iyo yakanyora makuva akawanda. Hurumende yakaita sei kumushumo iwoyo?
Kunyarara kunoshamisa. Zvinoshamisa kuti muzuva ranhasi makanyora humbowo hwemakuva anodarika zviuru zviviri nemazana manomwe mumatunhu matatu chete evanhu vakabviswa pachena mune zvinonzi “kusangana,” zvinoreva kuti kuuraya kusiri pamutemo uye kune makuva akawanda asina kucherechedzwa. mamwe matunhu emupata. Asi kana hurumende yenyika kana hurumende yeIndia yakabvunza, pakanga pasina kutsamwa kwenyika, pakanga pasina mapurogiramu eterevhizheni aikurukura zvakaitika. Izvi zviri kutiudza chimwe chinhu pamusoro petsika yekunyarara.
Iwe wati India inotaurwa nezvayo senyika yekusaita mhirizhonga uye Gandhi. Kwandiri, kutarisa kuKashmir kwakakosha uye nei ndichifunga nekunyora nezvazvo imhaka yekuti zviri kuitwa ipapo kupesana kwakazara kwerudzi rwedemocracy, socialist republic iyo vazhinji vedu taifanirwa kunge takasaina.
Ini ndinofunga izvo zvinoitwa neIndia muKashmir kufungidzira kweizvo India ichazviitira pachayo. Nekuti haugone kuve nekusadzoreka, kupararira kwechiuto - uko kunofananidzwa nemutemo usiri pamutemo senge Armed Forces Special Powers Act uye Public Safety Act - uye tsika yekusaranga, iyo inobvumira mauto edziviriro kutiza mhondi mune chimwe chikamu che India uye kutarisira kuti kunhuwa hakusi kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Zvinonakidza kuti unofanira kutaura izvozvo nekuti vanhu vazhinji muUS vari kutaura chinhu chimwe chete pamusoro pezviri kuitika mukati menyika ino, nemakamuri ekunze ekutambudza uye kubiwa uye kurova kwe drone. Tiri kuona kuomarara kwerusununguko rwedu pano pamusha.
Rimwe remagwaro anonakidza akaburitswa kuWikiLeaks ishumo reEmbassy yeUS raiburitsa zvakawanikwa neInternational Committee yeRed Cross, sangano rinoremekedzwa rinonyatsotsigira zvese. Vakataura kuti kwakambotambudzwa mudunhu reIndia reJammu neKashmir. ICRC yakataura kubva pavasungwa 1,296 yavakabvunzurudza, 681 vakanga vati vakatambudzwa. Pavanhu ava, mazana mana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nevasere vaiti vakabatwa nemagetsi, mazana matatu nemakumi masere nerimwe vachiti vakamiswa padenga, uye mazana matatu nemana vanonzi ndeebonde. Uye zvakare mhinduro kubva ku muchengeti, iyo yakashuma kuti, “Zvinhu hazvina kunyanya kuchinja kubvira panguva iyoyo.” (Nguva yakafukidzwa pano ndeye 2002 kusvika 2004.)
Kana tikatarisa kufa, uye nhamba yacho ingangove iri pakati pe68,000 ne70,000 vanhu vakaurayiwa muKashmir kweanopfuura makumi maviri emakore. Pakuuraya kwega kwega panofanira kuva nekanenge ka2 kusvika ku4 vanhu vakawanda vakakuvadzwa. Handisi kutaura nezvekurohwa kana kuti vanhu vanobatwa netsvimbo paruoko kana pazvidya pakuratidzira kweveruzhinji. Ndiri kutaura nezvemaronda emabara. Saka tiri kutaura nezvemazana ezviuru zvevanhu avo munguva ino vakakuvadzwa mumuviri neimwe nzira—vasingakwanisi kana kuti kukuvadzwa mupfungwa.
Iwe une vamwe zviuru zana vanhu vakagadziriswa kuburikidza nemajeri nenzvimbo dzekubvunzurudza. Zvinoshamisa. MuKashmir, kana uchitaura kune mumwe munhu akambopfuura nemaoko emapurisa, pavanoshandisa izwi rekuti "kubvunzurudza," vanotoreva kurwadzisa. Saka kana mumwe munhu akati kwauri, "Hongu, uye vandiendesa kunzvimbo yeX uye vakandibvunzurudza," zvaari kureva kuti vakandirwadzisa.
Kurwadziswa kwagara kuchiitika, hakudzoreki, hakuna kudzorwa. Uye iyo Red Cross ongororo yauri kutaura nezvayo sezviri pachena ndiyo muromo wechando. Kana vakuru veRed Cross vakaenda kujeri, ndizvo zvavanoona. Asi Red Cross haina mukana wekupinda mudzimba dzekutambudzikira, haiwanikwi kukamba yemapurisa. Nekuti hazviitwe mune imwe nzvimbo yepakati penzvimbo, inoitwa kwese kwese.
MuArgentina mukati me“hondo ine tsvina” mukupera kwema1970 uye kuvamba kwama1980, vanhu vazhinji vakatsakatika. Sangano rakaumbwa revabereki nenhengo dzemhuri, uye kwaizova nekuratidzira paPlaza de Mayo muBuenos Aires. Yakawana ngwariro yakanaka munhau dzepasi rose. Kune sangano muKashmir, Sangano reVabereki veVanhu Vakarasika, iro rinoitawo kusvinura uye kugara-ins. Asi pane kutarisisa kushoma kunopihwa kumabasa avo.
Zvinoshamisa, vanga vachiita izvozvo kweanopfuura makore gumi. Uye kana ukabvunza vanhu vezvenhau, vanoti, “Aa, asi ndedzipi nhau pazviri? Vava nemakore gumi vachizviita.” Asi ini ndinoda kukwevera pfungwa dzako kumushumo uchangoburwa unonzi "Vanopomerwa Vapari vemhosva."
"Vanopomerwa Mhosva: Nyaya dzeKusabatwa muJammu neKashmir," ndiro zita regwaro. Wakaongorora rondedzero iyi mukati karavhani munyaya ine musoro unoti “The Apparatus.” Iwe unoti, "Kuridza pfuti pamapeji e'Vanopomerwa Mhosva" kunokupa kuti unzwe kuti wapihwa chiyero chemaitiro makuru ekusarangwa ari pasi pemapurisa nemauto eJammu neKashmir."
Ini ndinofunga kuti kana isu tichitaura nezvekusateerera kwevanhu uye kodzero yedemocracy yekuramba, saka rudzi urwu rwekungwarira kuchengetedza rekodhi uye kuongorora zvanga zvichiitika chinhu chine simba zvakanyanya. Rudzi urwu rwemashoko chombo. Chii chinoita kuti vechidiki vasave nepfungwa dzakaita sedzekuzarirwa? Vanhu vazhinji vari pakati pemakore ekuma20 hapana chimwe chavanoziva. Vanorarama sei? Ndinofunga vanopona nekuti padiki padiki tave kukwanisa kutsemura machira aitadzisa vanhu kunzwisisa kuti chii chaiitika. Negore rega rega, kunzwisiswa kwemichina yezvimiro zvekudzvinyirira kuri kuwedzera kujeka.
Unonyora kuti: "Kuparara kwehutsinye kwekutsakatika kunowanzowedzerwa nezviito zvehutsinye zvisingaite."
Pane iyi nyaya, semuenzaniso, "Manzoor Ahmad Beigh, ane makore makumi mana ekuzvarwa mutengesi wemotokari kubva kuSrinagar, akatorwa muna Chivabvu 40 akaendeswa kuKambi yeCargo, imwe nzvimbo inozivikanwa yekubvunzurudza, pasi pekuraira kwaInspector Khurshed Ahmed. yeSpecial Operations Group, Jammu neKashmir Mapurisa. Pakanga pasina mhosva yaipokana naManzoor Ahmad, Inspector Wani aiyera kubatsira mumwe mutengesi wemotokari kudzosera chikwereti chisina kubhadharwa chemakumi mana ezviuru. " Ndiyo inenge $2009. "Manzoor Ahmed paakabva kukamba yeCargo maawa matatu gare gare, aive kuchipatara, kwaakange afa paakasvika. Ongororo yakazoitwa neState Human Rights Commission yakataura nezvekukuvara pamapendekete ake, musoro, uye chipfuva ne‘intraparenchymal kubuda ropa muitsvo.’”
Chiripo ndechekuti kana iwe uine chifukidziro chekusarangwa uye uine huwandu hunoshamisa hwesimba rakapihwa mauto nemapurisa, saka hazvizoite kudzora hutsotsi. Saka Abu Ghraib. Asi kana iwe uchipa simba risingadzoreki kune vanhu, ipapo iwe uchaona hutsotsi. Ipapo iwe haugone kutaura kuti iyi imhute yehondo kana iyi imhare. Hapana izvozvo. Tinofanira kubvuma kuti rudzi irworwo rwehutsotsi rwakavakwa muhurongwa uhu hwekutonga.
Munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekurwisana pasirese, seKashmir, munhu anowanzonzwa nyanzvi dzichiti, "Inyaya yakaoma kwazvo," iyo dzimwe nguva iri kodhi yekungonyarara, haina kujeka kuti iwe unzwisise. Kashmir yakanyanya kuoma kuti vanhu vanzwisise?
Chero nyaya inonetsa kunzwisisa. Unogona kuita kuti nyaya yeKashmir inyanye kunetsa, asi chakanyanya kukosha kubvunza vanhu ipapo kuti chaive chii. Kwandiri, iyo inogara iri nzira yekucheka kusvika pamwoyo wenyaya. Nokuti tiri kutaura pamusoro pekodzero dzedemokrasi, pakupedzisira. Uye kana usiri kutaura nezvekodzero dzegutsaruzhinji, saka zvakanaka kuti vanhu vari muDelhi kana Islamabad kana Washington vazive zvichaitika kuKashmir. Asi chero bedzi tichibhadhara imwe mhando yebasa remuromo kune pfungwa yedemocracy, saka tinofanira kubvunza vanhu zvavari kufunga. Nekuomarara kwese kuri mumhepo, kune zvimwe zvinhu zviri pachena kune vanhu muKashmir. Kuvapo kwemauto eIndia kunosemeswa uye hukama neIndia hune mubvunzo muhombe pazviri. Izvi zvinhu zviviri izvo Kashmiris haina kuvhiringika pamusoro pekuti vanhu vari kunze vanogona kuvhiringidzika nezvazvo.
Nhepfenyuro huru muIndia, kubva mukuzvitonga muna 1947, yagara iri chikamu chechirongwa chenyika yeIndia. Vezvenhau veIndia vakazviona sechikamu chekuvaka nyika. Havana kumbova nemhando yehukama hwemhandu nehurumende. Uye zvino, kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura, mune yave ichinzi "kusununguka," ibhizimusi guru. Uye bhizinesi hombe uye nyika kazhinji zvine hukama hwakanaka hwehukama. Munguva iyi nyika yeIndia yakakwanisa kudzora manzwi anotenderwa kutaura kuKashmiris.
Isu tiri munguva inonakidza kwazvo apo iyo nhare yakavakirwa kutenderedza maonero everuzhinji muKashmir yava kutanga kutsemuka. Inguva inofadza. Kunyangwe kana munhu asingaone mhinduro pakona, munhu anogona zvechokwadi kuona vanhu vazhinji vari mukufunga nezve Kashmir. Pane kuputika kwebasa idzva reunyanzvi paKashmir, zvese neKashmiris nevasiri veKashmiri pasi rese, basa rakawanda rakanaka riri kuitika kumayunivhesiti eAmerica. Saka handisi kusava netariro zvachose pamusoro pezvichaunzwa neramangwana. Ramangwana riri pedyo ringave riine nyonganyonga uye rinoodza mwoyo, asi sevanhu vanotenda mumazano, tinofanira kutenda kuti kufunga kwakanaka uye kufunga kwakanaka kuchavhenekera chimwe chinhu chenguva yemberi.
Imwe yemadingindira akadzokororwa neavo vanotsigira kuenderera mberi kwe "kugara" kweKashmir nemauto ekuchengetedza eIndia dambudziko reKashmiri Pandits, iyo Kashmiri Hindu Brahmins. Vanhu ava vanoti vakamanikidzwa kubuda, vakaitirwa hutsinye, uye vakarasikirwa nezvose. Iwe uri Kashmiri Pandit uye mhuri yako inobva kuKashmir pakutanga. Ndeupi chivimbo chaunopa kune iwo marudzi ezvinyorwa?
Icho ichokwadi. Makore a1989, 1990, na1991 aive nenyonganyonga muKashmir. Pakava nokumukira kwepfuti kwakamwe kamwe uye kunenge kusina kurongwa. Pakave nekupwanya kwekare nehutsinye uye mamiriro aive akashata. Mumhepo makaita mhirizhonga. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, maKashmiri Pandits, avo vaingove 2 muzana yehuwandu, vakazviwana vari panjodzi huru, kunyangwe paine nhoroondo refu, kana isiri yehushamwari hukuru, asi zvechokwadi yekuremekedzana pakati pevazhinji vechiMuslim nevaHindu. Brahmin vashoma.
Asi ini ndinofunga chatisingazive ndechekuti mumhirizhonga iyoyo maive nemhando dzese dzemauto aizoshandisa nharaunda iyi kuti awane zvimwe zvinangwa. Tiri kutaura nezve, toti, huwandu hwevanhu vangangove vasingadarike 150,000 vanhu. Uye ichokwadi kuti muna 1990 na1991, vanhu vanenge 200 vomunzanga duku iyi vakaurayiwa. Ehe, ichokwadi zvakare kuti panguva imwe chete iyoyo vangangove zviuru zvisere zveKashmiri maMuslim vakaurayiwa. Asi isu hatisi kuita masvomhu pano, hatisi kuita equation yekuti vanhu vangani vakafa nekuti ichokwadi kuti kunyangwe pavashoma zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu, kana mazana maviri akaurayiwa, zvichavhundutsa vanhu ivavo.
Asi mubvunzo ndewokuti, ndiani akaita mhondi idzodzo? Haasi maMuslim eKashmiri akavauraya. Zvakakosha kuziva uye kuunza kubhuku vanhu vane mhosva yekuuraya, vangave vaHindu kana vaMuslim hazvina basa. Asi munguva yakadai, mune ino mhirizhonga, mhirizhonga kutanga kwema1990, zvakaoma kutaura kuti ndiani aida kuunza dambudziko. Nekuti dai ndanga ndiri sangano remhirizhonga rinotyisa, ndaigona kuda kurwisa Kashmiri Pandits kuitira kuti pave nekusawirirana pakati penharaunda. Zvinogona kupokana kuti kubva pamaonero enyika yeIndia zvakare, kunangwa kweKashmiri Pandits kwakashanda chinangwa chinobatsira nekuti zvakabvumira nyika yeIndia kupenda bato ipapo, iro rakazviona sebato rekusunungurwa kweKashmir. fundamentalist Islamic movement. Uye sezvatakakurukura, kunewo utsotsi. Saka dai paive nemhuri nhatu mumusha uri kure uye mumwe munhu aine ziso panyika yavo, mumamiriro ezvinhu emhirizhonga aivepo, zvaigoneka kunanga vanhu ivavo, uye kubatsirwa nazvo.
Kwandimire, kunze kwehurukuro yakajairika pamusoro pechinzvimbo cheKashmiri Pandits, ndechekuti ini handitendi kuti izvi zvinoita kuti maMuslim eKashmiri senharaunda kana sevanhu vane mhosva nekuda kwemhosva shoma idzodzo. Ndicho chimwe chinhu mubasa rangu chandagara ndichiedza kudzivisa. Matambudziko muKashmir anga asiri emunharaunda mune zvakasikwa. Ndiro izwi iro isu muIndia tinoshandisa kune kusawirirana pakati pemaHindu nemaMuslim. Tinoshandisa izwi rekuremekedza pazviri. “Makakatanwa emunharaunda” anonzi. Hapana anoramba chokwadi chekuti Kashmiri Pandits aive munjodzi huru muKashmir mukutanga kwema1990. Hapana mubvunzo kuti vakanangwa uye vakaurayiwa. Uye mumhirizhonga yakazotevera kwakave nekubuda kwevashoma ava mukati memakore mashoma akasara muKashmir.
Inofanirawo kuva panguva imwe chete kuti kunyangwe izvi zvaive zvakaipisisa, nyika haina kuedza kumisa kubuda ikoko. Mukutanga 1990s, India yakanga iri riven neiyi itsva yekurudyi Hindu yekuunganidza. Uye saka vashoma veKashmiri Pandit vakasiya Kashmir panguva yakadai vakawira mumaoko eHindutva bapiro rekurudyi. Ndiro raive dambudziko chairo, kuti chii chaive mhirizhonga, yaive yemuno kuKashmir uye pamwe yaigona kunge yakagadziriswa nedzimwe nzira. Nenguva isipi, yakava nyaya iyo kuunganidzwa kweHindu muIndia kwaivakwa uye Kashmir yakava chikamu chakakosha cheiyo.
Kashmiri Pandits akamanikidzwa kusiya Kashmir? Hungu, mamiriro ezvinhu aivamanikidza. Vakanga vari vanyajambwa here? Chokwadi vaiva. Asi ivo vakabatwa nenzira imwechete iyo maMuslim eKashmiri akabatwa. Dai taizoverenga kutama kwema1990 kubva kuKashmir Valley, ndinogona kukuudza mamwe maMuslim eKashmiri akasiya nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Asi nekuti ivo maMuslim, hazvionekwe nenzira imwechete. Imwe yenhamo huru yezvakaitika muKashmir muma1990s ndeyekuti mutsauko pakati peKashmiri maMuslim neKashmiri Hindus wakangoerekana wakandwa mukongiri. Sezvandambotaura, hazvisi chaizvo sekunge nharaunda mbiri idzi dzakanyura mune imwe neimwe. Vakanga vakaparadzana uye vakasiyana, asi vakanga vawana nzira yokurarama nayo kwemazana emakore. Ingadai yakachengeta unhu ihwohwo, asi haina.
Kushivirira ikoko kwaizonzi kwakakonzerwa nerudzi rwechiIslam chinowanikwa muKashmir, chine midzi mutsika yechiSufi here?
Ndofunga kudaro. Vanhu vanokanganwa kuti Islam muKashmir haina kuuya padanho rebakatwa, yakauya nemirairo yeSufi kubva kuIran. Vakauya sevanhu vaipa kwete chete rusununguko uye zvokudya zvomudzimu, asi vakauya nounyanzvi hwounyanzvi hwakadai sekuveza, kuruka kapeti, uye kurukwa.
Ndinowanzoshandisa dimikira iri. Wanga uripo. Hakusi kunaka kwepanyama chete. Pasina chirevo chekunzwika senge moyo pamusoro pazvo, ndinoiona senzvimbo yakakomborerwa. Pane chimwe chinhu chinofanira kutaurwa pamusoro pouyu mupata wakaisvonaka, unogara pamativi matatu makuru makuru epepuko—chiIslam kumadokero, chiHindu kumaodzanyemba, uye chiBuddha kumabvazuva.
Nharaunda yeKashmiri netsika zvakaumbwa neizvi zvese uye nekudaro pane chimwe chinhu chakasiyana nezveKashmiri Islam. Ehe, pakanga paine mutsauko pakati peKashmiri Pandits nemaMuslim, asi patsika pakanga paine rudzi rwekuwirirana. Uye ingori mhirizhonga yechiHindu, Hindutva, iyo yave kuita iyo miganho yakapfava uye yakapfava pakati penharaunda idzi yakaoma uye yakaoma.
Z
David Barsamian mugadziri weredhiyo, mutori wenhau, munyori uye mudzidzisi. Ndiye muvambi uye director weAlternative Radio, yakazvimiririra yevhiki nevhiki yakatevedzana yakavakirwa muBoulder, Colorado. Kubvunzurudza kwake uye zvinyorwa zvinoonekwa nguva dzose mu budiriro uye Z Magazine Ndiye munyori wemabhuku akati wandei, kusanganisirag Propaganda uye Pfungwa Dzeruzhinji: Hurukuro naNoam Chomsky; uye Kurira Kupfuura Mabhomba: Hurukuro kubva kuThe Progressive Magazine.
