O
n
Kurume 17, 1737, Boston rakava guta rekutanga pasi rose kupemberera
St. Patrick's Day. Kubva pamhemberero iyoyo yekutanga, zororo
yakura mukukurumbira munyika yose. Vanhu vazhinji vachasarudza
kupedza zvimwe, kana kuti zvose, zvemhemberero dzavo dzeZuva reSt
kunakidzwa nemhepo yeIrish pub. Uye kazhinji inowanikwa mumabhawa
apo vanhu vanoita sarudzo dzakarasika zvakanyanya. Ndizvo nokuti,
muIrish pubs, vanhu vazhinji pasi rese vanonwa pint ye
Guinness Stout kupemberera tsika dzeIrish. Asi kunwa Guinness
haibatanidzi imwe kune tsika yeIrish, nekuti Guinness haisi yeIrish.
Kubva kumubiki wekutanga, Arthur Guinness, kusvika kumuridzi aripo,
boka reDiageo Corporate, kune marongero akakanganisa
vashandi, zviri pachena kuti Guinness haisi, uye haina kumbobvira
anga, Irish.
Arthur
Guinness akaberekwa muna 1725 uye aiva mwanakomana waRichard Guinness uye
Elizabeth Read. Richard aive mutariri wepasi wechiprotestant muCelbridge,
County Kildare, uye aishandirwa naArthur Price, Archbishop
yeCashel. Rimwe rebasa raRichard raive rekutarisa kubikwa kwedoro
zvedoro revashandi pasitendi. Apo Arthur Price akafa
muna 1752, akasiya Richard Guinness uye godson wake Arthur ยฃ100
mumwe nomumwe.
pashure
kudzidziswa mabasa emawoko mukubika doro uye chitsama chakakura che
mari, Arthur Guinness akasaina chibvumirano chekutengesa doro diki muLeixlip,
County Dublin, yakaitwa kubva munaGunyana 29, 1756 aine makore makumi matatu nerimwe
yezera. Arthur akatanga basa rake muindastiri nekutanga kubika doro
doro kana mure. Iro doro rakabudirira uye rakapa Arthur ne
kugona kwemari kutenga St. James's Gate Brewery
muDublin. Musi waDecember 1, 1759, Arthur Guinness akapinda siginicha yake
muMinute Book reBrewers and Maltsters Corporation, kusvika
kubvuma kurojesa kwake nzvimbo iri paSt. Jamesโs Gate,
Dublin. Ruzivo rwakapihwa neGuinness nemamwe mabhuku akakurumbira
iyo inopemberera Guinness haisimbise Arthur's elite social
chinzvimbo, asi panzvimbo pezvo mutsanangure semuzvinabhizimisi ane ushingi. Maererano
kuGuinness zvinyorwa zvekushambadzira, "Ndiye murume uyo, muna 1759,
akatora mukana uye akasaina 9000 year lease, pamubhadharo wepagore we
ยฃ45, pabiro risingashandiswe muDublinโฆ. The Brewery ipapo
yaisanganisira mhangura, kieve, guyo, dzimba mbiri dzemalthouse, matanga
pamabhiza 12 uye pakakwirira paigona kutakura matani 200 ouswa.โ
Ruzivo rwakapihwa naGuinness harutauri izvozvo pamwe chete
ine imba yekubikira doro, imba yekugara yakanaka ine bindu rakapamhama
iyo yaisanganisira dziva rehove, yaivawo chikamu chenzvimbo yacho.
Nokukurumidza
mushure mekutanga kwekubhadhara kwaArthur, matambudziko akamuka pakati
dhiri rake uye Dublin City Corporation. Dambudziko rakaonekwa
Kuramba kwaArthur kubhadhara kushandiswa kwemvura yemuguta.
The
Dublin Corporation pakupedzisira yakasarudza kugura mvura yeguta
kuendesa kuSt. James's Gate Brewery. Sheriff vakaudzwa
kutumira varume vaviri kunzvimbo inobika doro, uku vashandi vekambani vakavhara
kunze kwekupa. Zvisinei, Arthur Guinness akapindira ndokudzivisa
varume kubva pakucheka pombi yemvura. Chapupu kune chiitiko
yakashuma kuti: โMr. Guinness akauya panzvimbo, akatora pickaxe
kubva kune mumwe wevashandi, uye โnemutauro usina kunaka kwazvoโ
vakazivisa kuti vaisafanira kupfuurira nebasa, โvachiti
kuti kana vakazadza rwizi kubva kuno rumwe rutivi kusvika kuno rumwe rutivi, iye aizodaro
vhura zvakare."
The
kusawirirana kwakagadziriswa, makore makumi maviri mushure mekunge Arthur Guinness aive pakutanga
akakumbira kubhadhara kushandiswa kwemvura yemuguta. Musi waMay 24, 1784, Arthur
akabvuma kusaina chibvumirano chemakore 8,795 chaida kuti abhadhare ยฃ10
gore rekushandisa mvura yemuguta. (Zvese izvi zvekurenda, uye zvepakutanga
lease, yakagadziridzwa kubva panguva iyoyo.)
munguva
makore egakava remvura refu, chimwe chiitiko chinokosha
yakaitika panzvimbo inobika doro reSt. Jamesโs Gate. Arthur Guinness
akatanga kubika porter muna 1778, uye akazopedzisira amira kubika
ale muna 1799. Arthur akakurudzirwa nemumwe mubiki wedoro wokuLondon, ainzi Harwood.
Harwood akagadzira doro raakadana kuti "Zvose" izvozvo
akashandisa bhari yakagochwa uye tembiricha yepamusoro pakubika.
(Ndiyo bhari yakagochwa inopa chinwiwa chakasviba ruby โโruvara,
mabhubhu enitrogen aunoona apo chinwiwa chinogadzika chinoburitsa chichena
musoro kumusoro.) Doro rakasviba rakanga riri chinwiwa chaifarirwa zvikuru mumugwagwa
vatakuri veCovent Garden, London, vakainwa nokuda kwesimbi yayo yakakwirira
content. Chinwiwa chacho chakanzi "porter" uye munguva pfupi
inotumirwa kuIreland. Kubika doro reSt. James's Gate kwaizotanga
marudzi akawanda e porter, pakupedzisira kuunza izwi rekuti "stout"
kutsanangura shanduro dzayo dze porter. (Mukupera kwema1600 kusvika pakutanga
1700s, izwi rekuti "stout" raishandiswa kutsanangura akasimba
doro.) Arthur akapesvedzerwa zvakasimba nemubiki wechiRungu, asi
zvakare yaive nedzimwe hukama hwakakosha kuEngland.
The
chimwe chikamu chehupenyu hwaArthur chinoita kuti chinyanye kumanikidzira
mhosva inopesana nekutaura kwekuzivikanwa kwake kweIrish yaizova yaArthur
kuvimbika mune zvematongerwo enyika. Arthur, kufanana nenhengo dzakawanda dzevashoma vashoma,
yakanga yakanyatsoenderana nemasimba echirungu colonialism. Arthur
yaipesana zvakananga kune chero mafambiro akananga kuIrish Independence,
uye aida kuti Ireland irambe ichidzorwa neChirungu. Akanga ari pachena
zvinopesana nechero shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika kana yemagariro inogona kutyisidzira
kodzero yepfuma yake. Izvi zvinotendwa nezvematongerwo enyika zvinotowedzera
zvinoonekwa muzvizvarwa zvinotevera zvemhuri yeGuinness.
Mhuri yeGuinness
A
fter
Arthur Guinness akasiya basa kubva kudoro, mwanakomana wake, anonziwo Arthur
(1768-1855), akafunga kutonga. Pamwe chete nekugovana zita rimwe chete,
vaviri ava vaiva nemaonero akafanana ezvematongerwo enyika. Musarudzo huru
ya1835, wechipiri Arthur Guinness haana kungopikisa Daniel O'Connell,
asi ndakanyatsofunga zvokumurwisa. O'Connell akarwa
kubviswa kweMutemo weMubatanidzwa, uye nekudaro rusununguko
yeIreland. Arthur Guinness akavhota achipikisana naye, uye akaenderera mberi
kuvimbika kweGuinness kukutonga kweChirungu. Vatsigiri veO'Connell
akadana kuti Guinness arambe, asi O'Connell pakupedzisira
akarasa zviito zvakadaro.
Benjamin
Lee Guinness (1798-1868), mwanakomana waArthur, akatora kutonga kwakazara
bika pashure porufu rwababa vake muna 1855. Panguva ino,
akatenga zvaikosha panguva iyoyo kubva paยฃ20,000 kusvika paยฃ30,000
kukosha kwenzvimbo mu County Mayo. Aizotengawo zveumbozha
nzvimbo muAshford, County Galway. Benjamin akatenga nzvimbo iyi panguva
makore akapoteredza nzara huru muIreland. Akanga ari
murume aive akapfuma kwazvo aive nekwaniso yekubatsira kudzingwa
uye varimi vanoziya nenzara, asi vakasarudza kushandisa mari yekutanga
mukana mune real estate.
Benjamin
akapindawo mune zvematongerwo enyika nekusarudzwa Ishe Mayor weDublin muna 1851.
Muna 1865, akasarudzwa mukati meConservative kufarira kune
Paramende yeIrish. Uye nemuzvarirwo, aive akasimba Unionist. Referring
kuvatsigiri venyika, akati: โVafambi ivavo vakaipa nevasina maturo
uyo aisazongotorera nyika yedu zvakanakira izvo,
sechikamu cheBritish Empire, tinonakidzwa, asi ndiani aizopidigura
gadziriro dzose dzenzanga dzenzanga.โ
On
Fenianism, Benjamin akati: โVanhu vokuIreland [sic] vanowanzosema
zvirongwa zveFenianism; uye pfungwa dzokumukira nokupandukira
izvo vateveri vayo vanoroverera zvakabva kune imwe nyika,
uye akaparadzirwa uye akarerwa munyika ino nevatumwa, avo
tariro nokunyengera uye nokupamba kubata kubva kuvaridzi vavo
pfuma.
Following
Nekufa kwaBenjamin muna 1868, doro rakatamisirwa kune rake
vanakomana vaviri, Arthur Edward naEdward Cecil (1847-1927). Edward Cecil
akazotenga munin'ina wake, uyo aisafarira
bhizinesi. Edward akaenderera mberi nemaonero ake ezvematongerwo enyika
baba. Munguva yetarisiro yenyika yeIrish, Edward akashandisa
chinzvimbo chake seHigh Sheriff weDublin kubatsira musangano
yekushanya kwenyika kweMuchinda weWales, gare gare Edward VII. Izvi
kuita kwakazomuita kuti ave nehunhu hwake.
In
1886, Edward Cecil akaita Guinness kambani yeruzhinji kuti inotorwa pairi
muLondon stock market. Sarudzo saka yakaisa Guinness
sekambani yeChirungu. Akasarudza Baring Brothers semutengesi wake
bhangi, uye kambani yakayangarara nemari inosvika 6 miriyoni. Chinonyanya kushamisa
Pachibvumirano ichi kwaiva kuitirwa nyasha kune vapfumi
elite. Migove yekambani iyi yakaunganidzwa nevapfumi, vakaenda
iyo yeruzhinji mukana mudiki wekudyara. Kunyangwe chiitiko chaive
tevere zvapamutemo, zvakatungamirira kukutsoropodzwa kukuru kwapachena.
Edward
Cecil akakamura kutonga kwedoro pakati pevanakomana vatatu, naRupert
Edward (1874-1967) achimutsiva saSachigaro wekambani.
Rupert akahwina chigaro panguva yeGeneral Election ye1906, seimwe
Conservative Guinness aipikisa Kutonga Kwemba. Mushure meizvi, nhengo
vemhuri yeGuinness vakataura muImba yeCommons kukurudzira
kuurayiwa kwevatungamiriri ve1916 vachisimuka, chiitiko chakajeka
yakazivisa zvitendero zvezvematongerwe enyika zvemhuri yacho kwenguva refu.
T
he
muridzi weGuinness shares akachengetwa mukati memhuri kuburikidza
nhaka uye izvi zvakapfuurira kusvika 1986, apo Ernest Saunders
akava CEO wekambani. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, pakanga paine nhengo dzebhodhi
zvine chekuita nevanakomana vatatu vaEdward Cecil. Chikamu chemhuri
umiridzi hwakadzikira kuburikidza nekuramba uchipatsanurwa kwemasheya, nekubatanidzwa
nezvimwe zvaunofarira. Semuenzaniso, kutora kweIrish Distillers
vakaderedza mugove wavo kubva pa22 muzana kusvika pa4.5 muzana.
Ernest
Saunders, asiri mugari weIrish kana ane hukama neGuinness
mhuri, akasungwa pamwe nevamwe muna Kurume 1987 vachipomerwa mhosva
zvine chekuita nekutengesa kwemukati. Asati agadzwa kuGuinness,
Saunders aive murume ane hunyanzvi hwekushambadzira uye hukama neveruzhinji
aishanda kuGeneva kuNestle. Munguva iyi, Nestle akaora mwoyo
vanaamai vari munyika yeThird World kubva pakuyamwisa, uye
akakurudzira kushandiswa kweupfu hwemwana weNestle. The formula
yaifanira kusanganiswa nemvura ine utachiona yenzvimbo idzi, izvo zvakatungamirira
kuhurwere hwakapararira hwevacheche. Kurambana kwepasi rose kwe
kambani yakatevera nerubatsiro rweWorld Health Organisation.
Saunders aibatanidzwa nekuyedza kuyananisa chifananidzo cheNestle
neruzhinji. Guinness aiziva nezvechiitiko ichi pamberi pavo
akapa Saunders chinzvimbo chemukuru.
Anthony
Greener zvakare haasi mugari weIrish kana ane hukama neGuinness
mhuri. Akabatana neGuinness muna 1987, uye pakupedzisira akataurirana
Kubatanidzwa kweGuinness uye Grand Metropolitan muna 1997 kuti vagadzire Diageo
corporate group. Mushure mekubatana, Diageo akabata kudzora zvido
muGuinness, Burger King, Haagen-Dazs, uye Pillsbury. Mambokadzi Elizabeth
akawana Greener muna Chikumi 1999 nebasa rake mukugadzira Diageo. The
Boka reDiageo corporate rabva ratengesa zvaro muBurger
King, Haagen-Dazs, uye Pillsbury, uye akawana Seagram's
kuti iwedzere kusimbisa nzvimbo yayo muzvinwiwa zvepasi rese
musika.
Mumazana
nhoroondo, muridzi weGuinness haakwanise kutora chero kubatana kwechokwadi
kuIreland. Izvo zvakanyatsojeka kutaura kuti zvitendero zveGuinness
varidzi vagara vari anti-Irish. Pfungwa iyi inova pachena
kuburikidza nekuongororwa kweGuinness workforce.
Guinness Workforce
M
ani
vanhu vanoona Guinness seIrish nekuti vanotenda vashandi
vanobika doro vanogara kuIreland. Zvisinei, kunyatsoongorora
chimiro cheGuinness workforce chinoratidza ratidziro yakajeka ye
huzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika hweGuinness varidzi. Izvi zvinotanga ne
kuparadzaniswa kwevashandi, uye inoenderera mberi nekubviswa
yemamwe mabasa echiIrish muzita rekugadzirisa.
The
Guinness workforce yakaparadzaniswa kubva pakutanga. Kune vakawanda
yenhoroondo yayo, Guinness manejimendi yakadzorwa nevaPurotesitendi
vashoma veIreland. Vashandi veKatorike vakarambidzwa kubata a
manejimendi chinzvimbo. Muchokwadi, hazvina kusvika kuma1960s apo a
Mushandi weKaturike akapinda maneja, pashure pokutarisana nechishoro chakasimba.
Nemamwe mashoko, makore anopfuura 200 akanga apfuura kubva pakasainwa gwaro re
kurojesa paSt. James's Gate brewery muKatorike asati abvumirwa
kukwidziridzwa kuchinzvimbo chekutungamira.
Guinness
yakachengetedza dzimbahwe rayo muDublin kwemakore mazhinji, uye vazhinji veDublin
ndakawana basa pachitoro chedoro. Pasinei nekusavapo kwemukati
kukwidziridzwa, vashandi veGuinness vaibhadharwa zvakanyanya mukuenzanisa nevamwe
mabasa muDublin, uye vakagamuchira hutano nezvimwe zvakanaka vasati vasvika
dzakasumwa kune mamwe mabasa muIreland yose. Vazhinji ve
mabasa epachitoro chedoro aida unyanzvi hukuru, zvisinei ruzhinji
yavo kubva ipapo yakabviswa. Kuderedzwa kwemabasa kwakakonzerwa ne
kuunzwa kwemichina mitsva panzvimbo inobika doro, asi zvakare
huzivi hutsva huri kukanganisa kushanda kweGuinness.
nhasi,
chimiro cheGuinness workforce hachina kufambiswa nerusaruraganda
hurongwa hwesekete. Iko zvino yava kunyanya kudzorwa nehurongwa
ye corporate capitalism. Vashandi vekubikira doro vashoma
kudzvinyirirwa nekuda kwezvitendero zvavo zvechitendero, asi zvino vatarisana nazvo
vakawirwa nehurongwa hwekugadzirisa zvinhu. Mhedzisiro yemhuri yeGuinness
kuvimbika kukutonga kweBritish kwakatsiviwa nemhedzisiro ye
muridzi weDiageo corporate group.
The
mhedzisiro yevaridzi veDiageo yakajeka muna Chikunguru 2000, apo
Guinness yakazivisa hurongwa hwekuvhara zvirimwa zvekubika uye kurongedza
muDundalk, iri kuchamhembe kweDublin. Kutama kwacho kwakashamisa
kuvashandi uye munharaunda yeDundalk. Iyi yaive yekutanga Guinness
kuvharwa kwechirimwa kuchazoitika muIreland. Kuvhara kwapera
Mabasa mazana matatu munharaunda diki, sezvo manejimendi akapembedza danho iri
sechikamu chechirongwa chekuramba tichikwikwidza pasi rose.
The
bika rine mukurumbira paSt. James's Gate raonawo zvakakura
shanduko. Mumakore ekuma1930, Guinness yakashandisa varume vanopfuura 12,000 XNUMX muDublin.
inoda kusvika gumi muzana yehuwandu hwevanhurume. Nhasi, pane chete
vashandi vanofungidzirwa kuti mazana mashanu vasara paSt. Jamesโs Gate bikaro.
Madhipatimendi mazhinji aimbovepo paSt. James's Gate ane
yakaendeswa kuPark Royal brewery muWest London, iyo ine nguva refu
yakaonekwa sedzimbahwe reGuinness. Sezvo Guinness yava kushanda
mabikirwo edoro munyika dzinoverengeka, vashandi veIrish parizvino vanoumba vashoma
yeGuinness operation.
kwete
nzvimbo dzose dzeSt. James's Gate brewery dzakatarisana nekuderedzwa.
Nzvimbo yevashanyi panzvimbo inobika doro munguva pfupi yapfuura yakagamuchirwa zvikuru
investment. Muna 2000, iyo 32 miriyoni Guinness Storehouse yaive
yakavhurwa paSt. James's Gate brewery. The Storehouse inokoka
vashanyi kuti vaone nhoroondo uye zvinoshamisa zveGuinness Stout
nekuongorora Guinness museum, kunakidzwa neGuinness paGravity
Bar, uye kutenga Guinness merchandise kuchitoro chezvitoro.
Around
panguva imwe chete nekuvhurwa kweGuinness Storehouse, hurukuro yakatanga
yekufamba kunobvira kubva kuSt. James's Gate. Iyo Diageo manejimendi
achiri kufunga kufambisa basa rekubikira doro kubva kuSt
Gedhi rekuenda kunzvimbo iri kunze kweDublin, kuitira kuvandudza
kushanda zvakanaka kwekugovera. Kubika kwaizopera zvachose
nzvimbo, vachisiya basa rimwe chete paSt. Jamesโs
Gedhi, kugadzirwa kwemameseji ekushambadzira neGuinness Storehouse.
ichi
hazvireve kuti St. James's Gate brewery haichaiti
kuve chikamu chakakosha cheGuinness, seyakagadzirwa mufananidzo wemhando
yeGuinness yakakosha kukambani. Ichi chinyakare
kudzokera kuApril 5, 1862, apo OโNeill harp, (mufananidzo wechiIrish
nhoroondo yave ichibatanidzwa neNationalist movements), yaiva
yakasarudzwa sechiratidzo cheGuinness. Kubva panguva iyoyo kusvika kune yazvino
kushambadza kwakapa maIrish pubs kune vekuAmerica paSt. Patrick's
Zuva, Guinness yagara yakaisa mari yakawanda mukuratidzira muIrish
mufananidzo kune mamwe misika.
Saka,
anofanira Guinness kubatanidzwa muSt. Patrick's Day nezvimwe
Mhemberero dzeIrish? Hongu, asi inofanira kushandiswa sechinhu chepfungwa
muhurukuro kuti unzwisise zviri nani zviitiko zvenhoroondo yeIrish.
Uku kungave kunatsurudza kukuru pane inonyanya kufarirwa chiitiko che
zvichingoparira nhaka yekusaenzana nemakaro.