Podur
Zvakare, India uye
Pakistan iri kumucheto kwehondo. Nyika mbiri idzi dzakarwa hondo neimwe
vamwe muna 1947, 1965 na1971, uye vakarwa kurwisana kuduku muna 1999 uye zvakasiyana-siyana.
dzimwe nguva. Panguva ino nyika mbiri idzi dzine zvombo zvenyukireya. Dambudziko riripo
yakatanga musi waDecember 13, 2001, apo boka remagandanga rakarwisa muIndia
Paramende. Hurumende yeIndia yaiti Pakistan yaive nemhosva, nekuti
mapoka evapanduki anga achirwisa hurumende yeIndia muKashmir
(uye kuita hutsinye hwehugandanga mukuita) vari muPakistan.
India yakataura kuti kana US yaigona kurwisa Afghanistan nekuda kwegandanga
base, saka India yaigona kurwisa Pakistan. Mufungo ndiwo wakafanana. India yaive chokwadi.
Pfungwa dzakafanana, uye sekurwisa kweUS Afghanistan injodzi
kumamiriyoni evanhu, saka hondo pakati peIndia nePakistan yaizova njodzi
kumamiriyoni evanhu.
Mapere eUS
mutoro mukuru wedambudziko muSouth Asia. Yakashandisa Pakistan kuita
kurwa hondo yayo yevamiriri muAfghanistan muma1980s nePakistan, mukuita,
yakagadzira network yemagandanga ine hukama nemauto ayo uye
masevhisi ehungwaru aasingachakwanisi kudzora. Panguva imwe chete itsva
Bush doctrine, iyo inotaura kuti avo vanochengeta magandanga vakafanirwa
kurwisa semagandanga pachawo uye izvo nyika mu "kuzvidzivirira" kwadzo
kodzero yekupa ultimatums uye unilaterally kutonga mhinduro uye kuita
chirango, chinopa India muenzaniso wekuwedzera kunetsana.
Kwandiri, wekuruboshwe
kubva kunyika yechitatu inogara munyika yekutanga, pane imwe dambudziko mukati
vachitsoropodza Kutonga kwenyika yechitatu yenyika, seIndia kana Pakistan.
Kutsoropodza kwakadaro kwatowanda munhaurirano uye hapana kudiwa chaiko
kupa kushoropodza kunotyisa kwehuwori kana hutsinye hwevakuru ve
nyika dzakadaro. Uye hapana kushaikwa kwekuchema pamusoro pehurombo hunotyisa,
hutano husina kunaka, kushaikwa kwezvivakwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu
vanhu venyika dzakadaro. Chii chinoshaikwa mumazhinji, nyika yekutanga
press iongororo yebasa rinoitwa nenyika dzekutanga mune izvi- nhaka ye
imperialism uye kusaenzana pakati pekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, nyika dzakapfuma nevarombo.
Imwe njodzi mu
kutsoropodza nyika yechitatu ndeyekuti nyika yazvino ndiyo imwe iyo
mauto ane simba, kunyanya US neUK, vari kutsvaga zvikonzero zvekudaro
kupindira munyika dzechitatu. Pavanopindira, vanoita zvakakura
hutsinye uye havagadzirise chero matambudziko avanoti vanoda kugadzirisa. Asi
vanoda mucherechedzo wekodzero unosarudza vadziviriri vekodzero dzevanhu uye
vatsoropodzi vechitatu nyika elite vanogona kupa. Avo vakakomba vanoda kudzivirira
hutsinye, zvisinei nekuti ndiani ari kuzviita, havadi kupa zvakadaro
zvikonzero zvekupindira.
Saka sei uchishoropodza
hutongi hwenyika yechitatu?: nekuti kushoropodza ichokwadi. Hutsinye hwakadaro
hutsinye, uye kusafarira hutsinye hwemasimba makuru, ehumambo hunofanira kureva
kusafarira hutsinye hwemasimba ematunhu kana vatsigiri veumambo kana kuzvimiririra
magandanga. Chimwe chikonzero ndechekuti vanhu venyika dzechitatu vari
kutambura kwete chete nezviito zvevakuru venyika yekutanga, asi kubva kune avo
elites futi.
Asi zvakanyanya
Chikonzero chakakosha chekutsoropodza nyika dzechitatu imhaka yekuti inogona kuve nayo
mamwe maitiro akanaka. India inyika huru, simba redunhu rinobvumira imwe nzvimbo
kufambisa nemasimba makuru (kusiyana nenyika diki seHaiti kana Guatemala)
nehurukuro yemahara uye akakosha ekuratidzira mafambiro. MuIndia, kupesana kwakaziviswa
zvinogona kubatsira mukurambidza mhirizhonga yenyika. Even the most powerful states or
vadzvinyiriri vakanyanyisa vanogona kusundirwa kuita zvinhu zvine ungwaru nenyika dzepasi rose
kutarisa uye kumanikidzwa.
The
India-Pakistan Conflict
Kusawirirana pakati peIndia
uye Pakistan pamusoro peKashmir yakaoma. Chimiro cheIndia sesimba redunhu
nezviwanikwa zvakakura zvichienzaniswa nePakistan zvakakonzera kutya kwePakistani vepamusoro
kuti Pakistan yaisakwanisa kurarama pasina mibatanidzwa kune mamwe masimba, akadai seChina
uye US, mubatanidzwa wePakistan neUS uye zvinokanganisa izvi
yave nezvematongerwo enyika ePakistan uye mutemo wekunze wakabatsira
kumisa dunhu. Kubva pane iyi geopolitical maonero, matunhu ese ari maviri ane
zvikonzero zvokutyira kuchengeteka kwavo, zvichikonzera nhangemutange yezvombo iri kuwedzera
pakati penyika.
Imwe layer ndeye
iyo yenyika. India nePakistan zvese zvaive chikamu cheBritish India uye
nhoroondo yeSouth Asia inoratidza muganhu pakati penyika kuti uve wakati
artificial (kufanana nemiganhu yakawanda munyika ino). Ose India nePakistan akakura,
nyika dzine zvitendero zvakawanda, dzine marudzi mazhinji. Vose vane nhoroondo yekudzvinyirira uye
accommodating separatist movements. Pakistan inyika yechiMuslim nebumbiro remutemo,
nepo India iri yenyika. (Vanyori vakaratidza kusanzwisisika kuri mukati
2001-2, mutungamiri weMuslim Pakistan mukuru wenyika uye mutungamiri we
India wepanyika muHindu mukominisiti). Pakuvambwa kwayo, Pakistan yaive nezvikamu zviviri,
East and West Pakistan, yakaparadzaniswa neIndia. East Pakistan yakabuda kubva kuMadokero
Pakistan ndokuva Bangladesh muna 1971 muhondo pakati peIndia nePakistan.
VechiPakistani vemunyika vanotya kuti India haina kumbobvira yanyatso bvuma zvePakistan
kuvapo uye saka kunetsana kwese neIndia, kwese kubvumidzwa kwakaitwa kuIndia, ndiko
pamusoro pekupona kwePakistan. VekuIndia verudzi vane kutya kwakafanana kwedomino
effect. Kana Pakistan ichikwanisa kupatsanura nekuti inyika yechiMuslim, ko
vamwe vaMuslim vane mamiriyoni 200 muIndiaโvaizoparadzanawo here? Ko
masangano anoparadzanisa mitauro? Ko India inofanira kukamurwa kuva akawanda, akawanda
homogeneous mayuniti anogona ipapo anotongwa nyore nemasimba makuru?
Mumwezve
chinhu chiri mukukonana ndicho chakanyanya mubatanidzwa, chakasiyana nacho
urudzi. Kwete chete kune zvido zvehurumende uye nyika
zvinangwa uye kutya kweramangwana renyika idzi nekuenderera mberi kwavo
territorial kutendeseka, simba, uye zvichingodaro, kune zvakare kuedza kushandura iyo
hwaro hwezvematongerwo enyika hwenyika mbiri idzi. Chinangwa chekupedzisira cheHindu chaidzo muIndia
ndiko kuchinja India kuva nyika yechiHindu. Chinangwa chekodzero yeIslam muPakistan
ndiko kubvisa chero kusarurama kwasara munyika (uye mukati mese
dunhu). Zvombo zvinoshandiswa nezvinhu izvi ndizvo zvakajairika: zvematongerwo enyika
mhirizhonga yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kuzvidza vashoma nekuda kwematambudziko ehupfumi, the
kudzvinyirirwa kwekupokana uye kusununguka kutaura, uye kuunganidza pahwaro hwe
kuzivikanwa kwenharaunda, kwete pahwaro hwezvirongwa zvezvematongerwo enyika kana zvehupfumi.
South Asia ndiyo
varombo zvikuru. Vagari vayo havakwanisi kuwana dzidzo yehwaro uye utano
care. Ivhu rayo nezviwanikwa hazvishandiswe kubatsira vagari vayo, asi
yevakuru venzvimbo uye makambani epasi rese. Inoshaya zvivakwa
inodiwa kudzivirira zviitiko zvemusikirwo kubva pakuva njodzi dzinouraya mazana e
zviuru zvevanhu. Kodzero dzevanhu dzakakosha hadzina kudzivirirwa nehurumende uye
kutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika kunomanikidzwa zvakanyanya, kunyanya nekutadza kwe
dzidzo yakakurumbira, asiwo nemapurisa asina simba uye masimba ehondo. Vazhinji ve
matambudziko aya ari kuwedzera kuipa nekufamba kwenguva, kwete nani, pamberi pehupfumi
kugadziridza, musika wemahara fundamentalism, communalism uye ikozvino "hondo yekurwisa
ugandanga.โ Pane kudikanwa kwekukurumidzira kwekumisikidzwazve kweSouth Asia's
hunyanzvi uye zviwanikwa kune kusimudzira vanhu vayo uye kure
World-Bank-inotungamirwa megaprojects, kunze-inotungamirwa "kukura," uye hondo. Iyi re-orientation
ndiyo ajenda yevakawanda veSouth Asia mafambisirwo emagariro, seaya ari muNational
Mubatanidzwa wePeople's Movements muIndia (asiwo mamwe akawanda).
Zvematongerwo enyika
hutungamiriri muSouth Asia ndeye (nezvimwe zvakakosha) zvakanyanya kutorwa kubva kune yayo
makirasi akawanda ane rombo rakanaka. Havadi kubvuma kushamwaridzana
hurongwa hwaizotungamira, nekupa vanhu simba uye kune yavo
disempowerment. Kunyangwe dai vaive, ivo vanoziva kuti vaizofanira kurwisana navo
masimba makuru kana sarudzo yavo yekushandira hurongwa hwemagariro hwakapesana ne
hurongwa hwenyika dzakapfuma. Vanorerekera pachinzvimbo chavo uye chavo
ideology yekutevera nyika uye nyika zvinangwa, kuvapembedza vachishandisa yenyika
uye dzidziso dzemunharaunda, uye kuyedza kutakura nekutsausa hurongwa hwemagariro uye
social movements. Ndirwo rudzi urwu rwemutambo wegomba wakatungamira nyika mbiri kuenda
vakaedza zvombo zvavo zvenyukireya zvine mutsindo muna 1998 uye pamwe ndiye ane mhosva
nokuda kwekutsva kwezvino zvakare.
Sei vanhu
yeIndia nePakistan inoenderana here neizvi? Mhinduro yokutanga ndeyokuti vanodaro
kwete-semasangano emagariro anoramba communalism uye kurwira kurarama uye
kururamisira kunopupura. Mhinduro yechipiri ndeyekuti, hupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika
vasina simba, vanogadzirisa zvirongwa zvenyika kana zvemunharaunda senyaradzo
mubayiro. Mhinduro yechitatu kutya: kana vamwe vari kuungana pamitsetse yemunharaunda uye
mukushayikwa kweimwe nzira yakasimba yenyika, une chisarudzo chiduku kunze kwokuita
saka iwe pachako, kuti urege kuzozviwana wakakombwa nevavengi uye usina shamwari.
Pane zvakajeka
hurongwa hwakawanda hunopesana muSouth Asia uye kwete vose vanogona kukunda. The
mamiriro ehurumende uye enyika, kunyanya mukubatana ne "globalization," inoratidzika
kutsvikinyidza tariro yezvinorongwa munzanga. South Asia inogona kukwanisa kudyisa maoko
rudzi kana vanhu varo, asi kwete ose ari maviri.
A
Democratic Solution yeKashmir
Nzvimbo yekutanga kune chero
mhinduro muKashmir ndiko kuzvisarudzira kweKashmiris. Asi
kuzvisarudzira hakuna kujeka kwazvo zvekuti avo vakaita zvinopesana nazvo
(India nePakistan) vakataura kuti vari kuzvidzivirira.
Kunyangwe hazvo vazhinji
yenhoroondo yeKashmir nderimwe reโKashmiriyatโโyakasarudzika tsika
uko vaHindu navaMuslim vakagarisanaโkune misiyano inokosha yomunzvimbomo
mukati mehurumende. Ladakh inonyanya kuve chikamu cheBuddha chenyika iyo
miganhu neChina. Jammu anonyanya kuve maHindu, edzinza reDogra, uko kune vanhu
inzwa padyo neIndia pane kuPakistan. Mupata weKashmir, kunyanya maMuslim,
kudivi reIndia re "mutsara wekutonga" ("muganhu" pakati peIndia ne
Pakistan), yanga ichitambura nehondo yekupikisa yakauraya vanenge zviuru zvitatu mukati
2001 uye vangangoita 34,000 mumakore gumi nerimwe apfuura, maererano neAmnesty International.
Kune rimwe divi remutsetse wekutonga, unosanganisira chikamu cheKashmir
Mupata, iAzad Kashmir (kana Pakistan-Inogarwa Kashmir kana PoK) inodzorwa na
Pakistan, uko kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakataurwawo uye uko vamwe
yemapoka emauto akaita zvehugandanga muKashmir uye mukati
India dzakavakirwa. Chero mhinduro yaizofanira kufunga nezvekuoma uku
uye chengetedza kuzvitonga kwemapoka aya akasiyana.
A plebescite ndiye
kwete panacea. A plebescite inofanirwa, kuve nechokwadi. Asi pane zvimwe
mimwe mibvunzo ine minzwa. Pachave nevhoti imwe chete yeKashmir yese kana
kuchave nevhoti kune imwe neimwe yeRadhaki, Jamu, Kashmir Mupata, neAzad
Kashmir (PoK)? VaMuslim ndivo vazhinji mumupata uye, muKashmir zvachose.
VaHindu vazhinji muJammu. VaBuddha ndivo vazhinji muLadakh. Separate
plebescites yeJammu, Ladakh, uye mupata ungangobereka, zvichienderana
sarudzo dzakavhoterwa, mhedzisiro yakasiyana kwazvo pane imwechete plebescite ye
nyika yose. Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zvingave: kuzvitonga kuzere (kune a
nyika itsva yakavharwa, iyo mukuita inogona kuvimbisa kutonga kwayo ne
US kana nevavakidzani vayo vakuru vekuSouth Asia), kupinda muIndia, kupinda
Pakistan, chikamu? Plebescites, sarudzo-mavhoti emhando ipi zvayo chikamu che
maitiro edemocracy, sezvakaita vanhu vachigadzira sarudzo pamwechete, vachikurukura nezvazvo,
kutaurirana zvakasununguka, kukakavara mupepanhau remahara, kushamwaridzana vakasununguka. A democratic
mhinduro yeKashmir zvinoreva kuti maKashmiris anowana kuita zvese izvi. Kuti izvi
zviitike, vese India nePakistan vanofanirwa kumira kushandisa Kashmir senzvimbo yavo
mitambo yemagetsi uye tanga kutora iyo social agenda yeKashmiris, pamwe chete nevamwe
yeSouth Asia, zvakanyanya zvakanyanya.
Saka Pakistan inofanira
rega kutsigira magandanga uye saka India inofanira kumira kutyora kodzero dzevanhu mukati
Kashmir. Hapana chikonzero nei nyika mbiri dzisingakwanisi kumira kuita izvi izvozvi, kwete
chikonzero kuti rimwe divi rimirire kuti rimwe riite chikamu chavo, uye hapana chikonzero ivo
usadaro, kunze kwekuti dzvinyiriro yemagariro kubva kuvanhu haisati yasvika pakusimba
zvakakwana kuvamanikidza kuita kudaro. Asi kufamba kwese kuSouth Asia kuri
kurwa kuita izvozvo chaizvo. Z
Justin Podur anochengetedza ZNet's Chamhembe
Asia Watch