MAZUVA ANO, kwese kwavanoenda, veruboshwe vanosangana nemibvunzo yakawanda kubva kune vachangobva zvematongerwo enyika nezve ichi kana icho chiitiko chezvematongerwo enyika - Gumiguru Kushamisika, BCCI nyonganiso, Irancontra, David Duke-nechisimbisiro chekuti ndiani akaita chii, rini, uye neruzivo uye nechinangwa chipi. . Vanobvunza mibvunzo mishomamaonesheni nezve systemic zvikonzero zvemaitiro uye zviitiko. Vanhu vanodzidza kuve nhengo yeboka rehutsotsi. Vanofuratira chimiro chehurumende nemakambani. Iyi โfashoniโ yakatanga sei? Zviri kutiendesa kupi?
Zano rekupangana
DZIDZISO YERUNGANO ifungidziro yekuti zvimwe zviitiko zvakakonzerwa nemanomano asingachinjiki epachivande evanhu vasina demokrasi. Muenzaniso wepamusoro kutsanangura Irancontra seyakavanzika zviito zveOliver North uye vanorangana. Saizvozvo, imwe dzidziso yekurangana inotsanangura kubata-bata mugore rekupedzisira raCarter semanomano e "chikwata chakavanzika" achibatsira Reagan kukunda chigaro chemutungamiri. Dzidziso yekurangana kwekuuraya kwaKaren Silkwood yaizofumura mazita evanhu vakaronga muchivande nekuita humhondi. Tichipeta mashandisirwo, tinogona kufungidzira dzidziso yekurangana yehubaba sevarume vachibatana kuramba chimiro chevakadzi, kana dzidziso yekurangana yehurumende yeUS semapoka anokwikwidza ari kutsvaga simba rezvinangwa zvavo.
Kurangana kuriko. Mapoka anogara achiita zvinhu pasina kuburitsa mapepanhau uye izvi zvinova kurangana pese zviito zvavo zvinodarika maitiro e "zvakajairika". Hatitauri nezve kurangana kuhwina musarudzo kana chiitiko chefungidziro chichisanganisira vamiriri chete nevanovabata vari kushanda vari vega kugadzira zano rinoshanda. Isu tinotaura nezve kurangana kana mhedzisiro yacho ichisanganisira kuba zvirongwa zvechimwe chikwata, spiking yavo Whisky Sours, kana chimwe chiitiko chakasarudzika. Kana kurangana kuchikonzera chimwe mhedzisiro, mhedzisiro ingadai isina kuitika dai pasina vanhu chaivo vane zvavanoda vakaungana.
Mafungiro ekurangana anogona kana kusaziva macoteries chaiwo ane pesvedzero chaiyo. Rangano dzidziso:
(a) Taura kuti rimwe boka rakaita zviri kunze kwemaitiro echinyakare nenzira yakashata uye kazhinji yakavanzika.
(b) Regedza zvimiro zvemasangano.
Hunhu, matimetables emunhu, misangano yakavanzika, uye zviito zvevakarangana, zvinoda kutariswa. Hukama hwemasangano hunoderera kubva pakuona. Tinobvunza, ko North yakasangana naBush pamberi kana mushure memusangano pakati peMacFarlane naVa X? Tine gwaro rinozivisa hurongwa pachine nguva here? Kukurukurirana pafoni kunobatanidza zvakati nezvakati here? Chapupu ichocho chakavimbika zvakadini?
Institutional Theory
MUCHIDZIDZO chesangano, hunhu uye zvinokurudzira zvemunhu zvinopinda munhaurirano chete semhedzisiro yezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha. Zviito zvomunhu oga zvinoguma mune chimwe chiitiko hazvishande setsananguro. Dzidziso inotsanangura zviitiko kuburikidza nemabasa, zvinokurudzira, uye masimba emasangano ari pasi. Dzidziso yemasangano hairegereri zviito zvevanhu, asi pfungwa yetsananguro yesangano ndeyekubva pane zvemunhu kuenda kune zvemasangano. Kudai vanhu chaivo vakanga vasipo kuti vazviite, zvichida mumwe munhu angadai akaita.
Dzidziso yemasangano eIrancontra uye kushamisika kwaGumiguru kwaizotsanangura kuti sei uye sei zviitiko izvi zvakamuka munharaunda ine mafomu edu ezvematongerwo enyika, emagariro, uye ehupfumi. Dzidziso yesangano yekupondwa kwaKaren Silkwood yaizoratidza indasitiri yenyukireya uye nedzvinyiriro huru dzenzanga dzakamutsa kupondwa kwake. Dzidziso yemasangano yeubaba inotsanangura hukama hwevakadzi maererano newanano, chechi, musika, kugarisana nevamwe, nezvimwewo. Dzidziso yemasangano yehurumende inosimbisa kutonga nekuparadzira ruzivo, masimba ehutongi, uye basa rekuzviisa pasi kukirasi, rudzi. , uye zvido zvevakadzi.
Masangano aripo. Pese pavanenge vaine mhedzisiro yakakwana pazviitiko, kugadzira dzidziso yemasangano zvine musoro. Nekudaro, kana chiitiko chikamuka kubva mukubatana kwakasarudzika kwevamwe vanhu nemikana, nepo masangano pasina mubvunzo achiita basa, anogona kunge asina kuzara uye dzidziso yemasangano inogona kunge isiri panzvimbo kana kusakwanisa kuvaka.
Dzidziso dzeInstitutional dzinogona kana kusaziva hukama chaihwo nepesvedzero chaiyo pazviitiko zvavanotsanangura. Institutional theories:
(a) Taura kuti mashandiro akajairika emamwe masangano anoburitsa maitiro uye zvinokurudzira zvinotungamira kune zviitiko zviri mubvunzo.
(b) Taura nezvounhu, zvinofarirwa nevanhu, nguva dzomunhu oga, uye misangano chete semaidi pamusoro pezviitiko zvinoda tsananguro, kwete setsanangudzo pachadzo.
Kurongeka, kukurudzira, uye maitiro emasangano anowana kutariswa kwakanyanya. Vanhu chaivo, kunyangwe vasiri kungoita manzwisisiro, havapihwe pekutanga sezvikonzero.
Musiyano wacho
KUTI TIONE mutsauko wekushanda pakati pedzidziso yekurangana uye dzidziso yemasangano tinogona kuenzanisa kuparara kwemaonero evatsoropodzi vaviri vane mukurumbira parizvino vemitemo yekunze yeUS, Noam Chomsky naCraig Hulet. Heino chirevo chechiratidzo kubva kune imwe neimwe.
HULET: โIzvi hazvisi zveKuwait. Izvi hazvisi zvemafuta. Hazvinei nechokuita nezvinhu izvozvo. Uye hazvinei nechokuita nekuisazve hurumende iri pamutemo [muKuwait] apo kekutanga tiri kuyedza kugadza hurumende iri pamutemo inova hudzvanyiriri husiri hwechiuto hwakanyorwa neAmnesty International sekupara mhosva dzakafanana. vachipesana nevanhu vake [saHussein]โฆ Zvandiri kutaura ndezvekuti kekutanga tichashandisa hupenyu hweAmerica kuisa muudzvanyiriri wehuremu hudiki nekuda kwehukuru hwenyika yakeโฆ kune mutemo wekunze iri kurongwa zvichityora mutemo weUS, mutemo wepasi rose, uye bumbiro remutemo reUS. Izvo zvinofanirwa kushamisa chero munhu mushure meWatergate, kuurayiwa kwaKennedy?โฆ
"Nei vanhu vekuAmerica vachifanira kufa kuti vadzorere mudzvanyiriri akapindwa nemumwe mudzvanyiriri? Kutanga kwaive kuchengetedza Saudi Arabia. Wese munhu ave kuziva kuti [Hussein] akange asina chinangwa chekuenderera mberi kunze kweKuwait. Saka vakasiya izvozvo sechikonzero. Vakauya neimwe inotevera, kuti iyi ndeyemafuta. Ipapo kamwe kamwe mitengo yemafuta, mukati mehondo chaimo, inoderera kusvika kumadhora makumi maviri nerimwe edhiramu, uko kwakanga kuri kwayakanga iri hondo isati yatanga. Saka zviri pachena kuti hazvigone kuve nezvemafuta. Saka hazvigoni kuva zvido zvedu zvakakosha zviri panjodzi. Ndezvehurumende iri pamutemo here? Kana zviri zvehurumende zviri pamutemo, saka tiri kudzosera musimba pasi pedzidziso yeBreshnev, kwete dzidziso yeTruman. Dzidziso yeBreshnev yekuti isu tinobata marudzi ese seakaenzana akaenzana zvisinei nekuti vanodzvinyirira sei, uye tinovachengeta vari musimba. Saka kekutanga George Bush ave kuita dzidziso yeBreshnev pane kuisa republic yemahara kana kuchengetedza vanhu vakasununguka. [Iko kunotevera nhaurirano refu yekubatwa kweUS uye simba reAl Sabah iri kutonga mhuri yeKuwaiti, ichiteverwa nemibvunzo yevateereri yainyanya kutarisana nekubudirira kwekupomera George Bush iyo mhinduro yaHulet inoti:] Zvichave kune veruzhinji kana kwete George Bushโuye ndinobvumirana nazvo, iJunta iri kutongaโiri kupomerwa mhosva. Hazvizongori kumaSeneta nemaCongress kuita sarudzo iyi. Ivo havaite sarudzo kunze kwekunge maonero eruzhinji achitsigira izvi. " [kusimbisa yangu, MA]
CHOMSKY: โKana tichitarisira kunzwisisa chero chinhu nezvemutemo wekunze kwenyika chero ipi zvayo, ipfungwa yakanaka kutanga nekuferefeta mamiriro emagariro emunyika: Ndiani anogadza mutemo wekunze kwenyika? Vanhu ava vanomiririra zvido zvipi? Simba ravo rinobva kupi? Ifungidziro ine musoro kuti mutemo unoshanduka ucharatidza zvido zveavo vanougadzira. Kunzvera nokutendeseka kwenhau kucharatidza kuti iyi kariro yomuzvarirwo inozadzikwa kazhinji kazhinji. Humbowo hwakawandisa, mumaonero angu, kuti United States haina musiyano nemutemo wakajairika-iyo thesis inowanzo zivikanwa se 'kutsoropodza kwakanyanya'โฆ
โKufunga kwakati kuchinyorwa chenhau, pamwe chete nomurangariro wakajairika, kunotungamirira kutarisiro yechipiri ine mufungo: Munzanga iri yose muchabuda boka ravaparadziri venhema vanoshanda kuti vavanze zviri pachena, kuvanza kushanda chaikoiko kwesimba, uye kupeta maoko. dandemutande rezvinangwa nezvinangwa zvengano, zvisina kunaka zvachose, izvo zvinonzi zvinotungamira mutemo wenyikaโฆ chero chinotyisa, hutsinye hupi hupi huchatsanangurirwa sechinhu chinosuwisa-kana dzimwe nguva chinosuwisa-kutsauka pachinangwa chenyikaโฆ.
"Kubva Hondo Yenyika II kwave nekuenderera mberi kwekuita sarudzo muhurumende yehurumende, zvechokwadi maererano nemutemo wekunze. Chechipiri, kwave nekatsika kuburikidza neakawanda yenguva ino kusvika mukugadziriswa kwehupfumi hwepamba. Uyezve, maitiro maviri aya ane hukama zvakanyanya, nekuda kwesimba guru rekambani pamusoro pemukuru wehurumende ... "
ZVAKAWANDA zvinowanzoitika muvaviri ava vanofunga zvinopesana nemutemo weUS wekunze. Musiyano ndewekuti Hulet anowanzo nzwisisa mutemo sezvinodiwa zvemamwe mapoka evanhu-munyaya iyi, "junta" uye mhuri yeAl Sabah-zvisingarevi kumasangano zvachose. Chomsky anogara achinzwisisa marongero acho seanobva kune mamwe masangano-semuenzaniso, "mukuru wehurumende" nemakambani.
Kuna Hulet, dambudziko rakazara ndere kuranga kana "kupomera" ivo vanokanganisa, pfungwa yakajairika inoshanda kune ese dzidziso yekurangana. Iyo modis operendi yeanorangana theorist saka zvine musoro pese apo chinangwa chiri chekupa mhosva yemunhu pane chimwe chiitiko. Kana isu tichida kumhan'ara mumwe munhu nekuda kwekuponda kwezvematongerwo enyika kuti abvise kutsiva kana kuisa chirevo chinoita kuti zviome kuita zviito zvakadaro, nzira yeanorangana theorist yakakosha. Asi nzira yekurangana iri padivi pekuti tinzwisise chikonzero chekupondwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kugadzira chirongwa chekudzivirira mitemo yese inodzivisa kuramba kweruzhinji. Kurangana theorizing inotevedzera hunhu / misi / nguva kusvika kune nhoroondo. Maonero evateveri vemitambo kana kuti voyeur pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Inogona kushandura chokwadi kana kuataura zvakarurama. Kana yaitwa nekuvimbika, ine nzvimbo yayo, asi haisi iyo nguva dzose nzira yakanaka.
Kuna Chomsky, dambudziko nderekuona izvo zvinokonzeresa zvehurongwa hwekunze. Iyo modus operandi yeiyo institutional theorist yaisazoita zvine musoro kuti vaone kuti ndevapi vanhu vakanamba uye vakapokana nezvegwaro, kana kuti ndiani akafunga kubhomba nzvimbo yekugara. Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei zvinhu izvi zvichiitika, zvisinei, uye pasi pemamiriro api azvichaita kana kuti asingazorambe zvichiitika, dzidziso yemasangano inokosha uye vavariro, nzira, uye nguva dzevapari vemhosva chaivo dziri parutivi.
Tora nhepfenyuro. Nzira yekurangana icharatidza zviito zvevamwe vanyori vevapepeti, vanyori, vatapi venhau, vamwe varidzi, kana kunyange imba yekutandarira. Maonero esangano achataura zvakaitwa nevatambi ava seumboo, asi acharatidza kudzvinyirirwa kwemakambani nemafungiro ari kukonzera izvozvo. Munhu anoda kutsvaga kurangana anoteerera kuhumbowo hwevezvenhau kuzviisa pasi pesimba uye anoona boka revanhu vakaipa, pamwe vemakambani, pamwe vechitendero, pamwe vemubatanidzwa, vachishora nhepfenyuro kuti isaite basa rayo. Murongi anozoda kuziva nezve cabal uye kuti vanhu vanokundwa sei nechido chayo, nezvimwewo. Munhu ane chido chekuongorora masangano anoteerera humbowo hwekuzviisa pasi pesimba nevezvenhau uye oona kuti hutungamiri hwemukati hwenhau, maitiro ekugarisana, uye zvido zvayo. varidzi vanoburitsa izvi sechikamu chenhau kubudirira pabasa rayo. Vanotungamira vanozoda kuziva nezve maumbirwo ezvenhau uye mashandiro avanoita, uye nezve zvinotungamira zvido uye zvavanoreva.
Iyo nzira yekurangana ichaita kuti vanhu vatende kuti zvimwe:
(a) Vanofanira kudzidzisa vanoita zvakaipa kuti vachinje vavariro dzavo, kana kuti
(b) Vanofanira kubvisa vanoita zvakaipa uye kudzosera vapepeti vatsva, vanyori, vatapi venhau, kana varidzi.
Maitiro emasangano anozoona budiriro inogoneka kubva mukushandurwa kwevashandi, asi tsanangura kuti shanduko idzi dzichagumira sei. Ichatsausa vanhu
(a) Kutarisana nemushandirapamwe wekumanikidzirwa nguva dzose kuti ubvise kudzvinyirirwa kwemasangano nguva dzose kwekuvhiringidza, kana
(b) Takanangana nekugadzirwa kwenhau itsva dzisina kumanikidzwa nemasangano evazhinji.
The Appeal of Conspiracy Theory
NATURALLY CONSPIRACY THEORY uye yakabatana nayo yemunhu nzira inokwezva kune vachuchisi nemagweta, sezvo ivo vachifanira kuona zvikonzero zviri pedyo uye vanhu vanoita. Asi nei richifadza vanhu vane hanya kuti vachinje nzanga?
Kune mhinduro dzakawanda dzinogoneka dzinogona kunge dzese dzinoshanda, kune akasiyana madhigirii, pane vanhu vanofarira kurangana dzidziso. Chekutanga, dzidziso yekurangana inowanzomanikidza uye humbowo hwekurangana dzidziso dzinoratidza dzinowanzo batsira. Zvakawanda, tsananguro yezvakadzama entwinements inopindwa muropa. Imwe puzzle uye imwe uye imwe inoda kuongororwa. Dzidziso yekurangana ine kukwezva kwechakavanzika-inoshamisa, inomanikidza, yakajeka, uye yemunhu. Chekupedzisira, chishuwo chekutsiva chinobatsira mafuta anoenderera mberi achitsvaga mune zvemunhu.
Chechipiri, dzidziso dzekurangana dzine zvadzinokwanisa kudzoreka. Vanoreva kuti zvese zvaive zvakanaka kamwe chete uye kuti zvinogona kuve zvakanaka zvakare kana chete varangana vanogona kusundirwa parutivi. Dzidziso dzekurangana saka dzinotsanangura zvakaipa pasina kutimanikidza kuti tidzivise masangano enharaunda. Vanotibvumira kubvuma zvinotyisa, uye kuratidza kutsamwa kwedu uye kutsamwa tisingarambe tsika dzinokosha dzenzanga. Tinogona kutoisa hasha dzedu kune vanonyanya kupara mhosva. Uyu mukuru wehurumende kana gweta remubatanidzwa rakaipa, asi mamwe mazhinji akanaka uye hurumende nemutemo pase zvakanaka. Tinofanira kubvisa maapuro akaipa. Zvese izvi zviri nyore uye zvinokwezva. Tinogona kuramba vanhu chaivo asi kwete hurumende, maCEO chaiwo asi kwete capitalism, vanyori chaivo, vapepeti, uye kunyange varidzi vemagazini, asi kwete ese ma media media. Tinoramba mamwe manipulators akaipa, asi kwete masangano akakosha enzanga. Naizvozvo tinogona kuramba tichikumbira kumasangano kuti tizivikanwe, chimiro, kana kubhadhara.
Chechitatu, dzidziso yekurangana inopa nzira iri nyore uye inokurumidza yekuisa kushuva inonyimwa kubva kune zvinangwa zvinoita sezvisingagoneke kana zvinogona kudzosera kumashure. Iyi idzidziso yekurangana yakashandurwa kuita dzidziso yembudzi.
Ndekupi Mazano Okurangana Ari Kutiendesa
ZVIngave zvakashata zvakakwana kana kusingaperi kutarisisa kwemunhu kuIrancontra, iyo Gumiguru Kushamisika, Inslaw, nezvimwewo, vaingokurudzira vanhu kutsvaga macoteries vachifuratira masangano. Iyi ndiyo yaive mhedzisiro, semuenzaniso, yevazhinji Kennedy Assassination theorists vemakumi emakore apfuura. Zvinokosha zvinotambwa zvingave zvinofambira mberi uye taigona kutarisira kuti vanhu vachakurumidza kukwevera kune tsananguro chaiyo yezvimwe zvimiro.
Asi chokwadi ndechekuti, hunhu hunokurudzira nzira dzekurangana dzekuyedza kutsanangura zviitiko zvave kutanga kutsauka zvakanyanya kubva kune zvinofambira mberi. Kunyangwe mamwe mativi evaratidziri akasiya ave nenzara yekukurumidza-kugadzirisa tsananguro yekurangana ivo vave kutanga kukwevera kune chero kurangana kwekuda, kunyangwe kuseka kwakadii.
Saka iyo ndima yekurangana theorizing yave inoyevedza uye vatsva vanopinda havachagari vachifambira mberi uye dzimwe nguva vanotorerekera kune maitiro kana kudzika pasi fascism. Kuratidzwa kwedzidziso dzekurangana kwakasimuka kubva mumabhuku madiki uye majenari kuenda kune vateereri vakawanda hurukuro dzeredhiyo nemagazini uye, panguva imwecheteyo, kubva pakuzivisa "zvikwata zvakavanzika" zvevashandi veCIA kuenda kune ane simba rese network evane mari yeArab uye nepasirese maJuda mabhanga 'hama. .
Pane fananidzo inokatyamadza pano kune imwe ongororo ichangoburwa yezvematongerwo enyika eRepublican Party. Munhandare iyi, vatapi venhau vazhinji vanoti mabatiro ebato reRepublican Party mumakore apfuura akagadzirira David Duke nzira nekudzokorora veruzhinji kuti vatarise rusaruraganda uye kuwedzera havi yavo yezvimwe. Neimwe nzira, hazvigoneke here kuti zviwanikwa zvakakura zvakakandwa mukufambira mberi kwekunyora kurangana, kuronga, uye kutendeutsa mumakore gumi apfuura zvave kuuya kumba kuzogara? Hongu, kushanduka-shanduka kuri kuita kuti veruzhinji vafarire kurangana, asi maitiro ekare evanofambira mberi haanewo here mugove webasa?
Zvekuita Nezvazvo
LEFTIST INSTITUTIONALIST theorists vanowanzo furatira vanyori vekurangana sevasina basa. Kutarisana nemakakatanwa avo kupinda mumiasma yezvingango gadzirwa ruzivo pasina zvekutizira. Hapana chinovaka chinobuda. Asi pamwe maonero aya anoda kumwe kufungisisa patsva. Kana Holly Sklar, Steve Shalom, Noam Chomsky kana chero vamwe vazhinji vakasara vaongorori vachitaura nezve zviitiko, kunyangwe nezve Irancontra kana iyo Gumiguru Kushamisika, vanoteerera kune zvirikuitika chokwadi asiwo mamiriro esangano. Ndizvo zvazvinofanira kuva, asi zviri pachena kuti hazvisisina kunaka zvakakwana. Zvino, avo vane kutsoropodza kwemasangano vanogona kunge vaine mamwe mabasa maviri. Chekutanga, pamwe ivo vanofanirwa kuratidza kusakwana kweiyo kuruboshwe kurangana dzidziso, vachiratidza kuti zvakanyanya hazviende kure zvakakwana kuti zvibatsire vanoronga. Chechipiri, pamwe vanofanira kupikisa uye kutsoropodza dzidziso yekurudyi, vachibvisa aura yavo yekupikisa uye kuratidza kuvimbika kwayo kwerusarura uye elitist.
Saizvozvowo, apo mapurogiramu ehurukuro eredhiyo anofambira mberi uye magazini akasiiwa achikoka vanhu kuti vataure nevoruzhinji nezvezviitiko zvenyika nezvenyika, zvakanaka kuva nechokwadi chokuti muenzi akabatana, ane matauriro anobudirira kana kuti manyorero, anotaura nezvenyaya dzacho, anozivisa vatambi. nemazvo, uye anoziva nezvenhoroondo yakakodzera. Asi hazvina kukwana. MaFascist anogona kuzadzisa zviyero izvi uye vachiri spout dzakagadzirwa manhamba sekunge ichokwadi, zvinosemesa zvinopomerwa pamusoro pemapoka evanhu sekunge ari chinangwa chetsanangudzo, uye hapana zvachose nezvehukama hwemasangano chaihwo, vachipfuura nyonganiso iyi senzira inobatsira yekutarisa. munyika kunzwisisa uye kukanganisa zviitiko zvemagariro. Vhidhiyo yekuruboshwe, kunyange yakasungwa sezvairi, inofanira kutora mutoro wezvipo zvayo. Vanhu vanotarisira kuti kana vatsinhiri vakabuda pamashoo edu uye mumabhuku edu vanenge vaine mwero wakati weperero, kuvimbika, uye kunzwisisa. Hatifanirwe kukweretesa ruremekedzo kumarara ane bapiro rekurudyi, angave ari pachena kana kuti akanyatsovanzwa kunge ari ehurumende asi ane hutsinye. Kunyangwe maererano neinofambira mberi uye yeruboshwe dzidziso yekurangana, nepo ichiwanzo buritsa humbowo hwakakosha, vatsigiri vekuruboshwe vanofanirwa kuratidza miganhu yavo nekuiwedzera nekuongorora kwemasangano uye mamiriro.