Vatsoropodzi venhau vane mukurumbira vanowanzove vepamusoro uye vanoshuva. Imhaka yekuti - seimwe yeakanyanya kwazvo muzana ramakore rechi20, George Seldes, akazvitaura - "mhou inoera kwazvo yemutsikiro ndiyo muchina pachayo."
Hapana masangano anonyanya kufunga nezvemifananidzo kupfuura mahombe enhau. Vanhu vanovamhanyisa vanoziva kukosha kwakakosha kwekutenderera, uye vanozotukwa kana vachizosimudzira kushoropodzwa nevezvenhau izvo zvinodzikisira manyepo avo.
Kuti vasvike kuruzhinji, vatsoropodzi vezvenhau vanoda kukwidziridzwa kubva . . . masangano enhau. Uye izvo hazviwanzo kuitika kunze kwekunge kutsoropodza kwakadzika.
Zvisizvo zvinogona kuva zvakakosha. The New York Times anodhinda zvinyorwa ne "mupepeti weruzhinji" - mukontrakta akazvimirira ane "mafungiro nemhedziso ndezvake" - uye munhu ari pabasa iri, Margaret Sullivan, anopa ongororo yakanyatsojeka yezvinoburitswa nebepanhau.
Asi pamusoro pese, vatsoropodzi vezvenhau vakakurudzirwa nevezvenhau huru - vamiriri vezvemukati uye vatori venhau vakatarisa kunze - vanga vari vatevedzeri vasingabudi kunze kwemumvuri wemasangano anovabhadhara mihoro. Uye havadi kubvunza kodzero yekambani yemamwe mafemu enhau; vanhu vakapfeka zvivakwa zvegirazi havapotse matombo anorema.
Gore rakapfuura, the Washington Post, zvino vachiri pasi pevaridzi vemhuri yaGraham, vakabvisa basa reombudsperson pabepanhau mushure memakumi mana emakore ekuzadza chinzvimbo ichi nekutevedzana kwevatapi venhau vane ruzivo - uye vanobvumirana. Shanduko iyi yaive shanduko nyowani mukudzika kwakadzika, asi kwaisava kurasikirwa kukuru kune vaverengi.
The Postwekutanga ombudsman, akatora basa iri muna 1970, akaenderera mberi kwemakore akawanda emabasa ekutungamira kuWashington Post Company ndokubva adzokera kuva ombudsman mukupera kwema1980. Panguva yechiito chake chechipiri, akanyora makoramu achishora mubatanidzwa weNewspaper Guild wanga uchipokana nekambani - uku achirumbidza manejimendi ekambani.
Mukupesana kukuru, vatsoropodzi vezvenhau vakanakisisa vakazvimirira zvechokwadi. Uye saka, havawanzoonekwa kana kunzwika kuburikidza nemakuru enhau.
Rufu rwaDoug Ireland mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura rwakadzosa ndangariro dzakajeka. Ireland yaive yekutanga-mwero mutsoropodzi wenhau pamwe nemutori wenhau ane hunyanzvi, akangwara anofambira mberi, muratidziri wengochani uye muongorori wezvematongerwo enyika. Kudonha kwekupedzisira, mushure mekufa kwake, mumwe kufambisa mutero mushure mumwe akabuda.
Basa reIreland semutsoropodzi wenhau dzeUS rakavhenekera mwenje unotyisa pane chokwadi chehurongwa hwekunyepedzera pakati pedu. Aive chikamu chekuenderera kwakakosha kwekutsoropodzwa kwevezvenhau kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika zvakasara muzana ramakore rapfuura. Iyo itsika yede facto inofanirwa kufungisisa, kuti unzwisise kukosha kwayo kwenhoroondo - uye kukosha kwayo muna 2014.
Makore zana apfuura, Upton Sinclair akaita kusvetuka kwekupayona kwaizotevedzerwa nevamwe vakawanda mumakumi emakore akazotevera. Aive munyori akazove muratidziri - kusanganisira muratidziri wezvenhau - sezvaakaona kuti mazwi ari pamapeji nemavhoriyamu emabhuku aisazokwana kukunda makaro ane hutsinye evapambi venguva iyoyo.
Seuchapupu kuhutsinye hwaiitirwa vanhu vanoshanda nemhuri dzavo, Sinclair akatanga kurwa kusingamiri kurwisa madzishe enhau nebasa ravo rewaya rine simba kwazvo, Associated Press. Bhuku raSinclair ra1919 "The Brass Check" - rakazvishambadza uye rakaverengwa zvakanyanya - raive manifesto yaipesana neiyo capitalist media system yemazuvano. Kana vasungwa venzara nekushandiswa vaizomuka, vaifanira kukunda zvombo zvenhema, kukanganisa uye kusiiwa.
Mutsoka dzeUpton Sinclair akafamba mumwe munhu akauya kune media activism kwete semunyori wenhau asi semutori wenhau. Mutori wenhau wechidiki George Seldes akanga ataura nezveHondo Yenyika I ye Chicago Tribune uye akazova mukuru webepa reBerlin Bureau. Kutanga muna 1921, Seldes akafukidza Soviet Union yakanga ichangotanga kwemakore maviri nyaya dzake dzekudzvinyirirwa kwevasiri maBolshevik dzisati dzaita kuti adzingwe kunze kwenyika.
Seldes akaenderera mberi achienda kuItari, asi mushure memakore maviri akatiza zvinotyisa - munjodzi yaive pedyo nekuda kwekutaura kwake kwakaomarara nezvemudzvanyiriri wefascist Benito Mussolini, aivenga kutapa nhau kwakazvimirira sezvakaita Vladimir Lenin.
Mushure mekunetsana nekudzvinyirirwa mhiri kwemakungwa, Seldes akashorawo zvirambidzo zvecapitalist zvaitenderedza zvirimo. wechuru kuti ikwane muridzi wayo akapfuma, Col. Robert McCormick. Pakasvika ma1930, Seldes akanga abuda ari oga, achinyora mabhuku akadai saโLords of the Press,โ โMaidi NechiFascist,โ โIzvi Zvinhu Zvingagona Kuvapo!โ uye โMusamboneta Nokuratidzira.โ Uye muna 1940 akatanga magazini yokutanga inobudiswa nguva dzose yokutsoropodza kwezvinobudisa nhau.
Kwemakore gumi akazara, Seldes 'vhiki nevhiki Saizvozvo, yakadhindwa muchimiro chetsamba yetsamba, nzira dzakapfuta dzakaratidza kupisa pamusoro pemiitiro youori yepepanhau reUnited States. Achipikisa zvakananga simba revaridzi vakapfuma nevashambadziri, Seldes akashora nhepfenyuro yenhau sezvo yaitarisira kuburitswa kwaibatsira kusimba kwefascist muEurope, varidzi vefekitori vane hutsinye kumba, kuita purofiti muhondo, indasitiri yefodya nemamwe mabhizinesi akashata.
Vasingaregi uye vane tsika, George Seldes nemukadzi wake Helen - kubva patafura yavo yekubikira - vakavaka Saizvozvo kusvika pakuparadzirwa kwemakopi 175,000 1950. Asi kuuya kweMcCarthyism, achibatsirwa neFBI yaJ. Edgar Hoover, kwakaunza mushandirapamwe wekushungurudzwa uye kutyisidzirwa kune vakanyoresa izvo zvakamanikidza kuvharwa kwekubudiswa muna XNUMX.
Torch yakapfuudzwa kune mumwe mutori wenhau akasindimara akazvimiririra, IF Stone. Kunyange zvisingaite pachena mukutsoropodza vezvenhau, I.F. Stone's Weekly, yakatangwa muna 1953, yakatangira kupi Saizvozvo kusiyiwa.
Maonero asina kujeka aStone akazivisa basa rake. โHurumende yese inotungamirwa nevanoreva nhema, uye hapana chavanotaura chinofanira kutendwa,โ akadaro. Kusava nechokwadi kwakadaro kwakatevera chokwadi - uye chinangwa chedemocracy yemvumo yechokwadi yevanotongwa. Stone akaramba akabatikana kuburitsa hunyengeri hwakakosha hwaishambadzira midhiya.
Kufanana nevamwe vazhinji, ndakasvika pakuona mutsauko mukuru pakati pezvandakaona pasi uye kufukidzwa kwaivepo - kana kusipo - munhau dzemakambani makuru. Nzira yangu pachangu yakanditungamira kuti ndive mutsoropodzi wenhau muma1980, mushure memakore anopfuura gumi ekubatanidzwa mukutora nhau kwakasanganiswa nekuratidzira.
Gare gare, ndakadzidza nezvebasa rekuda rekutsoropodzwa nevezvenhau naUpton Sinclair, George Seldes uye IF Stone. Ndakakura ndichiziva kutambura kwavo sevanyori vaikweverwa mukurwisa vezvenhau vemakambani venguva yavo.
Ndakaita rombo rakanaka kusangana naGeorge Seldes. Rimwe zuva richidziya rechirimo muna 1988, ndakatyaira nomuruwa rweNew England naMartin A. Lee, panguva iyoyo mupepeti wemagazini yacho. Zvakawedzera!, rakabudiswa neboka rinoona nezvenhau, Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR), rinoramba riri mutsivi wemazuva ano ane simba. Saizvozvo. Takanga takananga kushanyira Seldes, panguva iyoyo aiva nemakore 97 uye tichigara tiri toga muimba mutaundi duku reVermont.
Kwemaawa matanhatu, Seldes akatigamuchira nenyasha apo achigovera ndangariro dzakajeka dzebasa rake rokutora nhau. Aive nendangariro dzakajeka dzekuzvitaura pachake pamusoro pezviitiko zvakakosha zvepasirese kure sekupera kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Patafura mune rimwe kamuri pakanga pane chigero chihombe chiri pamusoro pemurwi wezvimedu; akanga achiri kucheka zvinyorwa mumapepanhau. "Kune zvakawanda zvekuisa mafaira," akadaro. "Ini handikwanise kufambidzana navo."
Sezvo ini naMartin takazonyora (mubhuku redu "Unreliable Sources"), "Seldes akaramba ari mumiriri weAmerica mune yakanakisa pfungwa, achibatanidza kusazvibata, kuzvimiririra kunotyisa, tsika yehungwaru nekuzvipira kusingazununguki kune kururamisira munharaunda. Kwatiri aive kurudziro mhenyu, mumwe munhu aive nechivimbo chakanyanya musimba repfungwa uye kugona kwevanhu kuona kuburikidza nehunyengeri hwevezvematongerwo enyika uye vaongorori vezvenhau. Seldes haana kumborega kudavira kuti musimboti wenzanga inotongwa neruzhinji mugari akajekerwa, ane ruzivo rwakakwana.โ
Kutenda kwakasimba kwakadaro ndiko kunoita kuti kushoropodzwa nevezvenhau - uye kutapa nhau kwakazvimirira chaiko - kwakakosha kune ramangwana renyika yedu.
Norman Solomon ndiye muvambi we RootsAction.org uye mutungamiriri wekutanga weInstitute for Public Accuracy. Mabhuku ake anosanganisira "Hondo Yakagadzirwa Nyore: Mapurezidhendi nemaPundits Vanoramba Vachitisunda Kufa." Ruzivo nezve documentary rinobva mubhuku riri pa www.WarMadeEasyTheMovie.org.
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