Michael Berube, purofesa wechiRungu paPenn State University, ave mugadziriso muChronicle yeDzidzo yepamusoro. Muchinyorwa chechangobva kuitika ('Ali vs. Hitchens: Hondo Kuruboshwe,' 3 Chivabvu), Berube anotiudza kuti anodzidza kukakavara mukati Kuruboshwe.
Dai Nader akawana zvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana muna 2000, Berube angadai akafara 'kwete nekuti ini ndaitsigira Nader, asi nekuti ndaida kuona Green Party ichiita gungano renyika, kuti ndione vegan-macrobiotic bapiro uye Mumia Abu-Jamal. bapiro rinoparadzana pamusoro pezvakanaka zvehutano kune varume nevakadzi vanotsiva vashandi kana chimwe chinhu chakadaro.'
Munzira dzakawanda kusachena kwaBerube mumutsara mumwe chete kunofanira kumuzodza saJames Watt wakasununguka.
Kupfuura izvozvo, Berube's derivative wit inoburitsa yake yake Rorty-esque chiono chezvematongerwo enyika: zvese izvi zvematongerwo enyika zvichibva pazvakaputsika zvitupa zvinopa chikafu chekuseka, asi harisi iro simba repasi rose risina kuvharwa riri fungidziro yezvimwe zvikamu zvechena Kuruboshwe. Messy rondedzero yevatori vechikamu, mafambiro uye nyaya dzakatanga! Kuruboshwe kunosimbiswa nekusimba kweaya akaparadzana uye akabatana kurwisana, kwete kuneteswa nazvo.
Ichi hachisi chiitiko chechangobva kuitika, asi, kutora muenzaniso mumwechete, nhoroondo yeCommunism yeUS panguva yePopular Front imwe yemakirabhu emitauro-yerudzi (Finnish Club, Yiddish Club) iyo yakabvumira kukura kwesimba rebato uye kune. kujekeswa kwetsika dzemitauro netsika mune imwe nzira inokasharara yekuenzanisa tsika.
Asi kudzokera kuAli vs. Hitchens nyaya. Handina kuona Tariq Ali naChristopher Hitchens vachikakavadzana nezviitiko zvemwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura, asi ndakaverenga bhuku idzva raAli (The Clash of Fundamentalisms, Verso, 2002) uye zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa naHitchens musi wa9/11. uye Hondo yeChishanu yeAfghan. Berube anoratidza misiyano yavo nenzira yakaoma asi inotsausa, 'Mitsetse yehondo yakanga yakajeka kubva pakutanga: VaHitchens vakasara vakapfava paAmerican imperialism, uye Ali akasiya akapfava paIslam radicalism.
Uyu ndiwo mutsara wekupisa zvekuti vapepeti veChronicle vakaisarudza sekutaura kwavo. Hitchens haisi 'yakapfava' pane imperialism, nekuti kudzivirira kwake kwazvino kwehondo kunoratidza kuti anotsigira chiito che imperialist kana chikaburitsa zvakasununguka.
Kana kupindira kuchikwanisa kudzinga iyo Taliban kana Milosevic, saka ngazvive zvakadaro, zvisinei nemubhadharo kune tsika dzepasirese kana kunyange nevavariro dzakaipa dze imperialism. Iko hakuna chinhu 'chakapfava' pamusoro pekumbundira kwaHitchens kwemabhomba eUSAF apo vairima nzira yavo nemumaruwa eAfghan. Akamira padivi achipururudza MaSpecial Forces.
Kune ani zvake akamboverenga basa guru raAli, kana kunyange zvinyorwa zvakawanda kubvira 9/11 (zvakanyorerwa UK's Guardian, uye kazhinji zvichiitwa paInternet neZNet neCounterpunch), chirevo chekuti 'akapfava paIslamic radicalism' ndeye. chinoshamisa.
Kana ne 'Islamic radicalism' Berube zvichireva iwo maitiro muIslam anoti anodzokera kunobva, kuQuran uye nguva yechinhu chero chipi zvacho kusvika kuna Caliph wechina (seWahabbite neTaliban), saka hapana kupokana kuti Ali mutsoropodzi akatsunga mafungu aya. Kana Berube achireva maRadicals ari maMuslim, Ali atova mutsoropodzi ari pachena.
Bhuku rake rinosanganisira tsamba inofamba kune mumwe muMuslim wechidiki muEngland uyo akapikisa Ali nezveIslam. Pakupera kwetsamba, Ali anopa chirongwa chinotevera chekuita:
"Tiri kuda chaizvo Shanduko yeIslam inotsvaira kupenga kwekuchengetedza uye kumashure kweiyo fundamentalism asi kupfuura izvozvo, inovhura nyika yeIslam kune pfungwa itsva dzinoonekwa sedzinofambiswa mberi kupfuura izvo zvino kupihwa kubva kuMadokero. Izvi zvingada kupatsanurwa kwakasimba kwehurumende nemosque; kuparara kwevafundisi; kutaura kwevazivi vechiMuslim pamusoro pekodzero yavo yekududzira zvinyorwa zvinova zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa zvetsika dzechiIslam chose; rusununguko rwokufunga zvakasununguka uye zvine musoro uye rusununguko rwokufungaโ (p. 312-313).
Kushevedzera kune simba kwakadaro kumaoko hakungonyengerera avo vanoda kurwisa hugandanga hweWahabbite, asiwo kutya kweHindutva, kwechiKristu chechokwadi uye cheSharonism. Iyo theo-zvematongerwo enyika yenguva yedu inotsanangurwa zvakanaka naAli, uye iri kure necaricature yakagadzirwa naBerube.
I. Pamusoro peChitendero.
Bhuku raTariq Ali rinotanga nemutsara usingakanganwiki ('Handina kumbobvira ndatenda muna Mwari') uye obva atanga mukukurukurirana kwakanyatsonaka kwehukama hwake neIslam. Kunyange zvazvo vabereki vake vakaramba Mwari nokuda kweChimurenga, akakurira munzvimbo umo Islam yakaita basa rinokosha. Akazvarwa nguva pfupi yapfuura Kupatsanurwa kweiyo subcontinent, Ali aigara munyika yakagadzirirwa kuve yevaMuslim uye saka kunyangwe kubhenda kwake kwekusatenda Mwari hakwaigona kunzvenga nyika yeIslam.
Asi, sekutaura kwaanoita, hazvina kuzosvika paGulf War (yaanodaidza kuti Third Oil War, kunyangwe izvi zvichiregeredza zvinodaidzwa kuti Hondo dzeDrugs muSouth America dziri zvakare nezvemafuta) paakafarira Islam. Kushungurudzika nekudzika kunobata vakuru vanoreurura vakabatwa pamusoro pevaMuslim, Ali akazvibvunza mubvunzo unoronga nzira yake yekutenda mubhuku rake, 'Nei Islam yakanga isati yapinda muReformation?' (p. 23).
Zvidzidzo zvake zvinotiratidza kuti kwemazana manomwe emakore ekutanga ekuvapo kwayo, chiIslam chaive tsika ine simba - ine 'kunzwa kwakajeka kwaJacobin' mumakore ekutanga (p. 24), Islam 'yakabudirira kuburikidza nekubatana nedzimwe tsika' (p. 38).
Kubatana kwacho hakuna kuuya kubva kuchiJudha nechiKristu chete, asiwo kubva mubasa revazivi kubva kuzvikoro zvekare zveAlexandria, kubva kuNeoplatonists (kunyanya muSufism), kubva mukutsanangurwa kwebasa revaGiriki vekare, uye izvi zvese kubva mumagariro akaomarara. nyika yeArab Spain neArab Sicily.
Isu tinowana muono wakanakisa weambit yenyanzvi yePezhiya Ibn Sina, weCordoban muzivi Ibn Rusd, weArab psychologist Ibn Sirin - bhuku rakakosha kune aya macameo chete. Tinogona kuwedzera kune iyi runyorwa, kusangana kwakasimba pakati peIslam netsika dzehuzivi dzepasi, dzinowanikwa mugwaro rakajekeswa rekutonga kwaMughal Emperor Akbar, Ain-i-Akbari (1596) apo munyori, Abul Fazl, anopa chinyorwa. prรฉcis of the social contract angangoita zana John Locke asati.
Kuti Ali haapindure zvakananga mubvunzo waanozvigadzirira angaratidzika seutera hwechikamu chekutanga chebhuku.
Ini, zvakadaro, ndinofunga kuti mhinduro ndeiyi: kuti chiIslam chakave neshanduko munzvimbo dzakaita seCordoba kana kumwewo muIndia, asi kushanduka kwenhoroondo (kureva, reconquista yepeninsula nevakuru veKatorike vachangobatana veAragon. uye Castile; kana kuti kubatwa chibharo kwechiRungu colonialism) kwakanetesa divi rinofambira mberi reIslam uye kwakasimbisa vanochengetedza (kuzomiririrwa makore mazana matatu gare gare neWahhabism yeSaudi Arabia neDeobandis yeIndia).
Iye 'Ali akasara' anotora fomula yaLenin kune chitendero nevatibatsiri vedu vanotenda. โKubatana muiyi hondo yechimurenga chaizvoizvo yeboka rakadzvinyirirwa nokuda kwokusikwa kweparadhiso yapasi,โ akanyora kudaro muna 1905, โkunokosha zvikuru kwatiri kupfuura chinzwano chendangariro chavakuru pamusoro peparadhiso yokudenga.
Pfungwa yacho haisi yokupokana dzidziso uye kuramba kukosha kwezvokunamata uye zvechitendero, asi ndeyekupikisa pfungwa yokuti chitendero chinofanira kuva nechokuita munharaunda yenyika yehupenyu hwezvematongerwe enyika. Kuruboshwe kwepasirese kunofanirwa kuve kwakazvipira kune masangano edemocracy (kuenzana kwemagariro nevakadzi, kufambira mberi kwehupfumi mumagariro evanhu uye iko chaiko kugadzwa kwesimba rakakurumbira) uye ideological democracy (hurukuro dzedemocracy, welfare, equality).
Sezvatinorwira chirongwa ichi, mutori wenhau weIndia uye muratidziri Achin Vanaik anopokana, machechi anofanirwa 'kudzidza nzvimbo yawo mumwaka mutsva uyu.'
Zvitendero โhazvina simba rinovatungamirira kuti vatsigire kana kusimbisa zviga zvemazuvano zvezvizhinji uye democracy. Zvitendero zvenyika masangano akaumbwa munhau ane zviratidzo zvokuumbwa ikoko. Asi ikoku hakurevi kuti havawirirani neidzi nheyo dzazvino uno.โ
Zvakatopesana, ibasa revenyika-socialist kuti vabatane nemasangano ezvitendero kuti vasaratidze 'kushivirira kwavo' hunhu (nzvimbo yakasununguka), asi kurwisa kuvaita demokrasi uye kuwanda kana vachizove vakakodzera mune. nyika yanhasi. Kusvika pari zvino mafambiro echinyakare echinyakare atadza kuita kuti apinde muchizvinozvino uye kutsoropodza kwawo hakufanirwe kuvhiringika sechinzvimbo chekupokana nechitendero.
II. PaMafuta.
MuAmerica, 'Saudi Arabia' inonzi 'mafuta.'
Tinogona kutaura kuti dambudziko reIslam yemazuva ano rakatanga apo mafuta akayerera kubva pasi pedenga rerenje kuti avake, izvo zvakanzi nemunyori weSaudi Arabia akasarudzika, asi akadzingwa Abdelrahman Munif "maguta emunyu."
Kana zvisina kudaro, tinogona kutaura kuti zvakatanga apo Mutungamiri weUnited States Eisenhower namambo weSaudi vakasaina chibvumirano muna Ndira 1957 chakaita kuti dziviriro yepeninsula ive chikamu chekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kweUS. Chero kwakabva dambudziko mune inodaidzwa kuti Middle East, basa reSaudi Arabia semutambi wepakati rakaoma kuramba.
Eisenhower Dzidziso inobvuma kuti maSaudis imbiru yakakosha yeUS imperialism; Basa raOsama Bin Laden rakapokana pasi rose kubvira 1990-91 rine chekuita nekutonga kwemhuri yeSaudi pamusoro penzvimbo dzinoyera dzeIslam; uyezve, kukura kwemurwi, Wahhabite Islam munzvimbo dzemafuta uye kumwe kunhu imhaka yekuedza kweSaudi kuendesa kunze chimiro chayo chesocial conservatism kuti iparadze Nasserite yayo (kana mhedziso yenyika) uye kushora kweCommunist. Kushivirira kweArabia chikamu chakakosha chechirwere chedu chazvino.
Apo Gamel Abdul Nasser's Free Officers pavakatora simba muEgypt muna 1952, vakatumira shoko kumativi ose enyika dzemafuta kuti 'Mafuta eArab ndeevanhu vechiArabu,' kana sekutaura kwakaita vapikisi veCommunist pasina tsauvinism yemarudzi, mafuta anofanira kushandiswa munyika dzevanhu. kufarira. Izvi zvaisagona kubvumidzwa, kana nevatongi vemafuta vemazuva ano kana nemadzishe avo eumambo.
Humambo hweBritain husati hwabuda pabasa rekuita kumadokero kweAsia, hwakamisa nhevedzano yemadzimambo akaumbwa kubva kuvakuru vakavimbika veSaudi - vakaita sedzinza reIbn Saud (panguva iyoyo chete Sultan weNejd) kuenda kumukuru weSaudi Arabia (1915). uye ipapo vanakomana veHashimite Emir Hussein, muchengeti wenzvimbo tsvene muArabia, kuzvigaro zveJorodhani (Abdullah, muna 1921) neIraq (Faisal, muna 1921), tisingatauri nezvekurima kweushamwari nemhuri yePehlavi. muIran (Colonel Reza Khan wePersian Cossack Brigade akagadzira dzinza rePehlavi mushure mekupokana muna 1925).
Zvakanga zviri mukuda kweava petro-Sheikhs kuti varambe vari musimba, uye vakatengesa kutenderwa kwavo kwenyika kune imperialism chero bedzi zvigaro zvavo zvoumambo zvairamba zvisina kukanganiswa. Mubatanidzwa une mafuta uyu wakarima uye wakapa mari mauto ekurudyi echiIslam mafungu kuti adzikisire hutongi hwejekerere neCommunism kubva kuEgypt kuenda kuIran nekumwe.
Muedzo mukuru wekutanga weiyi zano wakauya panguva yekupidigura kweCIA-Pehlavi kwemutungamiri weIran akatsamira kuruboshwe Mossadeq (1953): yakashanda, uye yakaramba ichishanda muAfghanistan (1979 zvichienda mberi) nekumwewo.
Chikamu chechipiri chebhuku raAli ('Makore Ane zana Ehuranda') chinopa kiyi yekukura kwechiIslam chinorwisa, uye nekudaro, kurasikirwa kwesimba rinofambira mberi mukati metsika.
Muzana ramakore rechi 18, Ibn Saud weNejd naIbn Wahhab vakasaina mithaq, chibvumirano chinosunga kusingagumi kuti vakohwe simba remweya raIbn Wahhab mukushandira vavariro yezvematongerwe enyika yaIbn Saud.
'Ndizvo zvakaiswa hwaro hwehukama hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwekureurura hwaizoumba zvematongerwo enyika peninsula. Uku kusanganiswa kwekuda kwechitendero, hutsinye hwemauto, huipi hwezvematongerwo enyika uye kumanikidzana kwevakadzi kuti vasimbise mibatanidzwa ndiyo yaiva nheyo yedzinza rinotonga Saudi Arabia nhasiโ (p. 75).
Kutora kubva kumunyori wenhau Munif uye mudetembi Qabbani, Ali anopa maonero epanoramic yekuparadzwa kwezana ramakore rapfuura, kubva pakubatanidzwa kweSaudis (iyo 'umambo hwehuori') kusvika pakuparara kweIraq yaSaddam Hussein.
Zvitsauko zvakanyorwa zvakanaka uye zvine mutsindo, asi munhu anopotsa kuvepo kwetroika (imperialism, petro-Sheikhs, maJihadis anopokana) kana kungovawana pano neapo sevatambi uye kwete sevatakuri vekuparadzwa kwemaitiro eWest Asia. uye kuchamhembe kweAfrica.
Muchikamu cheIraq, Ali anopokana kuti kuita kwemaimpiriyamu hakupesani ne'hegemon yeIraq,' kana 'munondo weIslam' mudetembo remwana wamambo weKuwait risati rasvika 1990 (p. 138), chokwadi kuti kubhomba kwaiitwa nechisimba. yeIraq 'haideredze asi inobereka hutsotsi, nevaya vanohushandisa.
Hondo dzeGulf neBalkan mienzaniso yemabhuku ehunhu husina kujeka hwekusvinurira kwakasarudzika' (p. 150), uye zvakare, 'kusanganiswa kwehasha nekupererwa kuchaita kuti vechidiki vawande munyika dzeArab nekumwewo vanzwe kuti. mhinduro chete kuhugandanga hwehurumende kutya munhu wega wega' (p. 153).
Ruzhinji rwevarume gumi nevapfumbamwe pa9/11 vakabva kuSaudi Arabia, vakashonga kwete chete neWahabbism, asi zvakanyanya nekupokana kwakadzama kune US imperialism (kazhinji inochinjirwa muruvengo rwevaAmerica) - sezvo hutongi hweSaudi husingatenderi chero kutaura kweizvi. ruvengo, nzira dzounyanzvi dzakagamuchirwa naava varume vasina simba dzaizova dzinotyisa.
Tichifunga nezve basa rakatanhamara rakaitwa ne imperialism mukuvakwa kwedambudziko, zvinoita sekunge zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti ndiyo imwechete imperialism iyo ikozvino ichakwanisa kugadzirisa zvinhu. Apa ndipo pane chinzvimbo cheHitchens chakashata zvakanyanya.
Iye 'Ali akasiya' (kana paine mumwe wandinobata kadhi kwairi) anorwisa iyo troika ye imperialism, petro-Sheikhs uye vanopikisa jihadis. Zvepachokwadi zvepanyika, iye 'Ali akasiya' anorwa dzidziso dzemitsetse yega yega, marudzi ese echokwadi, zvese zvehumwari uye zvemusika zvakasiyana kamwechete.