Annie Jacobsenโs new book is called Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America. It isnโt terribly secret anymore, of course, and it was never very intelligent. Jacobsen has added some details, and the U.S. government is still hiding many more. But the basic facts have been available; theyโre just left out of most U.S. history books, movies, and television programs.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, mauto eUS akabhadhara mazana gumi nematanhatu vaimbove masayendisiti echiNazi navanachiremba, kusanganisira vamwe vevashandi vepedyo vaAdolf Hitler, kusanganisira varume vane mhosva yekuuraya, hutapwa, uye kuyedza kwevanhu, kusanganisira varume vakasungirwa mhosva dzehondo, varume vakasunungurwa pamhosva dzehondo, uye varume vasina kumbomira mukutongwa. Vamwe vevaNazi vakaedzwa kuNuremberg vanga vatove vachishandira iyo US chero kuGerman kana iyo US pamberi pekutongwa. Vamwe vakachengetedzwa kubva munguva yavo yapfuura nehurumende yeUS kwemakore, sezvo vaigara nekushanda muBoston Harbour, Long Island, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, Alabama, nekumwewo, kana kuendeswa nehurumende yeUS kuArgentina kuvadzivirira pakutongwa. . Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvekuyedza zvakaiswa mumatanho azvo kuti zvirege kufumura zvakapfuura zveasainzi akakosha eUS. Vamwe vevaNazi vakaunzwa vaive vanyengeri vaive vazvipfuudza ivo sesainzi, vamwe vacho vakazo dzidza minda yavo vachishandira mauto eU.S.
Vagari vemuGerman vekuGerman mushure meHondo Yenyika II vakazivisa kuti ongororo dzese dzechiuto kuGerman dzaizomiswa, sechikamu chedanho. Asi iko kutsvagurudza kwakaenderera mberi nekukura muchivande, pasi pesimba reUS, kuGerman uye muUnited States, sechikamu chehurongwa icho chinokwanisika kuona sekuzora. Kwete masayendisiti chete akatorwa. Vaimbove vasori veNazi, vazhinji vacho vaimbove SS, vakapihwa basa neUS muhondo yapashure pehondo kuGerman kunosora - nekutambudza - maSoviet.
Mauto eUS akachinja munzira dzakawanda apo vaimbove maNazi vakaiswa munzvimbo dzakakurumbira. Aive maNazi rocket masayendisiti akakurudzira kuisa mabhomba enyukireya pamaroketi uye vakatanga kugadzira iyo inopindirana baraistic missile. Aive mainjiniya eNazi aive akagadzira imba yaHitler pazasi peBerlin, iye zvino akagadzira nhare dzepasi pehurumende yeUS muCatoctin neBlue Ridge Mountains. Vanozivikanwa vanoreva nhema veNazi vakashandiswa nemauto eU.S. kunyora zvinyorwa zvakavanzika zvehungwaru vachinyepera kutyisidzira kweSoviet. Masayendisiti eNazi akagadzira mapurogiramu eAmerica emakemikari uye ezvombo, achiunza ruzivo rwavo rwe tabun uye sarin, tisingatauri thalidomide - uye kuda kwavo kuyedza kwevanhu, iyo mauto eUS neCI ichangogadzirwa yeCIA vakaita nyore pamwero mukuru. Pfungwa dzese dzisinganzwisisike uye dzinotyisa dzekuti munhu angaurayiwa sei kana uto rakadzikiswa raifarira kutsvagurudza kwavo. Zvombo zvitsva zvakagadzirwa, kusanganisira VX uye Agent Orange. Dhiraivha nyowani yekushanyira uye kushandisa zvombo nzvimbo yekunze yakasikwa, uye vaimbove maNazi vakagadzwa maneja wesangano nyowani inonzi NASA.
Kufunga zvehondo zvechigarire, kufunga kwehondo kusingagumi, uye kufunga kwehondo kwekufungidzira uko sainzi netekinoroji zvakafukidza kufa nekutambura, zvese zvakaenda zvakanyanya. Mumwe aimbova weNazi paakataura nechikafu chemadzimai paRochester Junior Chamber of Commerce muna 1953, musoro wenyaya yacho waive wekuti โBuzz Bomb Mastermind to Address Jaycees Today.โ Izvo hazvinzwika sezvisinganzwisisike kwatiri, asi zvinogona kunge zvakavhundutsa chero munhu anogara muUnited States chero nguva Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga. Tarisa izvi Walt Disney chirongwa cheterevhizheni featuring a former Nazi who worked slaves to death in a cave building rockets. Before long, President Dwight Eisenhower would be lamenting that โthe total influence โ economic, political, even spiritual โ is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government.โ Eisenhower was not referring to Nazism but to the power of the military-industrial complex. Yet, when asked whom he had in mind in remarking in the same speech that โpublic policy could itself become the captive of a scientific-technological elite,โ Eisenhower named two scientists, one of them the former Nazi in the Disney video linked above.
Sarudzo yekupinza chiuru nemazana matanhatu evakuru vesainzi-yesainzi-tekinoroji muuto reUS yakatungamirwa nekutya kweUSSR, zvese zvine musoro uye mhedzisiro yekunyepedzera kutya. Sarudzo yakavapo nekufamba kwenguva uye yaive chigadzirwa chemafungiro mazhinji akatsauswa. Asi iyo bhuru yakamira neMutungamiri Harry S Truman. Henry Wallace, akafanotungamira Truman semutevedzeri wemutungamiriri wenyika uyo watinoda kufungidzira angadai akatungamira nyika munzira iri nani pane zvakaitwa naTruman semutungamiriri wenyika, akatosundira Truman kuhaya maNazi chirongwa chebasa. Zvingave zvakanaka kune indasitiri yeAmerica, akadaro gamba redu rinofambira mberi. Vari pasi paTruman vakapokana, asi Truman akasarudza. Sezvo mabits eOperation Paperclip akazozivikanwa, iyo American Federation of Scientists, Albert Einstein, nevamwe vakakurudzira Truman kuti ipedze. Nyukireya physicist Hans Bethe newaaishanda naye Henri Sack vakabvunza Truman:
โKo chokwadi chekuti maGerman angangoponesa nyika mamirioni emadhora zvaireva here kuti pekugara nekusingaperi ugari hunogona kutengwa? United States yaigona here kutarisira [masayendisiti eGerman] kushandira runyararo apo ruvengo rwavo rwakadzidziswa pamusoro pevaRussia vanogona kupa kuwedzera kupesana pakati pemasimba makuru? Hondo yaive yarwirwa here kubvumidza dzidziso yeNazi kuti ipinde mumasangano edu edzidzo nesainzi nemusuwo wekumashure? Tinoda sainzi pamutengo upi noupi here? โ
Muna 1947 Operation Paperclip, ichiri diki, yaive munjodzi yekumiswa. Panzvimbo iyoyo, Truman akachinja mauto eUS neNational Security Act, uye akagadzira mubatsiri akanakisa uyo Operation Paperclip angade: iyo CIA. Zvino chirongwa chakasimuka, nechinangwa uye nemaune, neruzivo rwakazara uye kunzwisisa kweiye Mutungamiriri weUS anga ataura seneta kuti kana maRussia vachikunda US vanofanirwa kubatsira maGerman, uyezve, kuona kuti vanhu vazhinji zvinogoneka akafa, mutungamiri mumwe chete uyo nehutsinye uye zvisina chinangwa akadonhedza mabhomba maviri enyukireya kumaguta eJapan, mutungamiri mumwe chete uyo akatiunzira hondo kuKorea, hondo isina kuzivisa, hondo dzakavanzika, hushe hwakawedzerwa hushe hwezvigadziko, zvakavanzika zvemauto mune zvese nyaya, humambo hutungamiriri, uye chivakwa chemauto-maindasitiri. Iyo US Chemical Warfare Service yakatora kudzidza kweGerman zvombo zvemakemikari pakupera kwehondo senzira yekuenderera iripo. George Merck akaongorora kutyisidzira kwemauto uye vakatengesa majekiseni ehondo kuti vabate. Hondo yaive bhizinesi uye bhizinesi raizove rakanaka kwenguva yakareba iri kuuya.
But how big a change did the United States go through after World War II, and how much of it can be credited to Operation Paperclip? Isnโt a government that would give immunity to both Nazi and Japanese war criminals in order to learn their criminal ways already in a bad place? As one of the defendants argued in trial at Nuremberg, the U.S. had already engaged in its own experiments on humans using almost identical justifications to those offered by the Nazis. If that defendant had been aware, he could have pointed out that the U.S. was in that very moment engaged in such experiments in Guatemala. The Nazis had learned some of their eugenics and other nasty inclinations from Americans. Some of the Paperclip scientists had worked in the U.S. before the war, as many Americans had worked in Germany. These were not isolated worlds.
Tichitarisa kunze kwematsotsi echipiri, anonyadzisa, uye akasimba ehondo, ko mhosva yehondo pachayo? Isu tinofungidzira United States seisina mhosva zvakanyanya nekuti yaifambisa maJapan mukurwisa kwekutanga, uye nekuti yakarovera vamwe vevakakundwa muhondo. Asi kuyedza kusasarura kungadai kwakapomerawo vanhu vekuAmerica. Mabhomba akadonhedza vanhuwo zvavo vakaurayiwa nekukuvadzwa nekuparadzwa kupfuura mamwe makambi evasungwa - misasa yaive kuGerman yakaenzanisirwa muchidimbu mushure memisasa yeUS kune vekuAmerican. Zvinokwanisika here kuti vesaenzi veNazi vakabatana muuto reUS zvakanyatsonaka nekuti institution yainge yatoita zvayakanga yaita kuPhilippines yakanga isiri mune iyo yakawanda kudikanwa kwekuzora?
Asi, neimwe nzira, isu tinofunga nezve kuputika kwemoto kwemaguta eJapan uye kuyerwa kwakakwana kwemaguta eGerman sekusagumbura zvakanyanya sekubhadharwa kwemasayendisiti eNazi. Asi chii chinotigumbura nezvemaNazi masayendisiti? Ini handifunge kuti zvinofanirwa kuve kuti ivo vakapinda mukuwuraya-mhondi kune yakashata divi, kukanganisa kwakaringana mune dzimwe pfungwa asi yavo yekupedzisira basa rekuuraya-vazhinji nerutivi kurudyi. Uye ini handifunge kuti zvinofanirwa kunge zviri zvachose kuti ivo vakapinda mukurwara kwevanhu kuedza uye kumanikidza basa. Ini ndinofunga zviito izvozvo zvinofanirwa kutigumbura. Asi zvakafanana kuvaka makomboti anotora zviuru zvehupenyu. Uye zvinofanirwa kutigumbura chero munhu waanoitirwa.
Zviri kuda kufungidzira nzanga yakabudirira kumwe kunhu pasi pano makore akati kubva ikozvino. Anobva kune imwe nyika akapfuura muuto reUS angakwanisa here kuwana basa? Ongororo ingadikanwa here? Vakanga vatambudza vasungwa here? Vanga varova drone-vana here? Vakanga vadzikisa dzimba here kana kupfura vanhuwo zvavo mune imwe nyika? Vakanga vashandisa masumbu emabhosi? Yapera uranium? Akachena phosphorus? Vakanga vamboshanda muhurongwa hwejeri reUS? Yevatorwa yekuvharira system? Rufu mutsara? Kudzokorora kwakadii kwaizodiwa? Panogona kunge paine imwe nhanho yekungoteedzera-maodha maitiro ayo anganzi anogamuchirwa? Zvingave nebasa here, kwete chete zvakaitwa nemunhu, asi nemafungiro avo nezvenyika?