Sam Mchombo
Pakati paNyamavhuvhu,
1999, vatungamiri venyika dziri muSouthern Africa Development
Sangano reSadc raita musangano kuMaputo, Mozambique. Yakabatwa nechekumashure
yekuderera kwehupfumi, kusawirirana kusingagadziriswe muAngola, kukakavara kwemukati mu
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) iri kutyisidzira kuparadza nyika dziri kuMabvazuva,
Pakati, uye Southern Africa muhondo yedunhu, dingindira remusangano
aigona kuve akanyorerwa zviri nyore kuti doom uye rima mudunhu. The
chinyorwa chekupemberera chete chakauya nenzira yekukorokotedza mashoko akaendeswa kuSouth
Africa neMalawi, yaimbove yekuitisa sarudzo dzepashure pehudzvanyiriri muna Kubvumbi,
izvo zvakavhura nzira yekuti VaThabo Mbeki vatore chigaro kubva kuna Nelson Mandela
mutungamiri; yekupedzisira kuita sarudzo dzekutanga muna Chikumi kubva munyika
Kudzokera kumatongerwo enyika akawanda, kudzosa mutevedzeri webato, Bakili Muluzi we
United Democratic Front kumutungamiri wenyika. United Democratic Front yakakundwa
mapato anopikisa ane vhoti shoma inosvika mazana matatu ezviuru,
izvo zvinonzi nemapato anopikisa zvakakonzerwa nekubirira uye kuedza kukwikwidza
mhedzisiro. Zvakabuda zvakamira, uye Bakili Muluzi neUnited Democtratic Front
akawana temu yechipiri munguva yezvematongerwo enyika akawanda muMalawi.
Zvinoshamisa,
mashoko ekukorokotedza akaendeswa kuMalawi aive akakosha kupfuura
chiitiko chingave charatidzwa. Nekuda kwehukuru hwayo (Malawi ndeimwe yema
nyika diki diki muAfrica nepasirese), kushaikwa kwemhasuru yehupfumi (Malawi
ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzine hurombo pasi rose), uye yaita nguva yazvino
sarudzo mavhiki mushure meSouth Africa (Malawi haina hurongwa
kukosha), kukanganisa kwezvidzidzo zvezvematongerwo enyika Malawi yakapa nyika
vaenda zvikuru vasingacherechedzwi. Kudzokorora kupfupi kunofanira kubatsira kuisa zvinhu mukati
maonero.
Zvaimbove izvo
Mudziviriri weBritish anonzi Nyasaland, Malawi yakawana rusununguko muna 1964 uye
yakava Republic muna 1966. Kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu mushure mekusununguka
nhoroondo, Malawi yaitongwa nehutongi hwehutongi hwemurume akazova wayo
kutanga Prime Minister, then President, then President-for-Life, nekukasika
kutevedzana, mushakabvu Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda. Mutungamiri Banda akarambidza
zvematongerwo enyika akawanda. Bato rake, Malawi Congress Party, ndiro rakava kutonga
uye bato repamutemo chete muMalawi. Aive Life President weparty uye
nyika, mukuru wehurumende uye nyika, mamiriro akaita kuti Malawi akakurumidza
slide mune de facto munhu mumwe chete. President Banda havana kupikisa.
Vatsoropodzi vekutonga kwake nemitemo, chaiyo kana, semunguva zhinji, zvinofungidzirwa, uye
pakanga pasina kushomeka kweiyo, yakanga yaisa pavari mamiriro akaomarara e
kuvharirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kana kuipa. Maitiro ake epamba, izvo zvakamuona achiwana ivhu
uye hupfumi pamutengo wevanhu vakatorerwa nyika, vakamanikidza capitalism pairi
Akanyanya kuipa saTony Green, mudzidzisi weBritish paYunivhesiti ye
Malawi mukutanga 70s, nenzira kwayo. Kuva dzinenge nyika
bhizinesi conglomerate paive nekushoropodzwa, uye kusagutsikana, neake
mitemo yehupfumi. Mutemo wake wekunze wekuchengetedza hukama hwekudyidzana ne
Apartheid South Africa, mutemo unonzi contact and dialogue, apo vamwe vose
nyika yakaedza kuzvibvisa kubva kuhurumende yakapanduka, uye, mberi,
vachimbundirana nemaPutukezi pavakanga vachirwisana nehondo
mauto enyika muMozambique neAngola, akamuisa mukupesana nenhengo
nyika dzeOrganisation of African Unity. Kuti Kamuzu Banda aive zvematongerwo enyika
maverick yakagamuchirwa dzidziso muAfrica. Chokwadi Kamuzu Banda aitambawo
kadhi rehondo inotonhora. Akaramba aine mutemo wakasimba wokupokana nemakomonisiti, izvo zvakaita kuti adiwe
kunyika dziri nhengo dzeNATO, kunyanya Great Britain, seyaimbova koloni
simba, uye United States.
Bands
kutonga pamusoro peMalawi kwaive kwakakwana, kubva kune vezvenhau kuburikidza nematare edzimhosva, ivo
zvechiuto, zvemutemo, kune vakuru vakuru vehurumende, mapurisa uye
zvemumba kune vekunze, nezvimwewo, izvo zvaive zvisingaite
kunyange kufungidzira abviswa pachigaro. Tarisiro yaive yekuti achadaro chete
kusiya simba pakufa kwake, mushure mezvo nyaya dzekuchinja kwaizoitika
kubatwa nayo. Tarisiro iyoyo haina kutambirwa nenyaya yekuti Kamuzu Banda
vakashandura bumbiro remitemo kuti vatore mhiko semutungamiri wehupenyu hwese, pamwe nekuwedzera
mamiriro ekuti panguva yekutonga kwake, pachange pasina Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weNyika, achivimbisa a
kupera kwesimba pakuenda kwake. Pasi pehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwaPresident Banda
kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakava chinhuwo zvacho muupenyu, chokwadi
inocherechedzwa muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana neAmnesty Imternational, Human Rights Watch, uye
mamwe masangano akazvipira kuongorora kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Noam Chomsky uye
Edward Herman mubhuku ravo ra1979, The Washington Connection uye Chechitatu
World Fascism. The Political Economy of Human Rights yakacherekedza, mukati meiyo
Kavha yepamusoro, kuti Malawi yaive imwe yenyika dziri kunze kwenzvimbo yeU.S
vanoita zvekurwadzisa pahwaro hwekutonga. Africa Watchs 1990 kudhindwa
inonzi Pane Kunyarara Kunotonga. Kudzvinyirirwa kweKupikisa muMalawi kwakapa zvakawanda
nezve kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwaiitwa hutongi hwaBanda. Sam Mpasu, a
aimbova musungwa wezvematongerwo enyika, anopa nzwisiso isingawanzoitiki, mune lucid prose, mune
kafkasque zvematongerwo enyika ehurumende yeBanda uye chokwadi chehupenyu muMalawi
misasa yevasungwa ine mukurumbira wakashata. Izvi zviri mubhuku rake risiri remanyepo, Political
Musungwa 3/75.
Malawis
kushaikwa kwehupfumi hwakasiyana, hune hupfumi hwakavakirwa zvachose pakurima uye
zviwanikwa zvave, kuburikidza nemakore, zvakashandurwa kuita kuti zvikwanise
varume vanotora chikamu mumabasa ekuenda kune dzimwe nyika, vachishandira stints mumapurazi nemumigodhi kuMaodzanyemba
Africa, Zimbabwe, neZambia (kunyanya panguva yeboom years of
kuchera mhangura). Kamuzu Banda pachake akafamba achienda kuSouth Africa, kuburikidza neZimbabwe,
muhuduku hwake, kushanda mumigodhi. Mune mamwe mazwi, Malawi ine,
sechinyakare, yaive nemufananidzo wenzvimbo yehupfumi, ichipa basa rakachipa kune yayo
vavakidzani. Munguva yeKamuzu Banda, kubuda kwacho kwakawedzerwa ne
kutama kwevakangwara avo, kuti vawane pfungwa dzakatsoropodza nekuongorora
unyanzvi, vaifungidzirwa kuti vaitsoropodza hurumende. Sezvo nhamba yavo yakatanga
kuwedzera huwandu hwemisasa yevasungwa yezvematongerwo enyika, avo vanogona kubuda uye
vakatsvaka kupotera kune dzimwe nyika. Malawi saka yanga iri nyika iyo, by and
huru, yakatsigirwa nevakadzi, avo vaivawo nemugove wavo wezvamatongerwe enyika
kusungwa. Kamuzu Banda akawedzera kushandisa mamiriro ezvinhu, achiunganidza
vakadzi muzvikwata zvake zvekutamba uye kushandisa masevhisi avo kuzviitira
kuchengeteka.
The
chidzidzo chekutanga icho Malawi ichangobva kupa chakauya nenzira yekubvisa
hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwakadzika midzi uye husingazungunuke hwaKamuzu Banda. Mu
kutanga kwe90s kwaive nekufamba kwakakwana kwepasi kwekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika uye
kudzoreredzwa kwetsika yedemocracy, iyo yakabata hutongi husingazive. With the
rutsigiro rwemabhishopu eKatorike uye kumanikidzwa kubva kune vanopa rubatsiro rwepasirese,
zvakafambiswa zviri nyore nekupera kwehondo yechando, hurumende yeKamuzu Bandas
yakazviwana pachayo isingakwanise kumisa fungu rekuchinja. Bandas vane zera rekukura, saka
mukupera kwake 80s kana kutanga 90s, uye kushaya simba kwehutano hwake, hwakagadzirirwa kudzikiswa.
yekubata kwake pamichina yehurumende. Muna 1993 Banda akabvuma kuisa iyo
nyaya yezvematongerwo enyika ine mapato akawanda kuenda kureferendamu inotariswa pasi rose. A 67%
kuvhota kwemapato akawanda kwakaunza Banda mumabvi ake uye muna Chivabvu 1994, mushure menguva pfupi
musarudzo dzemuSouth Africa, vanhu vekuMalawi vakapinda musarudzo dzekutanga dzakasununguka
sarudzo kubva nyika yawana kuzvitonga. Banda akatambidzwa kukundwa kwake kwekupedzisira uye nguva ye
zvematongerwo enyika zvine mapato akawanda, VaBakili Muluzi veUnited Democratic Front vari ivo
President, vakapinzwa mukati. Malawis transition from one-party dictatorship to
tsika yedemocracy yakanga, kazhinji, yakawaniswa ne, zvishoma, zvishoma
mhirizhonga munzanga kana kuita zvechiuto. Zvakanga zviri, kazhinji, zvine rugare zvinoshamisa,
saka zvisingaoneki uye zvisingashamisi. Mupiro wangu ku1998
vhoriyamu, Democratisatization muLate Twentieth-Century Africa, rakapepetwa naJean-Germain
Gross, inopa ruzivo rwakakodzera nezve shanduko kune demokrasi tsika mu
Marawi.
The
Hurumende yeMuluzi yakagara nhaka nyika iri mumatambudziko ehupfumi, mune zvematongerwo enyika
shanduko, uye inoda tsananguro yemaitiro matsva ehupfumi. Zvaitofanira kudaro
gadza zvakare misimboti yedemocracy, kusununguka kwehutongi, rusununguko rwe
vezvenhau, vanodzorera kuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye, zvinotokosha zvikuru, zvinodiwa
kukurudzira kukura kwehupfumi kuti shanduko ive nechinangwa. With the
vanokweretesa mari pasi rose, vakaita seWorld Bank neIMF vachinyorera
kumanikidzwa kumanikidzira kutengeserana kwemaindasitiri, nezvimwewo. VaMuluzi ndivo vakatotungamira
yakawedzera de-nyika yeindasitiri nekutengeserana, kukurudzira mahara
bhizinesi uye kukwezva mari. Ndiko mukusimudzira hupfumi uko Malawi iri
kutarisana nematambudziko akawedzera.
The
dambudziko guru rekufambira mberi kwehupfumi muMalawi riri mukuwedzera kushomeka kwe
icho chaicho Malawi yagara ichipa dzimwe nyika, kureva.,
zviwanikwa zvevanhu. Nepo kare izvi zvaive mhedzisiro yekutama, vazhinji
misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mamiriro acho ezvinhu akawedzerwa netapuro yeAIDS. Under Kamuzu
Banda, pakanga paine mukana wakakwana wokusazvibata kwetsika, zvichikuchidzirwa muchidimbu
Bandas kuonekwa pachena. Pazviitiko zvakadaro vakadzi vaiunzwa kubva
nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika kuti vamutambire, mushure mezvo vakashamwaridzana
maawa, asina kudzivirirwa kumibvunzo kubva kune vakaroorana nezvekunonoka kusvika. Izvi, zvakasanganiswa
kutekeshera kwemaitiro ekuwanda kwevadikani pabonde, hazvina kuita zvishoma
kuderedza kupararira kwezvirwere zvepabonde (STDs). Zvadaro, Bandas
puritanism yakaderedza nhaurirano yeruzhinji pamusoro penyaya dzepabonde, zvinotsanangurwa zvakafara. For
semuenzaniso, rwiyo rwaMarvin Gaye, runonzi Kuporesa Kwepabonde, rwakatadza kuridzwa
Malawi radio, nekuda kwezita. Kunonoka kukurukura nyaya dzepabonde,
apo neapo zvinojekeswa nekuongororwa kusingazive kwemabhuku ezvokurapa ezvekuzvara
uye gynecology, yakashandurwa mukunonoka kubvuma kwehuwandu hweAIDS
infestation uye zvinodiwa pachena pakusimudzira ruzivo rweAIDS uye
kudzivirira. Mukupera kwaChikunguru 1994, pasina mwedzi miviri mushure mekunge Bakili Muluzi atora chigaro
hurumende, zvakaziviswa nenhepfenyuro yeSouth Africa kuti mutungamiri weMalawi
vakanga vataura kuti 10% yevanhu vokuMalawi vaiva neHIV kana kuti AIDS. I
aive muJohannesburg, achishanyira zvikoro zvedzidzo muSouth Africa, uye akatambira
neshamwari refu, Southwood Ngoma, zvino mumiriri weMalawi
Consulate muJohannesburg. Achitaura nezvenyaya iyi, mudzimai wake akaratidza kusununguka
kuti nhamba dzacho dzakanga dzakaratidzirwa. Remonstration yangu kuti kunyika diki
yezviwanikwa zvishoma, uye nehuwandu hwevanhu vanodarika mamirioni gumi,
10% yakanga yakakwira zvisingagamuchirwi yakasangana necherechedzo iyo fungidziro yapfuura
yakanga yaisa nhamba dzakakwira kusvika ku33%, saka kudzokororwa kwepasi kwaive
chikonzero chemwero wakati wenyaradzo. Ichokwadi, kana nhamba dzaive dzakarurama. It
kwandiri zvaiita sokuti nhamba dzacho dzaingochengetedza chimiro chavo chokuva
kunge bikinis-inoratidza zvinonakidza maficha uchivhara zvakakosha
details. Huwandu hwakakosha hunoyerwa nehunhu huripo mu
Marawi. Musangano weSADC wakaitwa ndiri kuLilongwe, wakakokerwa zvakare
Southwood Ngoma, zvino adzokera kuMalawi. Ndichishanyira hofisi yake, ndakasangana neshamwari,
Paul Chikakula. Akanga ari mudzidzi paYunivhesiti yeMalawi pakupera kwe70s kusvika
kutanga 80s, panguva yangu yebasa semurairidzi ikoko. Kushandira Dhipatimendi re
Civil Aviation muchivako chimwe chetecho, akandikoka muhofisi yake. Nenzira isingadzivisiki,
Ndakasvika pakutaura nezvedzimwe shamwari dzake dzaaidzidza nadzo ndichishaya kuti dzaipi
vaiva nezvavaiita. Akandiratidza kuti kuMalawi, ndizvo
hakusi kuchenjera kubvunza kune shamwari dzisina kuonekwa kwenguva yakati. Sei?
Nokuti mibvunzo yacho yakaora mwoyo yakazoita kuti vaonekwe kuti vakanga vasisipo.
Uyezve, kune idzo shamwari dzaisangana zvisingaite, zvakazoitika kuti yavo
misangano yakanga iri zvikurukuru pamariro eshamwari. Huwandu hwakakonzerwa neAIDS
paMalawi nzanga yakakwira zvakanyanya, ine mhedzisiro isingaverengeki pamagariro
chimiro uye kufambira mberi kwehupfumi.
Zveupfumi,
kuparadzwa kwechikamu chinobereka kwazvo chevanhu, vadzidzisi, mapurisa,
vashandi vezvokurapa, vashandi vehurumende, nezvimwewo, zvinoreva kuti kunyange zvakanaka
mamiriro ekunze ekudyara, pane kungoshaya basa-simba, rinodzivisa
tarisiro yekudyara nekuda kwekutya kwakatenderedza kudzoka. Uyezve,
kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekugara kwe
mariro, zvino zvave kuitika zuva nezuva. Zvadaro, pane kuchinja mukati
nhamba dzevanhu. VaAlex Mkandawire vanove muzvinafundo paBunda College of Agriculture in
Lilongwe, parizvino ari kushanya mudzidzi paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuDavis,
zvakandiratidza nguva pfupi yadarika kuti mune mimwe misha zvinorwadza kuona kuti
vose varipo vakuru zvikuru navaduku zvikuru. Izvi zvave nezvimwe
mhedzisiro pachimiro chemhuri dzakatambanudzwa uye mabasa ayo
izvi, maererano netsika, zvakaunza pamwe chete. Nokuwedzera kwenherera.
iyo sisitimu inozviona yakaomerwa uye vanhu vazhinji vari kusiya yavo
mabasa, kubuda mukuchengeta nherera, vana vehanzvadzi, nezvimwewo.
The
Kukanganisa kweAIDS kwave kwakadaro zvokuti Malawi, nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda dziri muZimbabwe
mudunhu, vanofanirwa kuchengetedza nekukurumidza kugadzira kwevashandi vakadzidziswa kutsiva iyo
vakarasikirwa nevashandi, basa risingabviri kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka. A
kongiri muenzaniso unofanira kushanda kujekesa dambudziko. President Bakili Muluzi
akaedza kuzadzikisa vimbiso yake yemushandirapamwe yedzidzo yepuraimari pachena. Muna 1997,
pakushanya kwemhuri, ndakaenda kuchikoro changu chepuraimari chekare chinonzi Chombo, chaitungamirirwa na
Chechi yeAnglican mudunhu reNkhotakota. Kugadzirira kusvika giredhi 8, chikoro
yakanga isina zvivakwa, nemakirasi aiitirwa pachena pasi pemiti, mabhodhi
akarembera pamiti, pasina manotsi kana mapenzura evadzidzi, kana kunyange choko.
Kushaikwa kwezvivakwa zvinogarwa uye zvokunyora zvinogona, sezvinobvira, kukurirwa.
Zvisinei, chinetso chikuru chechikoro ichocho, chinodzokororwa munyika yose, chinopfuurira
kunze kwekushaikwa kwezvishandiso zvakakwana kana zvokunyora—hakuna vadzidzisi.
Chikoro ichi chakanyanya kubudirira pavadzidzisi vakasiya basa avo vaifanira kudhindwa patsva
service. Kudzorera zvikoro zvakadaro nevadzidzisi vakadzidziswa panguva iyo AIDS
iri kuramba ichiparadza nyika itarisiro isina tariro. Mamiriro acho anoenderera mberi
kutambudza zvikamu zvose zvemabasa ehupfumi. Kusamira zvakanaka kwehupfumi hwatovepo
ine simba pakuongorora kwevanhu vedemocracy. Munguva pfupi yapfuura
United Nations yakasarudza kukurukura nhaurirano yeAIDS mukati mehurongwa hwe
nyaya dzekuchengetedza, kudunhu rekumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, kukanganisa kweAIDS kwakanyanya
yakabatana nekukurumidza kuita kwehupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika
mhedzisiro inokonzerwa nekushaikwa kwebudiriro yehupfumi. KuMalawi chaiko
makorokoto achauya kana zvidzidzo zvayapa pamusoro pekuchinja kubva
hutongi hwejekerere kune democracy, uye kuita shanduko yedemocracy, inogona kuva
ichiperekedzwa nekuita kwakanaka kwehupfumi. Kuzadzisa izvi, dzidzo yeAIDS,
kuziva, kudzivirira, uye kurapwa, zvisingadzivisiki, zvinoumba mamiriro anodiwa.