Vatungamiri veAmerica havadzidzisi zvidzidzo kubva kare. Vasati vasarudza hondo muIraq, hutungamiriri hwaBush hungadai hwakaita pundutso kubvunza aimbove Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara 1995 memoir, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam kana kuona Fog of War, iyo yakanyatso gadzira Errol Morris documentary ine aimbove Kennedy Administration Whiz Kid. . Mumashoko ake pachake McNamara 'akaisa pamberi pevanhu veAmerica nei hurumende yavo nevatungamiri vayo vakaita sezvavakaita uye izvo zvatingadzidza kubva pane zvakaitika kwavari.'
Kuti azvisunungure kubva kumakumi matatu emakore ekuzviunganidzira mhosva uye panguva imwe chete achibhururuka uye achizvidzivirira, McNamara anopa nyaya yemukati kubva kumurume akamhanya Hondo yeVietnam pasi pehutungamiriri hwaKennedy naJohnson (1961-8). Zvese zviri zviviri kutyisa kwake kwehondo pachayo uye nemhinduro yebato rinopesana nehondo zvakakurudzira uyu aimbove nyanzvi yeHarvard uye Ford Motor Company CEO kuti ataure. Asi kuita kwakashata kuHondo yeVietnam, kupfuura iyo hondo pachayo, yakasundidzira McNamara kuti vasiye vekunze vatarise kune vepamusoro-soro vanoita sarudzo.
'Ndakarwara mumwoyo,' akanyora kudaro, 'ndichiona kutsoropodza uye kunyange kuzvidzwa uko vanhu vakawanda vanoona masangano edu ezvematongerwo enyika nevatungamiriri.'
Firimu raMcNamara uye memoir yekunyora, ndinotya, inogona kungowedzera kutsoropodza nekuzvidza. Ndinoshamisika kuti vabereki vemasoja akafa kana vanhuwo zvavo, veVietnamese, veAmerica neIraqi, semamiriro ezvinhu anorira nekudzokorora, vanonzwa sei pavakaverenga kuti kubvira 1966 McNamara akange ave 'akawedzera kusahadzika nekugona kwedu kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvedu zvezvematongerwo enyika muVietnam kuburikidza nemauto. zvinoreva.' Zvakadaro, anoenderera mberi achiti, 'izvi hazvina kuderedza kubatanidzwa kwangu mukuumbwa kwemutemo weVietnam'.
Pazera remakore makumi masere nemashanu, McNamara anotsvanzvadzira kuwirirana kusinganzwisisike kunogona kupa kupera kwakanaka. Ndinomurangarira muna 85 achiongorora nhamba dzemuviri paTV, sekunge dzinosanganisira musimboti webhizinesi rake remazuva ese seFord CEO. Mukuonekwa kwepaTV akatsanangura kuti sei danho reMutungamiriri rekutumira mamwe mauto eUS kuVietnam rairatidza kukunda kuri kuuya. Munguva iyi, iye zvino anobvuma, aiziva kuti hondo yakanga isina kururama uye isingakundiki. Asi kwete kusvika kushanya kwake kuVietnam muna 1965, iye zvino akatsamwa, akanzwisisa here kuti veVietnamese vakarwa hondo yavo yerusununguko, kwete sechikamu cheCold War scheme. Chakazarurwa ichi chinopa muono mukuremara kudzidza kwehunhu kwaMcNamara, iro gwanza retsika iro rakamubvumira kuronga misheni yerufu pasina kukahadzika kuvimbika kwake. Akaudza veruzhinji paaitumira majaya kunouraya uye kuurayiwa kuti akaona 'chiedza pamagumo emugero.'
Vietnam yaive 'Hondo yeMcNamara' sezvakaita Iraq iyo Rumsfeld's. Asi tichitenda kubhaisikopo, tinoziva kuti McNamara ane divi rakasimba remanzwiro 'akasiyana naRummy, ane matauriro asina kunaka ehaiku uye kushatirwa kunoita mufananidzo wemukuru ane ganda gobvu.
Norman Morrison paakazvipisa kusvika afa muna 1965 kupikisa hondo kunze kwehwindo rehofisi yePentagon yeMcNamara, sezvakaitwa nemamongi echiBuddha muVietnam, McNamara 'akaita kutyisa kwechiito chake nekudzikamisa manzwiro angu uye akanzvenga kutaura nezvazvo chero munhu, kunyange mhuri yangu. Ndaiziva kuti Marg nevana vedu vatatu vaigoverana mirangariro yakawanda yaMorrison pamusoro pehondo, sezvakaita vadzimai navana vevanoverengeka vandaishanda navo mukanzuru. Uye ndakatenda kuti ndakagovera dzimwe dzepfungwa idzi. Paiva nezvakawanda izvo ini naMarg zvataifanira kunge takataura nezvazvo, asi panguva dzakadai ndinowanzofunga nezvacho—kusava nesimba kukuru.'
McNamara akanzwa kuti mweya wake waive parumananzombe, asi manzwire ehunhu aakazvibvumira kubvuma akatarisana nekuzvipira kwakasimba, kwakadzama pakushandira simba, 'chisungo' chaikanganisa kugona kwake kuona chakanaka nechakaipa.
McNamara akaramba achitsigira Hondo yeVietnam pachena nekuti kuvimbika kwake kuMutungamiriri kwaida. Zvirokwazvo, akaturikira mhiko yake yebumbiro remitemo kuti isanganise kuteerera kurudziro yePresident.
Aivewo nechikwereti kuMutungamiriri bhizinesi rake rekuongorora: Hondo yeVietnam yakanga isingaite. Sezvineiwo, McNamara akashandisa fomula iyi kuti asvike pakutonga kwake kwehunhu: zvisina maturo zvinoreva zvakaipa. Mutariri weakaundendi akangwara uye muoni webhizinesi, zvisinei, haana kukwanisa kutara mitsetse yetsika yakajeka pakati pe'logic of manhamba' nehupenyu nerufu.
MuFog of War, anocherekedza kuti US inobhomba maguta eJapan uye kudonhedza mabhomba enyukireya maviri pamusoro pezvinangwa zvevanhu anogona kuwira pasi pechikamu chemhosva dzehondo. Anoparidza nezvokuti vanhu havakwanisi kurega kuita hondo. Zvakadaro, pazvidzidzo zvake zvese zvekudzidzisa mufirimu nebhuku pamusoro pehutsinye hwehondo, McNamara anozeza kuyemura kujeka kwevarume vakaita saGeneral Curtis Lemay, Mukuru weVashandi veMhepo yeUS (1961-65).
LeMay, nemashoko ake pachake, akanga ari mhondi yepfungwa, murume aida kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya kurwisa Cuba neSoviet Union mudambudziko remissile ya1962, mukuru wemauto asina kuzeza kuisa upenyu hwevatyairi vake pangozi munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. nokuita kuti dzibhururuke kunzvimbo dzakaderera nokudaro dzichizviratidzira dzimene kukurwisa ndege uye kurwisa kwevarwi kuitira kuti dziwedzere kurongeka.
LeMay akanga asina matambudziko etsika. Hondo yaireva kuuraya muvengi uye kurasikirwa nevakawanda vako sezvawaifanira kurasikirwa. Period! Iyo yakanyanya kuomarara McNamara aifanira kusarudza: simba rinopesana nehana. Mufirimu akatora Defence Secretary basa nekuti zvaizobatsira mhuri yake. Uye anodzivirira danho iri, kunyangwe mudzimai wake akarwara uye vana vake vakasiyana naye. Kwete kutozosvikira pakupera kweHondo Yemashoko akazviona zviri nyore - uye pamwe zvichidikanwa - kuponesa mweya wake. Anochengetedza, zvisinei, mutsetse wegrey pakati pezvikanganiso nezvivi, rudzi rwehupenzi husingaenderane nekuregererwa kana kuponesa mweya.
McNamara anozviratidza semunhu ane tsika. Pakati pemafungiro ake ekutenda pakanga pane fungidziro yekuti United States yakatora zviito zvemhiri kwemakungwa nezvinangwa zvakanaka chete. Kuburikidza neiyi lenzi inokatyamadza, haaigona ' uye haagone - kuzviona semutongi. Sezvo akabatira purezidhendi akasarudzwa wedemocracy, aigona sei sezvinobvira kuita mitemo youmambo?
Nekuda kwekutadza kwe epistemological uku, haana kukwanisa kunzwisisa kuti veVietnamese verudzi vanga vachirwira rusununguko kubva kuChina uyezve France kwemazana emakore. Saka uyu murume anowanzozvishora zvine hutsinye anoramba ari mukufunga kwake kwezvematongerwo enyika ari mudzvanyiriri asingabvumwi.
Ndinofara kuti akanyora bhuku uye akaonekwa mufirimu. Uchapupu hwake pachake hunoratidza hunyengeri hwekare uye hunofanira kuita kuti avo vari muchizvarwa chazvino vasava nechokwadi pamusoro pezvinotaurwa naBush pamusoro peIraq.
Asi munhu anofanira kuenderera mberi nekuchenjerera pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvinodzidziswa naMcNamara. Akatadza uye anotsvaka kuregererwa. Ndizvo zvakanaka. Asi kudzika kwezvakaipa zvake kunomunzvenga. Nekusabvuma kuti United States yakapindira nekuda kwezvikonzero zvisiri zvedemocracy yekuyedza kukunda mauto emunyika ari pamutemo muVietnam, anotadza kuwana chikuva chekuyananisa.
Zvirokwazvo, achiri kuramba achiti 'United States of America yakarwa muVietnam kwemakore masere nekuda kwezvayaifunga kuti zvikonzero zvakanaka uye zvechokwadi ... kudzivirira chengetedzo yedu, kudzivirira kupararira kwecommunism yehudzvanyiriri, uye kukurudzira rusununguko rwemunhu uye democracy yezvematongerwo enyika.'
Manzwiro akadaro anorira zvisina tsarukano pamberi pevafi veVietnamese 3.4 miriyoni uye 58 zviuru zvevaAmerica vakafa. McNamara akasindimara achiri kuramba achiti avo vakatanga hondo havana chimwe chinhu kunze kwezvinangwa zvinoremekedzwa ' sezvinoita vadziviriri veHondo yeIraq nebasa.
McNamara anogona kunyora bhuku rekutungamira pamusoro pehunhu hwesimba 'an oxymoron? Akangodzima misiyano pakati pevavariro nehurongwa husina kunaka hwehondo. SeMunyori weDziviriro kwemakore manomwe akangofuratira kusawirirana pakati pekutaura kweWashington kwezvibodzwa zvakanaka uye kurara nemhuka muVietnam 'inodiwa' kuti zvibudirire. Akapfuurira, sezvaanobvuma 'kuparadza nyika yakaisvonaka uye kuuraya vechiduku vokuAmerica gore negore, nokuti ivo [varongi vehondo] vakanga vasina rimwe zano.'
Hondo yaigona kunge yakamiswa uye yaifanira kunge yakamiswa, McNamara anobvuma kudaro, asi iye nevamwe vanachipangamazano vakuru vaJohnson vakakundikana kuita kudaro 'nokusaziva, kusava nehanya, kufunga kusina kururama, kuda zvematongerwo enyika, uye kushaya ushingi.'
Hungu, kushaya ushingi! Vakuru vehurumende vepamusoro vanoshandisa pfungwa yekupindira inovadzivirira, vanoisa madziro pakati pemibvunzo yavanofanira kubvunza nekupindura vasati varaira mabhomba misheni kurwisa maguta-muVietnam kana Iraq.
Mukugadziridzwa kwake mea culpa, kuda kwake kwekupedzisira kweruzhinji, McNamara anoedza kudzima mhosva uye kudzidzisa zvidzidzo. Mutungamiri Bush nevarairidzi vake vakadzidza here kubva mundangariro idzi? Vasina kutendeseka vanoramba vachiraira Korona ine tsika. Secretary of State haana hushingi hwekuda kuti Mambo achinje nzira yake isina kururama. SaMcNamara, Colin Powell anotamba muranda anoteerera kune simba. Yeuka kuti Cyrus Vance akasiya basa uye akaisa muenzaniso wekuvimbika nekuti ainzwisisa kuti Mutungamiri Carter's hare-brained 'recue'mission muIran inogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa zvechokwadi.
Mubhuku rake, McNamara anovavarira nyasha, achidudza 'Four Quartets' yaTS Eliot: 'Uye kwekupedzisira kurwadziwa kwereenactment/ Pane zvese zvawakaita nezvawave; kunyadziswa/ Kwevavariro kunonoka kuziviswa, uye kuziva/ Kwezvinhu zvakaipa zvaitwa nekuita zvinokuvadza vamwe/ Zvawakambotora kuti ushandise runako.'
McNamara anopfidza asi achiri kuzvikudza zvinoshamisa angadai akashandisa mazwi aGoethe kubva kuFaust. Ndini honye inokambaira muguruva.
Firimu idzva raLandau, SYRIA: PAKATI IRAQ NEA HARD PLACE rinowanikwa kuburikidza neCinema Guild 1-800-723-5522. Bhuku rake idzva rinonzi THE PRE-EMPIVE EMPIRE: A GUIDE TO BUSH' KINGDOM. Anodzidzisa paCal Poly Pomona University uye ishamwari yepanzvimbo yePolicy Studies. Zvinyorwa zvake zvinoonekwa muchiSpanish pa www.rprogreso.com