Kulowera kum’mwera chapakati pa Chipululu cha Negev cha Israel, midzi yaing’ono ya Bedouin imaphuka chapatali.

Amawoneka amtendere ndi olemekezeka m'chipululu cha kutentha, akudula malo okhala ndi zisakasa zokhalamo ndi mahema omangidwa ndi mikwingwirima ndi matabwa kufupi ndi madera 52 ankhondo a Negev. Amuna achikulire omwe ali mu khafeyas awo amakhala akumwa khofi wa Chiarabu, akuyang'ana mwala – ngati kuti adaziwonapo zonsezi. Azimayi sakuoneka.

 

Mudzi wa Bedouin wa Wadi al-Na’am umakhala pansi pa mthunzi wa malo ogulitsa mankhwala. Kutsatira msewu wafumbi kuchokera pamsewu waukulu, ukutuluka kuchokera kumanzere, mdima ndi wopondereza, tsoka la zomangamanga. 

 

Anthu 4,000 amakhala pafupi ndi Ramat Hovav, malo otayira zinyalala zapoizoni ku Israel – imodzi mwa zomera 17 za mankhwala m'deralo. Idatsegulidwa mu 1975, idasiya chiwonongeko chomwe chikuwonjezera zovuta izi: kuchuluka kwakufa kwa makanda, khansa ndi zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi thanzi kuchokera kumadzi, 97% ya anthu ammudzi pa inshuwaransi yadziko. Zingwe zamagetsi zimadutsa mayadi a mudziwo ndipo palibe amene amalumikiza gridi. 

 

Orly Almi, Wogwirizanitsa Ntchito ya Midzi Yosadziwika ya Negev ya Madokotala a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe akufotokoza za kuchuluka kwa kuchotsa mimba, matenda a mtima ali aang'ono, kuchuluka kwa khansa komanso kuchuluka kwa zilema zobadwa nazo. Kuphatikiza pa izi, kafukufuku wa miliri wa boma yemwe adatulutsidwa pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za kupsyinjika kwa zaka zambiri akuwonetsa kuti pali chiwopsezo chachikulu cha obadwa ndi zilema komanso kubadwa kwa ana osabereka pakati pa anthu amtundu wa Bedouin.

 

Unduna wa Zaumoyo, posafuna kuulula madotolo awo ku zovuta zaumoyo kuchokera kufakitale sikupereka chithandizo chaumoyo m'mudzimo. Ena sagwirizana ndi kuwunikaku ndipo akuti Boma la Bedouin likugwiritsa ntchito kukana chithandizo chaumoyo kukakamiza anthu akumudzi kuti asamukire ku Segev Shalom, komwe kuli pafupi. Chipatala chachipatala choyendetsedwa ndi dzuwa chomangidwa ndi anthu odzipereka chimakhala chopanda kanthu.

Bustan, bungwe loyang'anira ntchitoyi, tsopano akusaka anthu odzipereka kuchokera kwa azachipatala kuti agwiritse ntchito malowa chifukwa boma silinachitepo kanthu.

 

Ambiri tsopano amati, kuthera njira zonse zalamulo sikungaukitse akufa kapena kuchepetsa kuvutika.

 

Nkhondo iyi yokhudzana ndi nthaka, mphamvu, chuma cha boma, chikhalidwe ndi mbiriyakale ikumenyedwa kudzera mwa oyang'anira mapulani, mautumiki a boma, zipinda za khoti, utsogoleri wa anthu, asilikali a chitetezo komanso pa ndale. 

 

Midzi yosadziwika sikuwoneka pamapu ovomerezeka a State of Israel ndipo siyikuphatikizidwa mu ziwerengero za Central Bureau of Statistics. Midzi imeneyi sivomerezedwa ndi boma kotero palibe udindo walamulo wopereka ngakhale zithandizo zofunika. Malowa ankaonedwa kuti ndi aulimi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nyumba zonse zomangidwa ndi zoletsedwa.

 

Mu Januwale, nyumba khumi zatsopano zidamangidwa kumalo atsopano achiyuda a Givât Bar pa dziko la Elarakib pakati pausiku pakati pa mizinda ya Be’er Sheva ndi Rahat, madera a makolo a Al-Ukbi. fuko, boma linapoperanso dunams 4,000 m'midzi itatu yosiyana ndi nyumba za mabanja 50 a Bedouin, ndikuyika poizoni m'minda ya tirigu. Mudzi watsopanowu udamangidwa pomwe boma likukonzekera kugwetsa midzi ingapo ya a Bedouin ku Negev pansi pa Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's Negev Development Plan. 

 

Mikangano ya nthaka imeneyi inayamba zaka makumi anayi ndi makumi asanu. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Boma la Israeli mu 1948 kunabwera ulamuliro watsopano ndi zofunikira zatsopano pakugwiritsa ntchito nthaka. Ndipo aliyense ali ndi kutanthauzira kosiyana kwa zomwe zinachitika.

 

Izi ndizomwe zimachitikira zoopsa zachigawo.

 

Kuno m'chipululu, a Bedouin amalankhula za nthawi m'mibadwo ndi kugwirizana kwawo ndi dziko. Iwo akalamba pa nthano zosiyanasiyana pano – nkhani zawo zikuwumbidwabe. Dziko likuyenda mofulumira kuposa momwe iwo angathere. Amavutika ndi tsankho lofanana ndi la Arabu ena mu Israeli, koma nkhani zawo ndizovuta kwambiri, zanthawi yomweyo ndipo zidzafunika chisamaliro chamayiko. Akuchita zomwe angathe kuti asunge zomwe ali nazo ngakhale pali zovuta zambiri zachikhalidwe komanso zisonkhezero zochokera kunja.

 

Potengera kuchuluka kwa akuluakulu aboma, mabungwe omwe siaboma, mamembala a Knesset ndi atolankhani apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akuzungulira, pakhoza kukhala china chake ngati chitsitsimutso chenicheni cha a Bedouin chikuchitika – chomwe chimadziwika ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, mwayi wofikira. ku zithandizo zofunika monga madzi, magetsi, nyumba, chisamaliro chaumoyo, zimbudzi zoyenera, kutaya zinyalala, maphunziro, ndi kuzindikira ufulu wa chikhalidwe.

 

Koma ena amakhulupirira, izi ndi zizindikiro za mikangano yomwe yatsala pang'ono kuphulika. 

 

Kwa aliyense amene akunena kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino, pali ena omwe akuneneratu za kubwera kwa Bedouin intifada monga momwe nyuzipepala ya Israeli yaulere ya Haaretz idanenera posachedwa.

 

Atafunsidwa ngati kuli kotheka, Muhammad Zeidan, wamkulu wa Arab Human Rights Association adati, “Abedouin ndi amtendere, koma ndi anthu. Ine sindikuganiza kuti ali ndi chosankha, akukakamizika kuchita izi.â

 

Chomwe chikuwonjezera vutoli ndi ndondomeko ya boma la Sharon yochotsa Gaza - ndondomeko ikakhazikitsidwa idzatanthauza midzi yatsopano ku Negev yomwe ikuwonjezera mavuto a chitukuko m'deralo.

Ena mwa anthu amtundu wa Bedouin akutsutsa mosapita m'mbali zisankhozi chifukwa izi zidzatanthauza kusokoneza mayiko awo. Kuti tifotokoze momveka bwino maganizo amenewa, ambiri amadzifunsa kuti, “Boma lingatilande bwanji malo athu, kutimana ufulu wofunikira monga kupeza madzi, magetsi, maphunziro ndi chithandizo chamankhwala ndi kupitiriza kuwononga dziko lathu ndi mankhwala – ife†Ndakhala kuno kuyambira 1948 isanafike.â€

 

Malinga ndi bungwe la Regional Council of Unrecognized Villages ku Negev, vuto la midzi yosadziwika lakula kwambiri kuyambira 1965 pamene boma linavomereza Lamulo la Planning and Construction komanso ndondomeko ya ndondomeko yomwe midzi yambiri ya Bedouin inanyalanyazidwa mwadala. ndipo amaganiziridwa kuti palibe. Malowa ankaonedwa kuti ndi malo olimapo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nyumba zonse zomangidwa ndi zosaloledwa.

 

Lamulo la Kuchotsa Anthu Olowa mu 1981 linafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko yalamulo yochotsa anthu okhala “m’nyumba zosaloledwa” ku Israel. Kusintha komwe kwaperekedwa kwa lamuloli kudzaphatikiza bungwe lomwe limapereka malamulo ogwetsa ndi bungwe lomwe likuwagwiritsa ntchito – ndondomeko yomwe idzayang'ane midzi 45 ya Bedouin yomwe ilipo ku Negev yosadziwika ndikuwongolera zoyesayesa zomanga midzi yachiyuda m'malo mwawo. Akatswiri ambiri a zamalamulo amanena kuti Lamulo Lochotsa Olowa likhoza kukhudza nzika za Bedouin 70,000 za Israeli zomwe zikupitirizabe kukhala ndi ntchito zosavomerezeka kuchokera ku boma. Otsala a Bedouin amakhala m'matauni 7 okhazikitsidwa omwe amavomerezedwa kwathunthu. 

 

“Tikufuna kuti boma la Israel lisiye ndondomeko yachinyengo komanso yonyansayi yochotsa anthu amtundu wa Bedouin mwadongosolo mâ€TMmalo awo akale pamene akuthandiza kumanga midzi yatsopano yachiyuda ku Negev. Tikuyitanitsa anthu amitundu yonse komanso atsogoleri achiyuda kuti afotokoze mkwiyo wawo kwa Israeli, "akutero Jafar Farah, Mtsogoleri wa Mossawa Center, limodzi mwa mabungwe 29 omwe amapanga Together Forum, omwe amalimbikitsa ufulu wa Bedouin. Farah wanena kale nkhaniyi ndi boma la US.

 

Pansi pa Sharon's Negev Development Plan, boma likufuna kusintha midzi isanu ndi umodzi ikuluikulu yosazindikirika kukhala matauni ovomerezeka kuti akhazikitse ma Bedouin onse otsala. Izi nzosavomerezeka kwa Abedouin popeza kuti m’malingaliro awo sizipereka kulingalira kotheratu ponena za mbiri yawo ya dzikolo.

 

 

Anthu amakambanso za kupanga bwalo la ma hippodrome – ena akuseka kale kuti osewera pampikisano wa mahatchi adzakhala ndi ufulu wambiri kuposa wa Bedouin.

 

Mu Januwale 2004, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon ndi Minister of Industry and Work Ehud Olmert adalengeza pamsonkhano ndi Mtsogoleri wa Council of the Arab Unrecognized villages, Jaber Abu Khaf, kuti boma liyamba kukhazikitsa dongosolo lawo losamutsa 38. midzi. Pambuyo pa msonkhanowu, nduna ya zanyumba idachita nawo ntchito yokhazikitsa mudzi watsopano wachiyuda kumadera a fuko la Al-Ukbi posamukira m'nyumba zoyenda pakati pausiku.

 

Pafupifupi 38 % ya ndalama za boma za madera a Arab Bedouin ku Negev zidzaperekedwa kuti zikhazikitse ndondomeko zaboma zolanda malo makamaka m'midzi yosazindikirika. Nyumba zopitilira 150 zidagwetsedwa ndipo mbewu 30,000 zidapopera ndikuwonongeka ku Negev kuyambira 2002.

Pali mgwirizano pakati pa atsogoleri a Bedouin kuti dongosolo la boma siliganiziranso za chikhalidwe cha anthu amtundu wa Bedouin.

 

Abu Afash Labad, m’modzi mwa mamembala a khonsolo ya m’mudzimo, polankhula ku gulu lina anati, “chidziwitso chathu chenicheni ndi malo†Iye wati iye sakudalira unzika wake kuti apeze ufulu wake chifukwa boma silimamutenga ngati mzika. nzika. Akuti boma likugwiritsa ntchito kukana ntchito zofunikira ngati chida champhamvu chothamangitsira a Bedouin m'maiko awo. Mwezi watha, anthu makumi awiri ndi atatu a fuko la Abu Elkian kuphatikiza agogo azaka makumi asanu ndi anayi adavulala pomwe achitetezo adafika kudzagwetsa nyumba zisanu ndi ziwiri.

 

Malinga ndi Ariel Dloomy wa Negev Coexistence Forum, monga nzika yachiyuda ali ndi ufulu wokhala kulikonse komwe akufuna. Koma nzika za Bedouin zilibe chosankha - atha kukhala komwe ali mosaloledwa kapena kusamukira kumatauni asanu ndi awiri okhalamo omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zotsika kwambiri pazachuma pamudzi uliwonse ku Israel. Msonkhano wa Negev Coexistence Forum unakhazikitsidwa ndi nzika zachiyuda ndi zachi Bedouin kuti zilimbikitse kukhalira limodzi ndi kumvetsetsana komanso kudzutsa nkhani zachi Bedouin kwa anthu achiyuda, monga kuperewera kwa ndalama kwa khonsolo yatsopano yachigawo yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti ikwaniritse njira zothetsera kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka mu dera. “Tikupempha boma kuti liyambe kukambirana ndi a Bedouin ndikuwatenga ngati nzika zofanana, osati nzika zamtundu wachiwiri,†akutero Dloomy.

 

Chowonjezera mikanganoyi ndikugwiritsa ntchito kupopera mankhwala mumlengalenga ndi ofesi ya Israel Land Administration pofuna kuwononga mbewu za Bedouin zomwe makamaka ndi balere ndi tirigu.

Roundup, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera mankhwala okhudzana ndi zovuta za chibadwa komanso zomwe zingachitike ndi carcinogenic. Chomera chapakati chopanga ndi cha kampani ya Monsanto ku United States ndipo ku Israel imapangidwa ndi Agan Chemicals yaku Ashdod.

 Ngakhale pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zingawoneke kuti ndi zovulaza anthu, zotsatira zomwe zingatheke kwa nthawi yaitali za chinthu chachikulu cha glyphosate zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa aimpso, kusokonezeka kwa chonde komanso chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha non-Hodgkins Lymphoma. Bungwe la zamalamulo achi Arab la Adalah latengera boma kukhoti kuti liletse kupopera mankhwala.

 

Kumvetsera kwa Nuri Al-Ukbi, mtsogoleri wa fuko la Al-Ukbi, akulankhula ndi gulu la atolankhani m'chipinda chimodzi chakumbuyo kwa Nyumba ya Wolemba ku Tel Aviv mumamvetsetsa kuti uwu si msonkhano wa atolankhani chabe. , uwu ndi moyo wake. Monga Wapampando wa Association for the Support and Defense of Bedouin Rights ku Israel, akunena kuti anthu achiarabu-Bedouin ali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi gawo lina lililonse m’dzikolo. 

 

Fuko la Al-Ukbi silikutsutsana ndi kukhazikika kwa Ayuda ku Negev – iwo akungofuna kuti akuluakulu a boma apereke njira yoyenera yothetsera iwo ndi a Bedouin ena ku Negev. Apilo yomaliza ya Association for the Support and Defense of Bedouin Rights ku Israel pa chitukuko cha Givât Bar inali pa June 29th ku khothi lachigawo cha Beer Sheva pomwe Woweruza adakana apilo ya bungweli mogwirizana ndi Local Committee of the Mtundu wa Al-Ukbi.

 

Chifukwa chake pakadali pano, Nuri Al-Ukbi apitiliza kukamba za chinyengo cha nyengo yobzala mu 1951 pomwe fuko lake lidasunthidwa ‘zifukwa zachitetezo’. Ali ndi fuko lonse loti ayankhe. Iye akudziwa kuti mikangano ya minda imeneyi yakhalapo kwa mibadwomibadwo ndipo idzatenga mibadwo kuti ithetse. Pakadali pano, sakupita kulikonse. Adzakhalabe kuno – wosewera mu chipululu.

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