Kulowererapo kwa asitikali sikuletsa kuphana. Amene akufuula kuti asilikali apite ku Darfur akuvutika ndi chinyengo cha chipulumutso. Ndizowona kuti asitikali a UN sangathe kuyimitsa nkhondo yomwe ikupitilira, ndipo mbiri yawo yoteteza anthu wamba ndiyabwino kwambiri. Komanso, lingaliro la Bush ndi Blair kukhala ngati otsutsana ndi makhalidwe abwino padziko lonse silikuyenda bwino. Mavuto a ku Darfur ndi andale. Ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, ndipo monga nkhondo zonse zimafunika kuthetsa ndale. Chakumapeto kwa usiku wa 16 November Kofi Annan adatsogolera msonkhano ku likulu la African Union ku Addis Ababa kumene iye, AU ndi UN Security Council adatsimikiziranso mfundo iyi. Pamene adalonjeza kuti abweretsa boma la Sudan ndi zigawenga zomwe zikulimbanabe pagome pasanathe milungu ingapo, mlembi wamkulu wa UN yemwe adatuluka adatenga malingaliro osavuta komanso olondola: konzani ndale poyamba ndipo kusunga mtendere kudzatsatira. Sichiyembekezo chakutali: kusiyana kwa ndale kuli kochepa.
Mikangano yomwe idanyalanyazidwa kwanthawi yayitali idaphulika mu February 2003, pomwe gulu lomwe lidangokhazikitsidwa kumene la Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) lidayambitsa zigawenga pamagulu achitetezo aboma, ndipo boma lidayankha ndi chida chake choyesedwa bwino chothana ndi zigawenga "pankhaniyi a Janjawiid, adakokedwa. kuchokera kwa Aarabu a ku Darfur. Panadutsa zaka zitatu kuti mgwirizano wamtendere wotheka ukhazikitsidwe. Ndipo zinangotsala pangโono kuti zitheke. Chilichonse chinkadalira milungu ingapo mwezi wa May, pamene Mgwirizano wa Mtendere wa Darfur unamalizidwa ndikusainidwa ndi boma la Sudan ndi limodzi mwa magulu opanduka. Akadakhala kuti mtsogoleri wa gawo lalikulu la Sudan Liberation Movement nayenso adasaina, zovuta zomwe zikuchitika pano sizikadachitika. Kuti timvetsetse chifukwa chake Darfur ili m'mavuto otere masiku ano, komanso momwe zoyesayesa zaposachedwa za UN ndi AU zingathandizire kuthawa, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana kwambiri ndale za zokambirana.
Nkhani za Inter-Sudanese Talks on the Conflict ku Darfur zidayamba moyipa mu likulu la Chad, N'djamena, mu Epulo 2004, ndi mgwirizano wosatheka wothetsa nkhondo. Nduna ya Zachilendo ku Chad idalamula kuti chigamulo chowonjezera chilembedwe pamanja mumgwirizano wa boma la Sudan, ponena kuti zigawenga zikuyenera kupita kumisasa ndikulanda zida. Bungwe la Sudan Liberation Movement linali ndi mtundu wosainidwa ndi sitampu popanda dongosololi 'limene analikana kuti akufuna kudzipha. Panali njira yachidule yachiwiri, yoopsanso: mgwirizanowo unalibe mamapu ophatikizidwa, kotero panalibe tsatanetsatane wa gawo lomwe limayang'aniridwa ndi mbali iliyonse. Patatha mwezi umodzi, pamene oyang'anira oyambirira a mgwirizano wa African Union anafika ku Darfur, sankadziwa kuti ndi asilikali ati omwe akuyenera kukhala, kapena omwe angaimbe mlandu pamene mbali imodzi inaimba mlandu wina kuti alowa m'dera lake. Kuyambira pachiyambi, African Union Mission ku Sudan inali yosatheka.
Anthu a ku Chad atalowedwa m'malo ndi bungwe la African Union, panali zokambirana zina zisanu zamtendere ku Ethiopia ndi likulu la Nigeria, Abuja, zomwe zinkakhala makamaka ngati bwalo limene mbali iliyonse ikanatha kubwereza kudzudzula kwa inzake. (Ndinali mโmphepete mwa zokambiranazi, bungwe la African Union litandiyitana ngati mlangizi. Boma la Sudan linakaniza kupezeka kwanga kufikira pamene mkhalapakati wamkulu wa AU, Salim Ahmed Salim, ananyalanyaza zotsutsa zawo ndikundiphatikiza ndi antchito ake.) Zokambirana zachisanu ndi chiwiri, zomwe zidayamba ku Abuja mu Novembala 2005, zidalengezedwa ngati zomaliza. Nthumwizo zikadakhalabe mu hotelo yosasangalatsa kunja kwa mzindawu mpaka atagwirizana. Miyezi isanu pambuyo pake, kupita patsogolo kunali kwapang'onopang'ono, ndipo AU ndi mabwenzi ake apadziko lonse makamaka US 'anasiya chipiriro. Ngolo yothamanga, ikuyenda kuchokera pamtundu wina kupita kwina, mwadzidzidzi idayendetsedwa ndi nyenyezi zambiri zandale zapadziko lonse, motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti wa Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo, wachiwiri kwa Secretary Secretary of State waku US, Robert Zoellick, mlembi wachitukuko wapadziko lonse waku Britain. , Hilary Benn, ndi ena. Pasanathe mlungu umodzi, boma ndi zigawenga zinakakamizika kugwirizana kwambiri. Madzulo a 5 May, pambuyo pa zokambirana zomaliza za maola 20, boma la Sudan ndi gulu la SLM lotsogoleredwa ndi Minni Arkoy Minawi linasaina Pangano la Mtendere la Darfur (DPA). Zinali pachimake chosasangalatsa: a ku Sudan omwe analipo adadziwa kuti mawilo achoka, komanso kuti mgwirizanowo, monga m'mbuyomu, sungathe kugwira ntchito. Koma US ndi AU adachita nawo njuga yayikulu, ndipo adatsimikiza mtima kuti izi zitheke.
DPA ndi chikalata cholemera, chokhala ndi masamba 87 ndi masamba owonjezera 19 owonjezera. Chaputala 1 chimakhudza kuyimilira kwa Darfurian m'mabungwe adziko lonse komanso momwe maudindo mkati mwa Darfur akuyenera kugawidwa pakati pa chipani cholamula cha National Congress Party ndi zigawenga: Chipani cha Congress chikuyenera kukhala ndi anthu ochepa munyumba yamalamulo iliyonse komanso awiri mwa maulamuliro atatu mpaka zisankho za 2009. . Poyesera kulinganiza izi, DPA ikupereka udindo wachinayi mu utsogoleri kwa mtsogoleri wa zigawenga, yemwenso adzakhala mtsogoleri wa Transitional Darfur Regional Authority yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zambiri pa chitetezo, kumanganso ndi kuthetsa nkhani zazikulu monga mikangano ya nthaka. Mu 2010 payenera kukhala referendum ngati Darfur ikuyenera kukhala dera lodzilamulira ' gawo lomwe likulephera kukwaniritsa zofuna za zigawenga kuti Darfur ikhale chigawo chokhala ndi mphamvu zonse, nthawi yomweyo. Mutu 2 umapereka njira ndi ndalama za maboma atatu a boma la Darfur, thumba la kukonzanso ndi kulipira kwa omwe adazunzidwa ndi nkhondo; ikunenanso za ufulu wa anthu othawa kwawo kuti abwerere kwawo ndikukatenganso malo awo. Chaputala 3 chikufotokoza za kuletsa nkhondo momveka bwino, kuphatikiza kuchotsedwa kwa asitikali aboma kupita kumagulu awo achitetezo, kuletsa ndege zankhondo zankhanza komanso kuchotsera usilikali njira zoperekera thandizo la anthu ndi misasa ya anthu omwe athawa kwawo. Izi zimalola apolisi ammudzi omwe atengedwa kuchokera kwa omwe adathawa kwawo kuti azikayang'anira misasa. M'mutuwu mulinso nkhani zokambitsirana za tsogolo la zigawenga zija komanso kulandidwa zida za Janjawiid. Sizikutanthauza gulu lankhondo la UN losunga mtendere ' nkhaniyi idasiyidwa kuti UN ikambirane ndi Khartoum. Mutu womaliza ukukhazikitsa Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and Consultation, pomwe atsogoleri amtundu wa Darfur 'ochotsedwa pazokambirana za Abuja' angakumane kuti athetse mikangano yambiri yam'deralo. Zolemba zonse zidangoperekedwa pa 25 Epulo ndipo kumasulira kwachiarabu patatha masiku atatu. Nthumwi za zigawenga za Darfur ku Abuja zinali kuvutikirabe kudziลตa ndime 515 pamene anaitanidwa kupanga chigamulo chomaliza ndi chomangirira; palibe ndi mmodzi yemwe wa anthu awo ku Darfur amene anaona kope lake.
Minawi adavomera kusaina monyinyirika, nkhope yake ilibe mphamvu ndipo mkulu wake wantchito, a Juma Haggar, atakhala pafupi ndi iye akutopa ndi usilikali. Iye ankawoneka ngati munthu wotchova njuga ndi moyo wake. Kutopa kwa Minawi kudakulirakulira ndi nkhani yomwe idabwera maola angapo m'mbuyomo, yoti mchimwene wake adaphedwa pankhondo, kaya ndi gulu lankhondo la Janjawiid kapena ndi asitikali ake, ngati chizindikiro kwa Minawi kuti asasainire, sitinatero. kudziwa. Tsiku lotsatira ndinamufunsa chifukwa chimene anasaina pangano lotsutsidwa kwambiri ndi gulu lake lalikulu. Minawi anayankha kuti: 'Ndinawerengera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndipo ndinadziwa kuti ndiyenera kusaina.' Wina wa gulu lake, wokambirana naye zachitetezo Ali Tirayo, adangogwedeza mutu nati: 'Zoyipa, zoyipa, zoyipa.'
Minawi sanali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa kukana kwa Darfur. Ulemu umenewo ukupita kwa kagulu kakang'ono ka ophunzira olimbikitsa ophunzira ndi maloya, fuko la Fur, Zaghawa ndi Arab. Abdel Wahid al-Nur anali tcheyamani woyambitsa komanso dzina lodziwika bwino pakati pa anthu a ku Darfurians, poyambirira pa pempho la anthu lomwe linalembedwa kuchokera kundende ndi kufotokoza kuzunzika kwa anthu ake m'manja mwa asilikali a Janjawiid ndi anzawo ku Sudanese Military Intelligence, ndipo pambuyo pake. pawailesi yake yomveka bwino. Minawi anali mphunzitsi wa pulayimale kumpoto kwa Darfur ndipo ndi mtundu wa Zaghawa yemwe anali kunja kwa Darfur pamene zigawenga zinayamba. Anayamba ntchito yake ya ndale monga mlembi wa mkulu wa asilikali woyamba wa SLM, Abdalla Abbaker wachifundo, ndipo pamene Abbaker anaphedwa, Minawi adatenga utsogoleri wa mapiko a Zaghawa a gululo. Pokhala ndi maphunziro ochepa chabe ankhondo komanso kumenya nkhondo pang'ono, sakanayembekezera kulowa mu nsapato za Abbaker, ndipo m'malo mwake adadzipangira yekha udindo wa 'mlembi wamkulu'. Minawi ndi wosiyana ndi wanthabwala, wopondereza Abdel Wahid: wowonda, wodekha komanso kuseka komwe sikumafalikira m'maso mwake. Abdel Wahid adalimbikitsa kukwera kwa Minawi, koma adalephera kukhazikitsa ndale zomwe zikanalola kuti mapiko a Fur ndi Zaghawa agwirizanitse zolinga zawo zosiyanasiyana. Ubale pakati pa awiriwa unasokonekera kwambiri ndi kumenyana kwa internecine 'chigwirizano chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti Minawi anali wotsutsa' ndipo zinachititsa kuti gululo ligawike. Abdel Wahid adalonjeza kuti adzachita msonkhano, koma sizinachitike. Minawi adalowererapo ndikukhazikitsa Msonkhano wa Haskanita mu Okutobala 2005, mwakufuna kwake, m'dera lomwe gulu lake limayang'anira komanso ndi ndalama zaku Libya, ndipo adadzisankha yekha kukhala tcheyamani. Pokhumudwa ndi kalembedwe ka utsogoleri wa Abdel Wahid, wofotokozedwa bwino kuti ndi wolumala pakati, Dipatimenti ya US State inali yokonzeka kupereka Minawi phindu la kukaikira ndipo inatumiza owonera ku msonkhano, zomwe zinangopangitsa kuti kupasukako kukhale kovomerezeka. Ngakhale akuluakulu a SLM adasiya Abdel Wahid, palibe amene adadziphatika kwa Minawi: ambiri adagwidwa, kumangidwa kapena kumenyedwa ndi anthu ake, ndipo adawona ena akuphedwa.
Minawi ndi alangizi ake adakwiya nditanena kuti ali ndi kalembedwe ka 'Bedouin'. Mayendedwe a gulu la Minawi pokambilana za mtendere sikunali kufuna kupeza mgwirizano, koma kuti apeze mbali yomwe ipambana ndiyeno kudumpha moyenerera. Minawi ankaganiza kuti ndikumuchitira chipongwe komanso kumutcha munthu wafuko. Kutchulidwa kulikonse kwa fuko ' magulu ake omenyera nkhondo anali pafupifupi 100 peresenti Zaghawa, ndipo chitetezo chake chinali cha fuko lake la Ila Digen ' zinali ngati kukhudza bala lotseguka. 'Ndine woukira boma!' adawomba. 'Fuko si kanthu. Palibe.' Malo ena omwe sanapiteko ndi ufulu wa anthu: Minawi sanakane kuti asilikali ake anapha ndi kulanda zinthu, koma adadzudzula omwe adabweretsa nkhaniyi ndipo adanena kuti sanalamulirepo amuna ake kuti atero.
Minawi anali wolunjika. Anatafuna zambiri, anafunsa mafunso ochepa okhudza mtima ndipo kenaka ananena zimene ankafuna kuchita. Anapanga zisankho zolimba ndikukhala nazo, koma ngati anali ndi masomphenya andale kapena njira sanaulule. Gulu lake silinakambirane konse, kulowa m'masiku otsiriza akukakamirabe kumalo ovuta kwambiri. 'Boma ndi Janjawiid,' Minawi adatero pamene timakambirana malingaliro a AU ochotsera zida zankhondo, '100 peresenti Janjawiid. Ayenera kulandidwa zida ndi kuchotsedwa ku Darfur, kotheratu.' Koma, kuposa wina aliyense, Minawi ankadziwa kufooka kwa udindo wake pa ndale ndi zankhondo. Anali ndi ngongole yolemekezeka chifukwa cha magulu ake ang'onoang'ono koma ankhanza kwambiri, omwe anali atazungulira kutali ndi kutali kudutsa Darfur. Sipakanakhala mtendere popanda iwo ndipo US idapanga siginecha ya Minawi kukhala yofunika kwambiri. Pofotokoza mokhazikika gulu lake kuti ndilo 'lalikulu kwambiri' komanso 'lamphamvu kwambiri' pamagulu a SLM, Dipatimenti ya Boma inakondweretsa ndikumuganizira molakwika Minawi. Pokhapokha kusaina mgwirizanowu, Minawi adawerengera, angazindikire udindo waukulu komanso wamphamvu.
Nthumwi za Khartoum zidatsogozedwa ndi Dr Majzoub al-Khalifa, mlangizi wa Purezidenti Omar al-Bashir ku Darfur. Iye ndi wamkulu ndi wochititsa mantha, mdani wosalekeza ndi wotopetsa. M'mbuyomu pantchito yake adatsogolera zokambirana za malipiro m'malo mwa bungwe la madokotala, ndipo zinali zophweka kuganiza kuti akunyoza akuluakulu a unduna wa zaumoyo ndi mfundo zomwe adafufuzidwa bwino, zosokoneza zake zowopsa komanso kulimbikira kwake kuti kulolerana kulikonse 'sikuvomerezeka, nkomwe. , konse'. Majzoub anali ndi mafayilo pa membala aliyense wa nthumwi zilizonse; miseche iliyonse inafika m'makutu mwake. Ana ake apansi panthaka ankamuzungulira ngati ng'ona ya mfumu, ndipo kumwetulira kwake kosasangalatsa komanso maso ake akuda anali ngati ng'ona.
Ku Khartoum, ntchito yaikulu ya Majzoub inali yoyika chipani cha Congress kuti chipambane zisankho zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zichitike mu 2009 pansi pa mgwirizano wamtendere womwe udasainidwa ndi gulu la zigawenga lakummwera, la Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), mu 2005. Udindo wake muzokambirana za Darfur zinali kukulitsa zomveka kwa izo. Anthu aku Darfuria mwina ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a oponya voti kumpoto kwa Sudan, ndipo thandizo lawo 'kapena mwinanso, mgwirizano wamasankho ndi zipani zazikulu za Darfurian' ndiwofunikira ku Congress Party ngati akufuna kupeza mphamvu. Abdel Wahid, yemwe SLM yake inali ndi chithandizo cholimba osati pakati pa Fur (pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a anthu a Darfur) komanso pakati pa magulu ena ambiri, anali chinsinsi. Ntchito ya Majzoub inali yopambana chigawochi. Ndi chisomo chochulukira pang'ono, akanatha kuchita bwino. Koma, atatanganidwa kwambiri kuwerengera zosintha zazing'ono, adaphonya zomwe adapeza. Anzake omwenso adakwiya ndi kupusa kwake. Ngakhale kuti anakhumudwa chifukwa chakuti mayiko ena alephera kukana kumenyana ndi zigawenga, akuluakulu a asilikali ambiri ankafunitsitsa kuthetsa nkhondoyo. Adachita manyazi ndi momwe mbiri yawo idaipitsidwa komanso kuopa chilombo chomwe adatulutsa, Janjawiid. Ndipo, monga mmodzi wa iwo anaulula zakukhosi kwa mlangizi wa AU, 'tinapha kokwanira.'
Magawo ovomerezeka a zokambiranazo adafanana ndi zokambirana zapakati pa mayiko. Nthumwi za boma zinakhala mbali imodzi ya chipindacho, zigawenga mbali inayo, ndipo gulu loyimira mkhalapakati likupanga mbali yachitatu ya bwaloli ndi owonerera mayiko ena aลตiriwo akupanga wachinayi. Magawo awa anali ochulukirapo komanso otsutsa. Magulu atatu opandukawa 'magulu awiri a SLM ndi Justice and Equality Movement' amatha kuvomerezana pakati pawo pokhapokha atatenga kaimidwe kolimba kwambiri, kunyoza boma ndikubwereza malo awo otsegulira. Majzoub sanayesedwe konse. Iyenso adagwiritsa ntchito magawo okhazikika kuti alankhule ndi malo owonetsera, pomwe mfundo yake yayikulu ndi dongosolo lamasewera zidakhalabe zosamveka.
Mu February, muzokambirana zachinsinsi, Majzoub adatsala pang'ono kuchita mgwirizano ndi Abdel Wahid, yemwe wokambirana naye wamkulu, pulofesa waku Darfurian wa zilankhulo zakale wotchedwa Abdel Rahman Musa, adayambitsa mgwirizano. Koma Abdel Wahid sanakonzekere anzake a SLM kuti achitepo kanthu. Panalibe njira zoyenera zokambilana ndi kupanga zisankho 'panalibe ngakhale kusunga zolemba' ndipo Abdel Wahid adangomulangiza Abdel Rahman Musa kuti apitilize. Nthumwi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi za SLM zidadzudzula zomwe Abdel Wahid adachita ndipo adasiya kumuthandiza. Otsutsawo adadzitcha SLM-Unity ndipo gulu ili tsopano ndilo gulu lalikulu lankhondo kumpoto kwa Darfur kutsutsana ndi boma. Abdel Wahid anali atasintha kale malingaliro ake pa mgwirizanowu "koma sakanavomera zomwe otsutsa akufuna kuti demokalase ichuluke mu SLM.
Panali zinsinsi zochepa mumlengalenga wa Chida Hotel, ndipo Majzoub mwina ankawona, kapena amayembekezera mwachidwi, zomwe zinali mu DPA yokonzekera bwino isanaperekedwe. Anagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti awonetsetse kuti Chipani cha Congress sichifooketsedwa ndi malingaliro a 'kugawana mphamvu' mu chikalata chomaliza. Tsiku ndi tsiku adayitana ndikuzunza mtsogoleri wa ku Ethiopia wa gulu logawana mphamvu zogawana mphamvu, Berhanu Dinka, kunena kuti ngati Congress Party sichikhala ndi anthu ambiri m'malamulo onse a boma, chipwirikiti chidzatsatira, kuti padzakhala zigawenga zatsopano m'madera ena. madera aku Sudan: osakhutira amawona mwayi woyambitsa zigawenga ndikupambana pagome lokambirana zomwe sakanapambana pabwalo lankhondo. Pa kugawana chuma ndi chipukuta misozi, udindo wa Majzoub umawoneka ngati wodzigonjetsera: atapereka $700 miliyoni m'malipiro a maboma a boma la Darfur, anakana kukweza ndalamazo ku thumba la ozunzidwa pankhondo kuposa $30 miliyoni. Pazigawo zazing'ono ngati izi, kuvomerezedwa kwa mgwirizano, komanso tsogolo la Darfur, zidakhazikika. Pomaliza, m'mawa wa 5 Meyi, Majzoub adafotokoza zomwe amakayikira zambiri palemba la DPA, makamaka zachitetezo, koma adati asayina. Pamphindi zisanu kuti ikwane sikisi masanawa, adagwirana chanza ndi Minawi ndikudikirira 'mochenjera ngakhale pa ola lomaliza' mpaka mnzake watsopano m'boma adasaina dzina lake pamakope asanu, asanasaina siginecha yake.
Abdel Wahid anakana kusaina. Ngakhale kuti adagwirizana ndi makonzedwe onse achitetezo komanso ndi chilichonse m'gawo logawana chuma, kupulumutsa ndalama zokwana madola 30 miliyoni, adalimbikira kuti payenera kukhala oyimira pakati pamisonkhano yaboma. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa May, Hilary Benn anagwira ntchito yolemba malembawo kuti athandize zigawengazo kuti aziimira bwino, ndipo ankalembanso mawuwo usiku wonse mu ofesi yopanikiza ya hoteloyo. Mutu waukulu unali odziyimira pawokha 'boma ndi zigawenga zimawaona ngati a msasa wa adani awo. Ndi nthawi yochulukirapo, gulu la AU ndi Benn mwina adapeza njira yokwaniritsira SLM, ndikukankhira Majzoub kuti apereke. Abdel Wahid adayikanso zofunikira papepala pamakalata opita ku Majzoub patatha sabata imodzi Majzoub ndi Minawi atasaina. Adafuna kumveketsa bwino kuti asitikali ake aziyang'anira kulandidwa kwa zida za Janjawiid ndipo angathandize kupereka chitetezo kwa othawa kwawo obwerera kwawo, chipukuta misozi china cha $ 100 miliyoni komanso unduna wowonjezera m'boma lililonse la maboma atatu a Darfur.
Kodi kuvomereza kumeneko kukanakhala kokwanira? Sizikudziwika. Kumayambiriro kwa 5 May Abdel Wahid anauza Zoellick ndi Obasanjo kuti: 'Ndikufuna chitsimikiziro cha kukhazikitsidwa monga ku Bosnia.' Kalata yaumwini yomwe anali atangolandira kumene kuchokera kwa Purezidenti Bush sinali yokwanira: zomwe ankafuna ndi kulowererapo kwa asilikali apadziko lonse kuti apereke Darfur kuchokera ku boma la Khartoum. M'masiku ovuta amenewo, mlangizi wake wandale, wosamukira ku Darfurian yemwe amaphunzira zandale pa Yunivesite ya Ottawa, mwadzidzidzi adathamangira ku America. Mamembala otsogola a SLM ati adalonjeza Abdel Wahid kuti apeza mgwirizano wabwinoko 'mwachitsanzo asitikali' ndipo adanenetsa kuti Abdel Wahid asasainire mpaka atabwerera. Panthawiyi, m'malo a pulezidenti wa dziko la Nigeria, Abdel Wahid anali kukakamizidwa, kuzunzidwa ndi kunyozedwa ndi Obasanjo, Zoellick ndi Benn; adalonjezedwa thandizo kuti asinthe SLM kukhala chipani cha ndale chomwe chingapikisane bwino pazisankho za 2009; anauzidwa kuti iyi inali nthawi ya mbiri yakale yomwe sidzabweranso. Abdel Wahid anakumana ndi zolakwa; Mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu adafika pamwambo wosainira kuti alengeze kuti amathandizira DPA. Koma sanagonje pa chitsenderezocho.
Tsiku lotsatira, anali ndi maganizo osinkhasinkha. Iye anati: โNdikanadziwa zimene zidzachitikire anthu amtundu wanga, sindikanayambitsa zipolowe zimenezi. 'Ndabwera ku Abuja kudzachita mtendere ndipo ndidzakhala mpaka mtendere upangidwe.' Pamene hoteloyo idakhuthula mwachangu, woyambitsa SLM adadula munthu womvetsa chisoni, atakhala molimba mchipinda chake. Abdel Wahid kugwiritsa ntchito munthu woyamba kukhala mmodzi kunali kwakukulu, koma zoona zake zinali zoti anali ndi tsogolo la Darfur m'manja mwake. Kudera lonse la Darfur, anthu masauzande ambiri okhala mโmisasa anachita ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi DPA. Iwo sanali kusonyeza chifukwa iwo sagwirizana ndi malemba ' amene ngakhale panopa sanaonedwe ndi Darfurians ambiri ' koma chifukwa ankadziwa kuti analibe siginecha munthu wawo pa tsamba lomaliza.
Nthawi yokhayo yomwe ndinamuwona Majzoub atasokonezeka ndi 7 May, tsiku lomwe adachoka ku Abuja, pamene adayamba kuzindikira zovuta zake. Ndi signature ya Minawi yokha sipakanakhala mtendere. Njira ya chisankho ya Majzoub ya 2009 inali kugwa. Koma chizolowezi chake cholimbana ndi inchi iliyonse chinali chokhazikika. Memo ya Abdel Wahid, yomwe adalandira m'mawa wa Meyi 14, idamupatsa mwayi wina. Pazofuna zachitetezo anali wotsimikiza kuti: 'Cholinga chotere ndi chogwirizana, mwachidwi komanso mosanyengerera,' adalemba motero m'mawu ake usiku womwewo. Koma yankho lake lotsala linali lopemba mobisa: 'Boma likunyadira kuti layamba kale [malipiro]' ndipo 'Sudan Liberation Movement ndi zipani zonse zidzayimiriridwa m'maudindo a unduna ndi azamalamulo m'maboma ndi maboma. .' Mmodzi mwa ogwira nawo ntchito a Majzoub ku Khartoum adayimbira foni kupepesa chifukwa cha 'soft no' iyi.
Panthaลตiyi, nthaลตi yomalizira ya bungwe la African Union loti zigawenga zotsalazo zisaine DPA zinali zitangotsala tsiku limodzi, ndipo Abdel Wahid anandiuza kuti: โAkandipatsa maola 24 kapena masiku 24 kapena zaka 24 sindidzasaina . . . AU sidzazindikira tsogolo la anthu anga. Ngati dziko lonse labwera ' ndipo izi ndi zomwe zinachitika' ndikundiuza kuti ndisaine, sindidzasayina. Nditaya aliyense koma sindidzataya mgwirizano wa anthu.' Patatha milungu iwiri, akukumana ndi nthawi yatsopano, Abdel Wahid adayambiranso. 'Kumbukirani mawu awa: nonse, anthu amitundu yonse, mudzayambitsa chipwirikiti chachikulu ku Darfur, kumenyana kosatha, kuvutika kosatha, chisokonezo chosatha.'
Robert Zoellick anali woimira zamalonda ku United States pazifukwa zomveka. Anali atadziwa zonse mu DPA. Adalonjeza ndikuwopseza: pamapeto pake Majzoub adakumana ndi machesi ake. Koma kukambirana za mgwirizano wamtendere ku Sudan ndikosiyana ndi kusindikiza mgwirizano wamalonda. Masiku omalizira, kukakamizidwa komanso kukakamira kosasinthika pakalata yogwirizana sizigwira ntchito ku Sudan. Mzere waku US unali woti sipangakhale kukambirananso za DPA: palibe mawu amodzi omwe angasinthidwe. Kwa Majzoub, zolembazo zinali zabwino kwambiri ngati kukakamizidwa kwa ndale kuti asamamatire ndipo anali wokonzeka kumasuliranso chilichonse chomwe angafune nthawi iliyonse yomwe angafune. Mokulira, a Darfurians adafuna kuti zisinthe. Minawi ndiye adakwera kwambiri pa mgwirizanowu: ngati Abdel Wahid atalandira zowonjezera, siginecha yake yoyambirira ingawoneke yopusa. Koma nayenso sanasangalale ndipo anadzipatula, ndipo analengeza poyera pa 15 May kuti akugwira ntchito ndi 'abale ake mu SLM' kuti asinthe malembawo. Pamene ndimapita uku ndi uku ndi malingaliro omaliza 'panthawiyi ndinali mkhalapakati yekhayo amene anatsala' ndinadzifunsa kuti inali nkhondo ya ndani. Nanga mtendere wa ndani?
Kuposa Abdel Wahid, yemwe khalidwe lake adanyoza poyera, Minawi ankaopa kuopseza kwa Justice and Equality Movement ndi mtsogoleri wake, Khalil Ibrahim. Gulu la JEM ku Abuja linali akatswiri kwambiri, ndipo pamene adaganiza zoyankhulana, anali olimbikitsa komanso okonzeka kulolera. Mosiyana ndi SLM, momwe mtsogoleri aliyense anali lamulo kwa iyemwini, iwo anali olangidwa. Khalil mwiniwake sanawonekere pazokambiranazo, ndipo pamene adavala anyamata ake adavala masuti akuda omwewo ndikuthamanga m'makonde kuti amuchotsere njira. Khalil anali wapakati m'boma ndipo akadali ndi njira zolumikizirana ndi Asilamu ku Khartoum. Mu Marichi adakumana ndi wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Sudan, Ali Osman Taha, paulendo wopita ku Libya, ndipo mwachiwonekere adaganiza kuti May ku Abuja sinali nthawi yoyenera yolembetsa. Pambuyo pake, mamembala a JEM analipo mwakuthupi koma makamaka amachotsedwa pazokambirana. Pafupifupi oyimira pakati onse ndi mayiko akunja adazichotsa ngati zosafunikira. Kazembe waku Eritrea yekha, Abdalla Jaber, anali ndi malingaliro osiyana. 'AU ikulakwitsa pochepetsa JEM. Iwo akukonzanso. Iwo adzakhala mphamvu yowerengedwa nawo.'
Yaberi analondola. Mu June, ku Asmara, likulu la dziko la Eritrea, Khalil adasonkhanitsa atsogoleri otsutsa a Darfurian ndi akuluakulu a SLM omwe sanasaine DPA, ndipo adayambitsa National Redemption Front (NRF). Abdel Wahid, watsopano kukana kwake komaliza kupanga mgwirizano ndi boma, adapezekapo; koma pa mphindi yomaliza adaganiza zosasainira chikalata chokhazikitsa NRF. Kuukira kwakukulu kwa NRF kunali kupambana mgwirizano wankhondo ndi SLM-Unity. Atsogoleri a gululi, monga Jar el Nabi Abdel Karim ndi Suleiman Marajan, akuumirira kuti akufuna kugwirizanitsa SLM ndi kupanga mgwirizano wamtendere ndi boma, koma akudandaula kuti sanapatsidwe mwayi wandale kapena kuzindikirika ndipo adakakamizika kulowa nawo mgwirizano wankhondo. ndi NRF. NRF yayambitsanso nkhondo yoopsa, kuphatikizapo kuukira kudera loyandikana ndi North Kordofan, ndipo yagonjetsa magulu ankhondo a Sudan. Pamene Woimira Wapadera wa bungwe la United Nations a Jan Pronk anafotokoza za kusintha kumeneku ndi zotsatira zake pa khalidwe la asilikali a Sudan mu blog yake, zidakhala ngati chifukwa cha Khartoum kumuthamangitsa.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, DPA idakhala chivundikiro cha Purezidenti Bashir pakufufuza yankho lankhondo pavuto la Darfur. Pamene zokambirana za Abuja zatsala pang'ono kutha, Congress Party idayambitsa zokambirana zamkati za ubale wa Sudan ndi US. Funso lalikulu limene anafunsa linali lakuti: 'Popeza kuti tapanga mtendere ndi anthu a Kumwera ndi kuwapatsa zonse zomwe anapempha; poganizira kuti tikuthandizana pankhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga; n'chifukwa chiyani Amereka akadali otsimikiza kutilanga?' Ziwerengero za Senior Congress Party ' adalanda mphamvu mu 1989, pomwe Khoma la Berlin linali litayimilira, ndipo adawona aku America ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan ndi Israeli ku Lebanon 'sadakhulupirire kuti US ili ndi chidwi chenicheni pa ufulu wa anthu. anthu a Darfur. Mantha oipitsitsa a okhulupirira chiwembu a Khartoum adawoneka ngati oyenera pomwe Zoellick adafika ku Abuja ndikuwongolera ndondomeko yachitetezo chalemba la DPA, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa omenya zigawenga kuti aphatikizidwe mgulu lankhondo ndi chitetezo kufika pa 8000 (80 peresenti ya anthu). Maudindo amenewa, adasonyeza kuti adzapita kwa amuna a Minawi). Pamene Zoellick ankakangana ndikupotoza manja mpaka usiku wa pa 2 May, akuluakulu a asilikali a ku Sudan akuyenda uku ndi uku mu malo oimika magalimoto a hotelo, akuitana akuluakulu awo ku Khartoum pa mafoni a satellite. Iwo aletsa mamembala a gulu loyimira pakati 'pomwe sanatengedwepo' kuti afunse: 'Kodi zolinga zenizeni zaku America ndi zotani?' General Ismat al Zain, mkulu wa gulu lankhondo la Sudan ku Darfur, anaseka monyoza ziwerengerozo: 'Minawi sadzatha kudzaza gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a maudindo omwe aku America akumupatsa.' Posonyeza mzere wa Khartoum kuti asilikali ambiri a Minawi ndi a Chad, mkulu wina wa asilikali anandifunsa kuti: 'N'chifukwa chiyani Achimereka akufuna kupereka Darfur ku Chad?' Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti Dipatimenti ya Boma idakhalapo ndi lingaliro lotere. M'malo mwake, antchito ake akuluakulu ali ndi malingaliro olunjika pakufunika kopanga dziko la Sudan kukhala dziko logwira ntchito komanso lademokalase. Koma DPA itasainidwa, makamaka Zoellick atasiya utsogoleri ku Wall Street, US idasowa njira ndi masomphenya.
Kwenikweni African Union ndiye woyang'anira DPA. Koma pali mmodzi yekha wogwira ntchito wanthawi zonse yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Sudan ku likulu lawo ku Addis Ababa, ndipo Gulu Lothandizira la DPA ku Khartoum lili ndi akatswiri atatu okha. Mpaka Seputembala, Woimira Wapadera wa AU anali Baba Gana Kingibe, wandale waku Nigeria ndi diso lake pakufuna kwa purezidenti, yemwe adadalira nzeru zandale kuti ayende ku Sudan. Kingibe ali ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa yokulitsa zochitika za msonkhano mumphindi. Koma sanakhazikitse bungwe logwira ntchito, lazandale kapena gulu lothandizira. Kusiya mavuto omwe asilikali ake amakumana nawo (osalipidwa kwa miyezi iwiri m'nyengo yachilimwe), gulu lankhondo lamtendere ku Darfur likugwedezeka chifukwa chokhala ndi akuluakulu andale awiri okha. Pa 6 June, Kingibe adagwirizana ndi Khartoum kuti akhazikitse gulu la akatswiri ochotsa zida za Janjawiid koma adayiwala kuyitanitsa gululo, kotero kuti General Ismat atapereka dongosolo ku AU 'patsiku lomaliza la 23 June' panalibe njira yochitira. kuunika kapena kukhazikitsa njira yowunika. Palibe Janjawiid amene adalandidwa zida. Kingibe adatsogolera mwambo womwe magulu ang'onoang'ono opanduka adasaina 'declaration of commitment' ku DPA, koma sanagwirizane pa izi ndi Minawi, yemwe adanena kuti maguluwa ndi osafunikira kapena achinyengo ndipo anakana kugwirizana nawo. ndi iwo.
Kulakwitsa kwakukulu kunachitika mu Ogasiti. Komiti ya Darfur Ceasefire Commission idakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa Epulo 2004 N'djamena kuthetsa nkhondo. Zinali zitayenda bwino, ndipo DPA inafotokoza njira zolimbitsira. Koma titani ndi magulu omwe sanasaine DPA? Gulu la AU lidakambirana za vutoli masiku atatha pa 5 May ndipo lidaganiza kuti omwe sanasainidwe akuyenera kukhalabe ' kuti achite bwino, bungwe loletsa nkhondo liyenera kuphatikiza onse omwe amathamangitsa ntchito' koma asakhale nawo mbali pamakonzedwe ovuta a polojekitiyi. kuchotsedwa kwa asitikali aboma kupita kumisasa, kukakamiza kuletsa ndege zankhondo, kapena kuchotsa zida za Janjawiid. Chifukwa chake payenera kukhala bungwe la magawo awiri oletsa nkhondo. Boma ndi Minawi onse akunenetsa kuti Kingibe sanawafotokozere izi, ngakhale atavomera, ndipo nthumwi za JEM zitangolowa mumsonkhano wa ceasefire Commission pa 23 June, nthumwi za Minawi zinatuluka. Komitiyi inapuwala. Majzoub, ndi mgwirizano wa Minawi, adanenetsa kuti JEM ndi SLM ya Abdel Wahid yakhala 'zophwanya malamulo', mawu omwe Zoellick adagwiritsa ntchito pa 5 May. Panthawi yomwe chitsogozo champhamvu chinkafunika kuchokera ku Washington kuti asunge oimira kwambiri komanso magulu ankhondo a Darfurian patebulo, panali chete. Kingibe adavomereza kuti: kuti athetse kulumala mu komiti yoyimitsa moto, oimira Abdel Wahid ndi Khalil adzathamangitsidwa.
Asilikali a AU anali atasokonezeka kale ku Darfur. Mbali ina ya ntchito yawo inali yopereka chithandizo kwa zigawenga zitasainidwa DPA, ndipo moyenerera ananyamula Minawi ndi akazembe ake kuzungulira chigawochi, kuwathandiza kuti akafike kumadera omwe sakanatha kufika pamtunda, chifukwa cha kutaya kwawo kosalekeza. Izi zidawonedwa ndi magulu omwe akugwira ntchito ngati gulu. Pa Julayi 28, gulu lankhondo laku Sudan linagwiritsa ntchito ndege yojambulidwa mumitundu ya AU kuti ibweretsenso kutsogolo ndikuchotsa ovulala awo. Uku kunali kunyozetsa ' mlandu wankhondo pansi pa Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva, yokhala ndi zochitika zambiri zomvetsa chisoni ku Darfur kotero kuti ndime 376 idalembedwa mwapadera mu DPA kuti izipewe. AU idakhala chete ndipo ambiri a Darfurian adayamba kuwona ngati gawo lankhondo. Pachiwembu cha AU chomwe chimatchedwa asilikali a NRF, asilikali asanu a ku Rwanda anaphedwa.
Titha kungolingalira chifukwa chomwe Purezidenti Bashir adaganiza zotchova njuga mbiri ya dziko lake ponyoza UN Security Council Resolution 1706, yomwe imavomereza gulu lamphamvu la UN ku Darfur. Koma umboni ukusonyeza kuti cholinga chachikulu cha Bashir ndikuletsa kudzipatula kwa kumwera kwa Sudan. Iye sakufuna kukhala mtsogoleri amene anatsogolera kugawa dziko lake, ndipo akufuna gawo lake la ndalama kuchokera ku nkhokwe zamafuta zomwe zili kumwera. Oyendetsa chipani chake ali otanganidwa kuyesera kumanga SPLM, yomwe imayang'anira mayiko akumwera, kukhala mgwirizano womwe udzawasiya kukhala odalira pazachuma komanso ndale kotero kuti atsutse malingaliro ambiri okonda kupatukana mderali ndikuvomereza mgwirizano wamayiko. Chofunikira choyamba kwa Bashir ndikupambana pazisankho za 2009, kuti akhale Purezidenti. Popanda mavoti a Darfur, ndipo choyipitsitsa, Darfur ikadali pamoto, njira imeneyo ikusokonekera. Anthu ambiri kum'mwera kwa Sudan sakhulupirira kuti a Bashir alola kuti zisankho zichitike ndipo akufunafuna nkhondo yatsopano yakumpoto ndi kum'mwera.
Kulola asitikali a UN kuti achitepo kanthu kuti athetse nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa mgwirizano wamtendere womwe ungathandize Congress Party kuphatikiza malo ake ku Sudan ndi chinthu chimodzi. Kulola mu 'mabungwe apadziko lonse' 'mawu achiarabu, quwat al dauliya, ndi ofanana ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu ankhondo aku Iraq ndi Afghanistan' mkati mwa mkangano, ndi udindo wotseguka, ndi winanso. Kuphatikizika kwa gulu lalikulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse lapansi 'kungatenge ochulukirapo kuposa 20,000 omwe akuti akufunika kuti akhazikitse kutha kwa nkhondo' ndipo asitikali 8000 a Minawi omwe akuwakayikira ku Khartoum, molunjika thandizo la US, zitha kubweretsa kulekana kwa Darfur ndi ena onse. wa dziko. Bashir salowa nawo mkangano wandale, amakonda kukhala woyimbira magulu osiyanasiyana omwe amapanga boma lake. Komabe, pa 3 September, adatsutsa mgwirizano wa chipani chake ndi akuluakulu ake ndipo adalowa mumsonkhano wa nduna kukadziwitsa boma lake kuti Resolution 1706 ikanidwa, gulu lankhondo lokhazikitsa mtendere lithe kumapeto kwa mweziwo, ndipo asilikali atumizidwa kuthetsa vuto ku Darfur. Bashir sanafunse wachiwiri wake woyamba (mtsogoleri wa SPLM, Salva Kiir) kapena Minawi kapena, zikuwoneka, ambiri mwa nduna zina. Mowoneka wokwiya, iye anangolengeza zimene wasankha ndipo sanalole kukambirana. Mantha ena akulu a Bashir ndi akuti gulu lankhondo la UN lipatsidwa udindo wopereka zikalata zomanga milandu ya International Criminal Court. Ndi milandu yomwe ikuyembekezeka posachedwa, Bashir ali ndi mantha kuti ankhondo ake apamtima atha kukhala pamndandanda.
Minawi adafinyidwa. Atasamukira ku Khartoum, ndipo chithandizo chake chodziwika bwino chikuzimiririka, wakhala mkaidi wa boma. Majzoub adakankhira kunyumba mwayi uliwonse. Minawi adapambana mapoints ochepa: adanenetsa kuti sangakwere ndege ku Khartoum pokhapokha atakhala 'wothandizira wamkulu wa Purezidenti', ndipo adakwanitsa. (Majzoub ankafuna munthu wina, mwinamwake Abdel Rahman Musa.) Papepala, iye ndi munthu wachinayi wamphamvu m'boma, koma safunsidwa kawirikawiri. Akuluakulu ake ku Darfur abwerera ku ndende za boma kuti atetezeke, komwe tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gulu lankhondo polimbana ndi anzawo akale. Ofesi ya Minawi ku Khartoum yawukiridwa ndi achiwembu a chipani cha Congress ndipo chomwe angachite ndikudzaza malo ambiri omwe DPA idapereka kwa zigawenga ndi omwe adalowa m'malo mwake. Sanawonjezere maziko ake pazandale ndipo, pamene akumva mphekesera kuti ofufuza a International Criminal Court akuyang'ana mbiri yake yakupha, ayenera kuti akuchita mantha kwambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa zokambirana zomaliza ku Abuja kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem wa Justice Africa ndi Pan-African Movement, adalemba m'gawo la nyuzipepala yaku Nigeria kuti: 'Mosiyana ndi magulu ambiri omenyera ufulu ku Africa, omwe. amayenera kudalira anthu kuti amange ndi kukonza nawo limodzi, opandukawa ali ndi anthu ambiri ofunitsitsa m'madera ndi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana omwe amachitira chinyengo chawo cha kukongola.' Udzu womaliza wa a Lieutenants a Abdel Wahid, kuphatikiza Ahmed Abdel Shafi, yemwe adakhala naye kuyambira pachiyambi, adabwera ku Nairobi pa 3 June. Atasintha maganizo ake kawiri mโmasiku ochuluka, Abdel Wahid pomalizira pake anavomera kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwambiri kuti akhazikitse SLM yake mumgwirizano wamtendere, ndipo adati awulukira kummwera kwa Sudan mawa lake kuti akakumane ndi Salva Kiir, yemwe adatenga nawo gawo lankhondo. chovala cha mkhalapakati. Kiir adafika m'tauni ya Yei m'mamawa kuti adziwe kuti Abdel Wahid akadali ku Nairobi akufuna kuti amutsimikizire chitetezo chake. Kiir adayitana Nairobi ndipo, atadzutsa Abdel Wahid, adapereka chitsimikizo. Abdel Wahid adatumiza nthumwi kuti akamalizitse zinthuzo, koma adangowayitanira pomwe anali pakati pa tawuni. Anatembenuza taxi yawo, kubwerera ku nyumba ya Abdel Wahid ndipo adapeza kuti mtsogoleri wawo adabisala chifukwa cha "zifukwa zachitetezo" zosadziwika. Pa 25 July, Abdel Shafi adalengeza kuti akuluakulu 30 a SLM 'adachotsa' Abdel Wahid ndipo adzakhala ngati wapampando wanthawi yochepa mpaka msonkhano utachitika. Kunena zowona, kunali kugawanika kwina: SLM yagawika kukhala magulu khumi ndi awiri. Kupeza mtendere tsopano kunafunikira njira yowonjezereka: njira yopezera zidutswa za zigawenga kuti zigwirizane pa nsanja. Msonkhano wa akuluakulu a SLM udayenera kuchitika ku Darfur sabata ino: nkhawa zachitetezo komanso kusowa kwazinthu zikuchedwetsa.
Majzoub wakhala ali muzinthu zake, akugula zotsalirazo chimodzi ndi chimodzi. Adachita mgwirizano ndi mkulu wina ku Jebel Marra, dera lamapiri la Darfur, ndipo adalonjeza AU kuti awathetsa posachedwa. Purezidenti Bashir wapambana mkangano wake ndi US, zomwe tsopano zikuwonetsa kuti ivomera kupitilizabe gulu lankhondo la AU losunga mtendere, lolimbikitsidwa ndi kasamalidwe ka UN ndi ukatswiri. Athanso kusinthanso gulu lake la Darfur, kubweretsa anthu ocheperako kuposa Majzoub kuti akambirane codicil ku DPA. Ndi Minawi ndi cipher, palibe chikaiko amene ali ndi udindo. Mu ndale zavutazi AU ikuyesera kupulumutsa DPA kudzera mu zokambirana zatsopano. Pa 9 November adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa zokambirana za Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and Consultation zomwe zakhala zikuyembekezeredwa kwa nthawi yaitali, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kubweretsa pamodzi onse a Darfurians kukambirana moleza mtima za tsogolo lawo limodzi. Pa 13 November AU inaitana SLM ndi JEM omwe sanasayine nawo ku bungwe loyimitsa nkhondo ndipo patatha masiku awiri Kofi Annan ananyamuka ulendo wopita ku Addis Ababa paulendo wake wotsazikana ku Africa kukakonza zokakamiza kuti athetse nkhondo yomwe imapangitsa onse ankhondo ndi zigawenga kuti afotokoze momveka bwino. madera omwe adafotokozedwa, ndikuyambitsa gulu lankhondo laku Sudan, kuti litsatidwe ndi zokambirana zatsopano. Ngati awa ali oleza mtima komanso ophatikizana, pali mwayi wothetsa nkhondo, ndikuyamba njira zazitali zochotsa Darfur ndikuthetsa umphawi ndi tsankho zomwe zidapangitsa kuti SLM ndi JEM apandukire poyamba. Darfur ili ndi mwayi womaliza, ndipo njira yake ndiyo yabwino kwambiri mpaka pano. Ngati pali mgwirizano wamtendere wotheka, ndiye kuti Khartoum ivomereza gulu lankhondo la AU-UN kuti likhazikitse mtendere. Koma mochedwa? Anthu ambiri a ku Darfure amakhulupirira kuti dziko lawo lasanduka chiwawa chimene sichingathetsedwe chifukwa chofuna kuti anthu aziwakomera mtima komanso kuti azilankhulana bwino pa nkhani za ukazembe.
17 November, 2006
Alex de Waal ndi director director ku Social Science Research Council komanso wolemba, ndi Julie Flint, waku Darfur: Mbiri Yachidule ya Nkhondo Yaitali.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama