Yang'anani patsamba la womanga wobiriwira wotsatira yemwe mumamuwona pa TV kapena pamapepala atsiku ndi tsiku. Kodi tsambalo likuwonetsa mapulani a nyumba yokhala ndi mitengo komanso yopanda garaja yoyimitsira magalimoto? Kapena, kodi ndi pulani ina ya nyumba yomwe imakuuzani kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe garaja idzagwira ndipo sanena chilichonse chokhudza mitengo? 

Amisiri obiriwira ambiri ndi omanga akuyesetsa kuti apange nyumba zosunga zachilengedwe. Koma ambiri amangoyang'ana pang'ono pazachilengedwe. Samvetsetsa kuti zomangamanga zamakono zikupangitsa kuti mavuto a chilengedwe aipireipire.

Andale omwe amalimbikitsa zomangamanga zobiriwira sizikuthandizira. Kudumpha kwawo kwa bandwagon kumasonyeza kuti sakukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa dziko. Zomangamanga zaku US koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 21 zitha kukulitsa mpweya wa CO2 m'malo mochepetsa.

Kuwonongeka kwamphamvu m'nyumba kumafunikira zochuluka kwambiri kuposa kusamalidwa mozama komwe kumalandira. Pafupifupi 43% ya mphamvu zaku US zimapita ku nyumba. [1] Nyumba zambiri zaku US zimapereka 51% ya mphamvu zake pakuwotha ndi 4% kuziziritsa. [2] Mphamvu zopitilira 90% zimapangidwa m'njira zoyipa (malasha, mafuta, gasi ndi nukes) zomwe zimawononga thanzi la anthu, kuwononga zachilengedwe, komanso kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.

Nazi njira 10 zomwe mawonekedwe obiriwira omanga sakuwongolera chilengedwe.

1. Sizobiriwira kunyalanyaza nyumba zabwino kwambiri.

Ma municipalities ambiri (ngati si ambiri) aku US ali ndi lamulo loletsa anthu opitilira atatu osagwirizana kukhala mnyumba imodzi. Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yomanga yobiriwira ingakhale kuchotsa malamulowo.

Kupanga toni ya simenti kumabweretsa kupanga toni ya CO2. Nyumba zatsopano zimatenga simenti yambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimatulutsa CO2 yambiri. Kodi pali phindu lanji kumanga nyumba zatsopano ndi zipinda pamene nyumba zambiri zilibe malo opanda kanthu kuchokera kwa ana okulirapo akuchoka kapena kwa mwamuna kapena mkazi wake akufa?

Sizinali zaka makumi ambiri zapitazo kuti anthu aku America adakumana ndi nkhani zodzipatula komanso zachuma pochita lendi malo opanda kanthu. Kapena anthu ena adapeza nyumba yayikulu ndi cholinga chochitira lendi zipinda. Tsopano, izo zikanakhoza kukupezerani inu mawu. 

Iyi ndi njira imodzi yokha yomwe agogo athu anali okonda zachilengedwe popanda kuganizira. Paulendo waposachedwa wa eco-house, ndidafunsa ngati ili ndi chowotcha chapamwamba, ndipo womangayo adayankha kuti, ayi, sizingakhale zopatsa mphamvu kuyendetsa mpweya wotentha mnyumbamo. Ndinafotokoza kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chowotcha chapamwamba kuti mukoke mpweya woziziritsa kuchipinda chapansi m'mawa kwambiri ndikutseka mawindo kuti mukhale madigiri 65 mpaka 75 tsiku lonse. Anandiyang'ana ngati sanali wotsimikiza ngati lingaliro lachilendo chotero lingagwire ntchito.

Pali china chake cholakwika kwambiri ndi machitidwe omanga obiriwira omwe sakumbukira miyambo monga kubwereketsa malo ogona, kupanga malo olowera mpweya, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafani m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zida zodula.

2. Si zobiriwira kumanga nyumba zazikulu.

Alex Wilson analemba kuti kukula kwa nyumba za US kuwirikiza kawiri pakati pa 1950s ndi 2003. [3]. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chiŵerengero cha anthu okhala m’nyumba chinachepa, kutanthauza kuti pafupifupi malo a munthu aliyense anali atakula kuŵirikiza katatu pomafika kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lino. 

Wilson akuwonetsa kuti zochitika zachilengedwe sizithetsa vuto la kukula. Nyumba zosatetezedwa bwino za 1500 masikweya mita zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kuposa nyumba zotetezedwa bwino za 3000 masikweya mita. Kuchulukirachulukira sikumapangitsa kuti nyumba zazikulu zizikhala bwino pa sikweya imodzi. Nyumba zazikuluzikulu zimagwiritsa ntchito matabwa ndi zipangizo zina zochulukirapo chifukwa cha makoma okwera kwambiri ndipo amalephera kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha maulendo aatali a ma ducts ndi mapaipi. 

Stan Cox adapeza kuti mabungwe ambiri a eni nyumba amafunikiradi zinyalala zazikuluzi powauza kuti nyumba ndi magalasi azikhala ndi malo agalimoto awiri kapena kupitilira apo. [4]. Chifukwa chimodzi cha malo ochulukirachulukira nchakuti Amereka apakati amagula (kapena kulandira monga mphatso) zonyansa zochulukirachulukira zomwe amagwiritsira ntchito kamodzi kapena ziro ndiyeno amasunga kufikira atamwalira ndi achibale awo kuyeretsa nyumba yawo.

Pali kafukufuku wochuluka wamaganizo osonyeza kuti kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa katundu kumangowonjezera chisangalalo chachikulu pamene kumathandiza kuchotsa anthu muumphawi Pambuyo pake, phindu likuchepa, ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa katundu osachita kalikonse kaamba ka kukhutiritsa moyo. [5]

N'chimodzimodzinso ndi kuchuluka kwa malo okhala munthu aliyense. Anthu ambiri a ku America anakulira m’nyumba imene anyamata amakhala m’chipinda chimodzi ndipo atsikana amakhala ndi china. Mchitidwe wolowera kuchipinda chapadera kwa mwana aliyense mwina ulibe mphamvu pa chisangalalo pomwe umawononga kuthekera kwa ana kugawana. Malo ochuluka m’nyumba amawononga chilengedwe ndipo amalimbikitsa dyera lopambanitsa lodana ndi anthu.

3. Sizobiriwira kulimbikitsa kufalikira kwa mizinda. 

Omanga amakonda kulengeza kuti nyumba ikhoza kupangidwa yobiriwira kuti igwirizane ndi ndalama zilizonse pamalo aliwonse. Zoona? Lingaliro ili likuwonetsa kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pakupanga nyumba ndikukonzekera madera akumatauni. Kodi nyumba ingakhale yobiriwira bwanji ngati malo ake amafunikira kuyenda mtunda wautali kupita kuntchito, kusukulu, kokagula zinthu ndi zosangalatsa? 

Chifukwa chake, miyezo ya LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) imapereka chiwongolero ngati nyumba yatsopano idamangidwa pamalo omwe alipo, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito malo opanda anthu amtawuni. Ichi ndi chothandizira chothandizira, monga othandizira amagulu amapita. Koma kodi sitinayambe kale kuzindikira kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe kochotsa minda ndi mapaki ndi misewu? Kodi boma lokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa dziko silikanapeza njira yothetsera vutoli?

4. Si zobiriwira kumanga ngati malo nyumba alibe chochita ndi mayendedwe.

Detroit ndi St. Louis ndi ena mwa zitsanzo zoyipa kwambiri za mizinda yaku US yomwe ili ndi madera akuluakulu opanda anthu pakati omwe ali ozunguliridwa ndi midzi yayikulu. Izi zimawononga kuthekera kokhala ndi kayendedwe kabwino ka mayendedwe, zomwe zimafunikira kachulukidwe kwambiri (a) kuonetsetsa kuti mabasi ndi masitima apamtunda ndi odzaza ndi (b) kuthandiza anthu kuyenda ndi njinga pamaulendo ambiri.

Mosasamala za kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe, omanga obiriwira nthawi zambiri amalengeza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe amalowa m'magaraja awo okonda zachilengedwe. Masomphenya a oyandikana nawo opanda magalimoto, opanda ma driveways komanso opanda malo oimikapo magalimoto sapanga mapulani ambiri opangira.

5. Sizobiriwira kunyalanyaza ubwino wa nyumba za mabanja ambiri.

Nyumba zobiriwira zochepa, ma condos, co-ops ndi nyumba zogwirira ntchito zikumangidwa. Ayenera kuyamikiridwa. Nyumba zokhala ndi mabanja ambiri ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yolumikizira nyumba yobiriwira ndi mayendedwe obiriwira. Amachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malo ndi theka - kuchulukitsa kwa nyumba zazitali. Izi zimapanga kachulukidwe komanso/kapena malo obiriwira ambiri. Popeza kuti anthu ambiri samalowa m'mabwalo awo, nyumba za mabanja ambiri zimakhala ndi malo ang'onoang'ono, koma malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mongotumikira kuti anthu azitalikirana.

Nyumba zokhala ndi mabanja ambiri zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri, pomanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Pali kugawana zambiri zamakina, zida zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, komanso kutentha pang'ono chifukwa malo amakhala ochepa. Katswiri wa zomangamanga Bryan Bowan akuti kungogawana makoma "kutha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi 20-30%. [6]

Komabe, ntchito zina zodziwika bwino za nyumba za anthu zidanenedwa ngati zomanga kuti zisungidwe malo obiriwira. Ndikofunikiranso kuwonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa malo pamunthu sikutsika kwambiri monga momwe zimakhalira kuti zisapitirire kwambiri. Njira imodzi ingakhale yofuna ma condos, zipinda, nyumba zogwirira ntchito limodzi ndi ma co-ops kuti 20-30% ya magawo awo apezeke kwa mabanja omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ndalama za federal zimathandizira.

6. Si zobiriwira kunamizira kuti palibe ubwino kumanga mobisa.

Nthawi zina ndikofunikira kumanga banja limodzi - makamaka ngati pali chopanda kanthu kakang'ono kwambiri kwa mabanja ambiri. Koma bwanji osapezerapo mwayi pa kutentha kosalekeza kwa pansi pa nthaka? Ngati munayamba mwakhalapo m'phanga, mukudziwa kuti mwachibadwa amakhala "air conditioned" m'chilimwe ndipo amatenthedwa m'nyengo yozizira.

Rob Roy amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro odabwitsa a katswiri wa zomangamanga Malcolm Wells kufotokoza momwe angamangire nyumba "zotetezedwa". Pomanga nyumba 6 mpaka 8 m’munsi mwa mulingo wa giredi (ya nyumba yachinyumba chimodzi, mamita ocheperapo pansanjika ziŵiri), Roy akuti “kuli ngati kusamuka makilomita 1000 kumwera.” Kumpoto kwa New York, kumene amakhala, kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kumasiyanasiyana kuchokera pa madigiri 40 kufika pa madigiri 60. [7]

Ndikamayenda kuzungulira St. Pofika pano, mapangidwe omwe amapangidwira nyumba zabanja limodzi komanso mabanja ambiri ndikumanga garaja ngati gawo la chipinda chapansi. Chiwalo chotonthozedwa kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi galimoto yabanja.

7. Sizobiriwira kusadziwa tanthauzo la liwu loti “wobiriwira”.

Mungaganize kuti womanga wobiriwira aliyense amazindikira kuti "zobiriwira" zimatanthauza zomera ndi kuti mitengo ingakhale mbali ya chilengedwe. Sichoncho. Ngati mukaona nyumba yobiriwira, zindikirani ngati wotsogolera alendo akuwonetsa kumene mitengo ina imayikidwa mthunzi wachilimwe ndi mitengo ina kuti iwononge mphepo yozizira ya m'nyengo yozizira. 

Izi zimachitikadi kwa nyumba zina zobiriwira; koma pamene fashoni ikupitirira, omanga ambiri amayang'ana kwambiri zida zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi. Monga mafani a m'chipinda chapamwamba ndi mpweya wodutsa, chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha mitengo chikuwoneka kuti chikuzimiririka kuchokera ku kukumbukira kamangidwe.

Nyumba zotetezedwa ndi nthaka zimatenga "zobiriwira" kumtunda wapamwamba mwa kukulitsa zomera mu dothi padenga. Ngakhale kuti nthaka palokha sichiri chotetezera bwino, zomera zimadziteteza. Ndipo dziko lapansi limagwira chipale chofewa, chomwe ndi chotetezera bwino kwambiri. M'chilimwe, zomera za padenga zimapereka mthunzi ndipo kutentha kwa chinyezi kumazizira padenga. Dothi limateteza nyumba ku moto ndi phokoso.

8. Sizobiriwira kuteteza chilengedwe ndi dzanja limodzi ndikuwononga ndi linalo.

Pafupifupi onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yomanga zobiriwira amalimbikitsa ngati bizinesi yatsopano yakukula. Ha? Padzakhala nyumba zazikulu za banja limodzi zomangidwa pamalo okulirapo okhala ndi zida zosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zimamangidwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi mafuta oyaka. Ndipo padzakhala zambiri chaka chilichonse kuti zithandizire kugulitsa zinthu zapakhomo (GDP) ndikukhala chitsanzo chakukula kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngati umu ndi mmene mumatetezera chilengedwe, mungawononge bwanji?

Mukawona nyumba yobiriwira, onani ngati pali chikwangwani pafupi ndi makina ochapira chomwe chimati "Popeza zowumitsira zovala ndi nkhumba zazikulu kwambiri komanso mizere ya zovala imagwiranso ntchito, palibe malo owumitsa." Mutha kuyang'ana kwa nthawi yayitali chizindikiro chimenecho. Nyumba zobiriwira zimakonda kulimbikitsa mwiniwake kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi zambiri momwe angathere. Ngakhale zida zapagulu m'nyumba zobiriwira ndizopatsa mphamvu zambiri, ndi gawo limodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi chaka chilichonse.

9. Sizobiriwira kumanga nyumba zomwe sizidzaposa zidzukulu zathu.

Vuto lalikulu pomanga nyumba yobiriwira ndikuti ndi nyumba yatsopano. Pamsonkhano waposachedwa wa Green Party, ndidafunsa ngati pali wina amakhala mnyumba yakale. Anthu ochepa adanena kuti amakhala m'nyumba yazaka 100 kapena 110. Wothawa kwawo ku Green Party ku Germany ndiye adanena kuti nyumba "yakale" ku Ulaya inali zaka 300, 400 kapena 500.

Nyumba ku US zimakhala ndi moyo wazaka 50. [8] Gulu la Sierra Club likufuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi 60-80% pofika chaka cha 2050. [9] Mfundo yakuti zomangamanga zamakono zikuganiza kuti nyumba zidzakhala zaka pafupifupi 50 zikutanthauza kuti pamene 2050 ifika, idzakhala nthawi yoti ifike. ayambe kukonzanso nyumba zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zikumangidwa pakali pano. Izi sizowononga mphamvu.

Nyumba ina yobiriwira yomwe ndidayendera inali ndi mazenera achipinda omwe adatsimikizika kwa zaka 10. Zaka 10? Ngati wopanga sangatsimikizire kuti mazenera atha kupirira, ndi mbali zina zingati za nyumba zomwe zidapangidwa kuti ziwonongeke ndipo zimafuna mphamvu ndi zothandizira kuti zilowe m'malo? (Mwina tikuyenera kuyamikira kuti kubwezeretsa kutha kwa ntchito kudzachitika ndi mphamvu zambiri.)

10. Zobiriwira mwaufulu si zobiriwira.

Palibe amene akufuna kuchepetsa imfa za m’misewu amene amachirikiza kuti kumwa pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto kuyenera kukhala kodzifunira kapena kuti aliyense azisankha kaya akuyendetsa kumanzere kapena kumanja kwa msewu. Chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe ndi anthu akuwonetsa zomwe asankha pamoyo wawo ngati zisankho zapaokha zitha kupangitsa kuti GDP ikhale pansi m'malo mokwera. 

Ngati andale amakhulupiriradi kuti pali zovuta zamafuta apamwamba komanso kutentha kwapadziko lonse amathera nthawi yochepa kuti apeze chithunzi chawo pamapepala nthawi iliyonse nyumba yobiriwira ikamangidwa. M'malo mwake, iwo adzakhala akulemba malamulo ofunikira osati zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zokha komanso kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa momwe malo amagwiritsidwira ntchito pakukhala ndi mayendedwe.

Kodi nyumba yobiriwira kwambiri ingakhale chiyani?

Gawo loyamba panyumba yobiriwira yozama ingakhale kukana lingaliro lopanda pake loti mutha kuzichita kunyumba imodzi panthawi imodzi. Amisiri omanga ndi omanga amene ndakumana nawo akuwoneka kukhala anthu owona mtima amene akuyesetsa kuchita zonse zomwe angathe. Koma ambiri amalumphira ku zida zobiriwira zotsika mtengo kapena machitidwe abwino asanayang'ane njira zotsika mtengo. Vuto lalikulu ndikuwona nkhaniyi ngati kapangidwe kanyumba osati kukonzanso mzinda. 

Kapangidwe ka tawuni kumapangitsa kuti pakhale nyumba zobiriwira. Chitsanzo chomveka bwino ndi mayendedwe. Kusayenda bwino kwa anthu ambiri kumakakamiza kumanga magalasi ndi ma driveways. Palibe zomveka kumanga nyumba zopanda magalasi ngati palibe njira yozungulira popanda galimoto. 

Magalimoto amawononga madera oyandikana nawo, omwe ayenera kukhala maziko a moyo wamtawuni. Dera la m’tauni liyenera kukhala ndi malo ogwirira ntchito, masitolo, masukulu, mapaki ndi matchalitchi opezeka kuti ambiri athe kufikako panjinga kapena kuyenda wapansi ndipo onse angathe kufika pa sitima kapena basi. Cholinga chabwino chingakhale chakuti anthu wamba wamumzinda amalize 80% ya maulendo akuyenda pansi kapena kupalasa njinga ndipo 80% ya maulendo otsalawo ayenera kufikika pa sitima kapena basi. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti magalimoto angakhale ofunikira pa 4% ya maulendo. (Ngati ziwerengero zamaulendo ambiri zinali 90% ndi 90%, magalimoto akadafunikira 1% yokha ya maulendo.) 

Ngati anthu akanatha kufika komwe amayenera kupita popanda galimoto, akadakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kukhala m'gulu la co-op kapena co-housing lomwe linalibe malo oimikapo magalimoto komanso kudalira magalimoto osungira omwe angasungidwe. 4% (kapena 1%) ya maulendo. Kubadwanso kwa malo oyandikana nawo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa magalimoto kungasinthe momwe nyumba zimapangidwira.

Kuti maulendo ambiri afikire poyenda kapena panjinga, malo amtawuni amafunikira kuchuluka kwa nyumba za mabanja ambiri. Anthu amafunikira malo okwanira kuti azikhala omasuka, koma safuna malo owoneka bwino a nyumba zapamidzi zomwe zilipo. Gulu liyenera kuchepetsa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba, kukhalamo, ndikuyenda kuchokera kunyumba kupita kumalo ena. 

Kuphatikiza malingaliro okhudzana ndi zachilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha anthu oyandikana nawo kungatanthauze kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo izi m'nyumba zobiriwira zobiriwira: nyumba zomwe zilipo ziyenera kukulitsa miyambo monga kubwereketsa zipinda za anthu okhalamo, zofanizira zamkati ndi mitengo yotenthetsera / kuziziritsa; malo oimika magalimoto achepe ndi 95% ndikusinthidwa ndi mapaki kapena nyumba zatsopano kapena nyumba; nyumba zatsopano ziyenera kukhala za mabanja ambiri kapena zapadziko lapansi zotetezedwa limodzi; ndipo, palibe pulani yatsopano yomanga yomwe iyenera kuvomerezedwa mpaka zolemba zake zomanga kuti zikhale zaka 300 mpaka 500.

Gawo lomaliza la nyumba yobiriwira yobiriwira likadakhala kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri yazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zakhazikitsidwa zaka zaposachedwa. Zing'onozing'ono chabe zomwe zilipo zimaphatikizapo makina otenthetsera / ozizira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito 50% mphamvu zochepa; zipangizo za geothermal zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kutentha pansi pa nyumba; galasi lotsekera; mapanelo a dzuwa; ma solatubes omwe amatha kupereka kuwala kuzipinda zapansi kuchokera pansanjika yachiwiri; ndi kumanga nthaka ndi zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zinthu zopulumutsira. 

Vuto ndi pamene mchira wa eco-gadget umagwedeza galu wakutawuni. Kuganiza za nyumba zobiriwira ngati zopanda pake koma kuchuluka kwa zida zamagetsi kumapangitsa kuti mizinda iwoneke ngati yopanda kanthu koma kuchuluka kwa nyumba za eco. Kulephera kupanga madera obiriwira kumatanthauza kuti nyumba za eco zimathandizira kupititsa patsogolo kufalikira kwamatauni.

Kufikira nyumba “zobiriwira zosazama” kungaoneke ngati ndi sitepe lolondola, koma sichoncho. Polephera kugwirizana ndi kukula kwachuma, njira zamakono zomanga nyumba zobiriwira zikuwonjezera mphamvu za zigawo za nyumba panthawi imodzimodziyo zimathandizira kukulitsa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, motero zikuwonjezera zinyalala zapoizoni ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. 

Zomangamanga zomwe sizikhala zobiriwira zimakhala ndi matsenga azinthu zomwe siziwona chithunzi chachikulu. Kumanga kobiriwira kozama kumangoyang'ana pa njira zotsika komanso zopanda ukadaulo. Kumanga kobiriwira kozama kungaphatikizepo zoyendera ndi kapangidwe kanyumba. Nyumba yobiriwira yozama ikufuna kukonza malo okhala ndikuchepetsa chuma chapakhomo, lingaliro lomwe ndi lonyansa ku chuma chobiriwira chobiriwira.

Don Fitz ndi mkonzi wa Synthesis/Regeneration: A Magazine of Green Social Thought, yomwe imatumizidwa kwa mamembala a The Greens/Green Party USA. Angakonde kulandira deta yoyerekezera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zosungira mphamvu panyumba za mabanja ambiri poyerekeza ndi nyumba za banja limodzi za ukulu wofanana. Atha kulumikizana naye fitzdon@aol.com

zolemba

1. Brown, M., Stovall, T., & Hughes, P. Zomwe zingatheke kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon mu gawo la nyumba, ku Kutscher, CF (Ed.) Kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ku US American Solar Energy Society, 2007. 51-68 . www.ases.org/climate change
2. Heinberg, R. Phwando latha. New Society Publishers, 2003, 148. Mphamvu zonse zapakhomo zimapita ku kutentha kwa madzi, magetsi ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. 
3. Wilson, A. Yaing'ono ndi yokongola: kukula kwa nyumba ya US, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, ndi chilengedwe. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2005,Vol 9, Nos 1-2, 277-287.
4. Cox, S. Apolisi a katundu: Mabungwe a eni nyumba aletsa machitidwe okonda zachilengedwe, April 26, 2007. http://www.alternet.org/envirohealth/51001/
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8. Swisher, JN Kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon potential kuchokera ku mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu pofika 2030, ku Kutscher, 39-49.
9. Sierra Club, akatswiri a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa avumbulutsa lipoti. Kutulutsa atolankhani ku Sierra club, Januware 31, 2007. Lumikizanani ndi Josh Dorner, josh.dorner@sierraclub.org

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