Monga kanema wachitatu wa zombie pa Netflix, zonyenga zakuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya zimawuka kwa akufa mobwerezabwereza. Nkhani yoyambira mu June 2023 ya Scientific American yolembedwa ndi Philip Ball, "Star Power: Kodi Fusion Ili Ndi Tsogolo Pambuyo Pake?" Konzani mzere womwe udawonetsedwa pa Disembala 13, 2022. Kugulitsa mphamvu yaku US (Doe) kudalipo (Nif) ku Labortore Ailmorator Labotary ku National Earth sichochimwa.
Monga Joshua Frank adafotokozera kukomeza pa nyukiliya fusion ...
"... palibe migodi yapoizoni yomwe ikukhudzidwa, komanso malita zikwizikwi a madzi ozizira sayenera kuponyedwa muzitsulo zoziziritsa kutenthedwa, komanso sipadzakhalanso zinyalala za radioactive zomwe zakhala zaka mazana a zikwi. Ndipo osati chiwopsezo cha kusungunuka kwa nyukiliya komwe kulipo! Fusion, ndiye nkhani yosangalatsa idapita, ndiyabwino, yothandiza, komanso yothandiza! โ
Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ya chilengezocho, a Scientific American Nkhaniyi idavomereza zolakwika zina mwa kuphatikizika, inabwereza zolakwika zoyambilira, ndipo idapitilira ndi kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zaukadaulo wofunikira kuti ukadaulo ukhale wotheka mu theka lachiwiri lazaka. Tsoka ilo, ambiri mwa amene anatsutsa fusion anaphonya chimodzi mwa zoopsa zake - kuti kupeza gwero la mphamvu zotsika mtengo kungawononge tsogolo la anthu m'malo molikulitsa.
Zoopsa
Kuti titanthauzire kuzungulira kwa gulu lankhondo-industrial-pseudo-scientific (MIPS), tikuyenera kuyamika chopinga chachikulu pakukulitsa mphamvu za nyukiliya. MIPS iyenera kuthana ndi mantha akulu a nukes.
Zoopsazi zinayamba ndi zithunzi za Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki mu August 1945. Zithunzi za matupi otenthedwa zimatenthedwa mโmaganizo mwa owonerera awo. MIPS ikufuna kuchotsera zithunzizo ndi nthano yoti Japan idayenera kukhala maliseche, ngakhale inali yokonzeka kudzipereka. Nthanoyo inapitirizabe ndi โmaatomu a Mtendereโ kunamizira konyenga kwakuti pangakhale kusagwirizana pakati pa mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi mabomba a nyukiliya.
Zaka makumi angapo zidadutsa ndipo pa Marichi 28, 1979 chilumba cha Three-Mile chinasungunuka. Mbali ina yabwino ya kuipa kwake kunachokera ku mabodza a boma obwerezabwereza akuti chochitikacho sichinali chachikulu kwambiri ndipo sichidzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zokhalitsa. Anthu a ku America sangakhulupirire kuti ma nukes angakhale oopsa ngati a Soviet kapena Japan atawamanga.
Kenako panali Chernobyl pa Epulo 26, 1986. Mu 2009 bungwe la New York Academy of Science lidasindikiza kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kuyerekeza kuti chiwerengero chonse cha anthu omwe amwalira chinali pafupifupi 900,000 ndipo a MIPS adalankhulira zonena zapoizoni kuti sizinali zoyipa kwambiri, koma zinali chabe. tsoka loipitsitsa kwambiri lochititsidwa ndi anthu mโmbiri yonse.
Izi zidatsatiridwa pa Marichi 11, 2011 ndi Fukushima Daiichi apocalypse pamene 3 mwa 6 zida za nyukiliya zinasungunuka, kufalitsa ma radioactivity mu nyanja yoyandikana nayo ya Pacific Ocean ndikupha poizoni wambiri wosadziwika wa zamoyo za m'madzi. Chifukwa chake, m'badwo uliwonse kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse mpaka lero, uli ndi zokumbukira zochitika zoopsa za nyukiliya zomwe MIPS sinachite bwino kuzichotsa.
Koma ngongole iyenera kuperekedwa kumene ikuyenera, ndipo pali malo omwe MIPS yachita bwino muzoyesayesa zake za plugola. Zoyesererazo zakhala zoletsa kutayikira kwa zida zanyukiliya tsiku lililonse komanso masoka "ang'onoang'ono" kapena kuchepetsedwa kukhala ndime zazifupi m'manyuzipepala. Ochepa akudziwa kuti โ100 ngozi zazikulu zachitika mโmafakitale opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse kuyambira mโma 1950 mpaka 2010.โ Atolankhani padziko lonse lapansi sanayang'ane kwambiri za momwe anthu amagwiritsidwira ntchito ngati nkhumba poyesa malo monga Marshall Islands. Souma Dutta amalemba izi zochitika:
m'malo oyesa zida za nyukiliya ku Semipalatinsk ku Kazakhstan, Novaya Zemlya ndi ena, malo oyesa zida za nyukiliya ku France ku Reggane & Akker ku Algeria ndi Mururoa Atoll ku Pacific, malo oyesera aku Britain kumadera aku Australia a Monte Bello, Maralinga. , Emu Field, ndi malo oyesera achi China a Lop Nur. "
Kukana Non-Stop
The Scientific American Nkhaniyi imatiuza kuopsa kwa kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya komwe MIPS ikupitilizabe kukana miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pa "kupambana" kwa NIF. Ngakhale pali umboni wochuluka wotsutsana ndi nkhaniyo umanena kuti kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya (a) kungapangitse โkutulutsa mpweya woipa kwambiriโ koma (b) โpopanda kupanga zinyalala zowopsa za radioactive.โ
Ngakhale kuti mpweya wochuluka wa carbon sungathe kupangidwa panthawi yopangira mphamvu panthawi yopangira mphamvu kapena kuphatikizika, mpweya wambiri umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupanga ndi kutumiza zida zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa moyo wa nukes. Kuphatikiza apo, Stan akulemba mosamalitsa kuti, ngakhale nthano yowonjezereka ya mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphepo ndi nyukiliya imabweretsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu. kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyaka, "Mbiri ndi kafukufuku zimatiuza kuti kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zatsopano sikungachotse mafuta ndi gasi kuchokera m'dongosolo."
Izi sizingasinthe chifukwa mphamvu yadzuwa ilibe pafupi ndi "kudzibala yokha.โ Malinga ndi T. Vijayendraโฆ
โโฆ tani yoyamba ya malasha inatulutsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya minofu ya anthu ndi nyama. Koma posakhalitsa, makina oyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya malasha anali kupanga zida zazikulu zopangira malasha. Izi sizili choncho ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Zipangizo zonse zofunika, kuphatikizapo osonkhanitsa dzuwa, amapangidwa kudzera njira zochokera magwero a mphamvu zina osati dzuwa (malasha, mafuta, uranium etc.).
Chonde kumbukirani kuti cholinga chamakampani ndi phindu. Izi zimafuna kukulitsa kupanga powonjezera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ngati kuphatikizika kukanawonjezeredwa kusakaniza kwa mphamvu, sipadzakhala kuchepa pang'ono kapena kuchepa kwa mafuta oyambira.
Chimenechinso nโchabodza nโchakuti kusakanikirana kwa nyukiliya sikungabweretse zinyalala zakupha. Chofunika kwambiri pakupanga ma fusion ndi tritium, mawonekedwe a radioactive wa haidrojeni. Ma isotopu ake amatha kulowa m'zitsulo ndikudutsa m'mipata yaying'ono kwambiri m'mipanda. Popeza tritium imatha kulowa pafupifupi gawo lililonse la thupi la munthu, imatha kubweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana khansa.
Kuphatikizika kwa zida za nyukiliya sikungakhale kothandiza kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi kuposa momwe zingagwiritsire ntchito ma fission reactors. Ngakhale sichinali "chinthu chonyansa," kuwononga kumeneku kungakhale koopsa kukhetsa madzi pa nthawi imene akutopa kwambiri.
Zinsinsi Zauve Zing'onozing'ono Zimalowa Poyera
Nkhani ya Philip Ball mochenjera avomereza kulondola kwa zotsutsa zingapo zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi pazidziwitso za "kupambana" kwa Disembala 2022. Zikuwoneka ngati lingaliro ku MIPS complex kuti, kuti apange chilolezo pa kukula kwa kuphatikizika kwa zida za nyukiliya, ma acolyte ake akuyenera kusintha zonena zawo zachilendo ngati zikuyenera kuganiziridwa mozama.
Choyamba, kugwirizanitsa zida za nyukiliya n'kokwera mtengo kwambiri moti n'kosatheka kupereka mphamvu โyotsika mtengo kwambiri moti sitingathe kuimiliraโ m'zaka zikubwerazi. Sikuti tritium (mtengo $ 30,000 pa gramu) kofunikira kuti ayambe kuchitapo kanthu koyamba, ma reactors ayenera kukhala ndi lifiyamu wokwera mtengo. Zida zopangira kuti chochitika chaching'onocho chichitike ndi chachikulu, chomwe chimafuna malo ofanana mabwalo atatu a mpira. Kuvuta kwa dongosolo kumafuna kawiri kawiri antchito - 1000 ya fusion vs. 500 ya fission reactor. Izi zimathandizira kufotokoza chifukwa chake ndalama zoyambira $ 6.3 biliyoni zidakhazikika pakuyerekeza kwaposachedwa kwa DOE. $ Biliyoni 65.
Chachiwiri, cholumikizidwa kwambiri ndi mtengo ndikusiyana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe adatsitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma laser 192 mu Disembala 2022 ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu komwe kungafune kudyetsa gululi. Malinga ndi Brian Tokar, kuphulika kwa Livermore kunatenga gawo limodzi mwa magawo mabiliyoni khumi a a lachiwiri. Palibe pafupi kupatsa mphamvu mzinda waukulu kwa chaka, kapena mwezi kapena ola limodzi.
Chachitatu, mtengo wa mphamvu zopanda mphamvu zotere umatanthauza kuti palibe amene anganene kuti ma fusion reactors adzayendetsa nyumba m'tsogolomu. Otsatira ambiri tsopano akuvomereza poyera kuti kunena kuti teknoloji idzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera miyoyo ya anthu ndi chinyengo. Mpira amatchula mawu olankhulira makampani kunena mosabisa kuti "Lero palibe pulojekiti imodzi yomwe ikuchitika yomanga fakitale yophatikizira magetsi yomwe ipange mphamvu."
Chachinayi, chifukwa chenicheni cha mpikisano wokaphatikizana ndicho kulola kusonkhanitsa zida za nyukiliya zomwe zili zoopsa kwambiri kuposa zomwe zilipo panopa. Pakali pano, vuto lalikulu popanga mabomba a nyukiliya ndilo โkufunikira kolemeretsa kwambiri uranium kapena plutoniumโ kuti ayambe kuchitapo kanthu. Kafukufuku wokhala ndi nyukiliya fusion angapereke njira ina yokwaniritsira kuyatsa.
Dr. M.V Ramana akufotokoza za kusaka kwa โmanyutroni okhala ndi mawonekedwe afupiafupi kwambiri a nyukiliya omwe sapeza zokolola zambiri zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukhazikitsa njira zakupha za mankhwala/zachilengedwe komanso zida zankhondo zanyukiliya." Chotero, ngati kuyesa kuphatikizika kwa zida za nyukiliya kukanakhala kopambana, kungafupikitsenso Wotchi ya Doomsday, kuonjezera kuthekera kwa kuwonongedwa kwa anthu.
Kulota Maloto Osatheka
Kutsutsa kuphatikizika pamaziko akuti "Sizigwira ntchito" kuli ndi tanthauzo lobisika koma lowopsa kuti, zitha kukhala zabwino ngati zitagwira ntchito. Mfundo imeneyi imabwera moopsa kwambiri Mawonedwe a mpira kuti โDziko lapansi likufunitsitsa kupeza gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu lamphamvu lomwe lingachepetse vuto la nyengo.โ Lingaliro lakuti tiyenera kuchotsa mphamvu "zoipa" ndi mphamvu "zabwino" zili ponseponse. Kuyika malire pakukula kwa mphamvu sikukwanira ngakhale mu equation yamakampani.
Tiyeni tichotse "zoyipa" za kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya kwa kamphindi ndikufunsa kuti "Zingakhale bwanji kukhala ndi mphamvu zina zomwe sizinali zokwera mtengo kwambiri, zomwe sizinawononge thanzi la anthu kapena zamoyo zina, osatulutsa mpweya wa carbon pa moyo wake wonse wopanga. Kuzungulira, kungapangitse mphamvu zambiri momwe tingafune, ndipo sikunali kulimbana ndi nkhondo yanyukiliya? โ
Kufunafuna mphamvu zopanda malire koteroko ndi ulendo wosaiwalika. Kulota maloto osatheka amphamvu ndikuwunikira maloto owopsa kwambiri. Richard Heinberg akuchenjeza za kuopsa kwa kunyalanyaza malire, ponena kuti ngati kuphatikizika kwa nuke kukanachotsa malire pakupanga mphamvu, mabungwe angafutukule kupanga mpaka kuwononga nthaka kosatha. kuwononga malo okhala.
Kufunafuna mphamvu zopanda malire kusiyapo mafuta oyaka kungayambitse zoopsa ngati nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Christopher Ketcham mwachidule:
"Okonda zachilengedwe asokoneza kusintha kwanyengo ngati chinthu chodabwitsa, chosiyana ndi kuwononga nkhalango, kudyetsera ziweto, kupha nyama zambiri, kugwa kwa nsomba, chipululu, kutha kwa madzi abwino, kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, malo otaya zinyalala m'nyanja, kuwononga mvula ndi mvula. microplastics, ndi kupitiriza - miyandamiyanda biospheric zotsatira za kukula kwamphamvu. "
Malingaliro akuti "palibe chomwe chili chowopsa monga kusintha kwanyengo" chakopa anthu ambiri kuphompho la kunyalanyaza (kapena kuchepetsa) zoopsa zowopsa za "alternative" mphamvu (AltE). Stan akufotokoza momwe AltE imathandizira kuopseza kosalekeza, polemba kuti unyinji wonse wa "misala yopangidwa ndi anthu" - zomwe ndi chilichonse chopangidwa ndi anthu - tsopano waposa "kulemera kwachilengedwe chonse kwa zomera, nyama, ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono pa Dziko Lapansi." Izi misa ndi kuphatikiza zaka 20 zilizonse, zimathandizira โkuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chonseโ komanso kusintha kwanyengo.
Zitsanzo zochepa chabe. Mphepo iliyonse yamphepo imafuna zitsulo zopitirira mapaundi 60 - ndipo chiwerengero chawo chikukula kwambiri. Magalimoto amagetsi kumeza โmamiliyoni mazana a matani a mabatire a lithiamu-ion posungira mphamvu.โ Ngati chuma cha padziko lonse chikuyenera kupitilira kukula, pomwe chikusintha kuti chigwiritse ntchito magetsi kuchokera ku AltE kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa ndikusinthidwa zaka 15 zikubwerazi. kudutsa ndalama zomwe zinapangidwa zaka 5,000 zapitazo. Izi zidzayatsa kuphulika kwa chiwerengero cha migodi ndi kuwononga zachilengedwe zonse. Ndi funso lotseguka ngati kukula kosalamulirika kwachuma, kusintha kwanyengo kapena nkhondo yanyukiliya zidzayambitsa kutha kwa chitukuko cha anthu. Kufunafuna mphamvu zamuyaya ndi maziko a kukula kosatha komwe kumakhala kusintha kwa chiwonongeko chamuyaya.
Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti siziyenera kukhala chonchi. Tsopano tili ndi chidziwitso ndi kuthekera kopereka miyoyo yabwino kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi ngati tili ndi chidziwitso chosiyanitsa zomwe anthu amafunikira motsutsana ndi zomwe mabungwe amadyera.
Kodi tikufunikadi kupanga zombo za rocket kupita ku Mars? Kodi moyo wathu umakhala wabwino chifukwa chokhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka posachedwa? Kodi payenera kukhala galimoto ya munthu wamkulu aliyense Padziko Lapansi m'malo mokhala ndi madera omwe anthu amapeza 80% ya zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito poyenda kapena kupalasa njinga?
Kodi aku America ndi otetezekadi pokhala ndi zida zankhondo zopitilira 700 ndikutha kupha munthu aliyense kambirimbiri. Musawerenge buku Cuba Health Care amalemba momwe machitidwe azachipatala a dzikolo amapangira kufa kwa makanda ochepa komanso moyo wautali kuposa US pomwe amawononga ndalama zosakwana 10% za zomwe US โโโโimagwiritsa ntchito munthu aliyense pachaka.
Mosiyana ndi mabodza ofala, anthu safuna kwambiri mphamvu. Timafunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo wabwino ndi mphamvu zochepa.
Don Fitz ([imelo ndiotetezedwa]) ili pa Board of Editorial Malingaliro a Green Social, pomwe mtundu wa nkhaniyi poyamba adawonekera. Anali woyimira 2016 wa Missouri Green Party for Governor. Buku lake, Cuban Health Care: The Onging Revolution, yakhala ikupezeka kuyambira Juni 2020.
Stan Cox (@CoxStan) ndiye wolemba Njira Yopita Kutsogolo Lodalirika ndi Green New Deal & Beyond, onse ofalitsidwa ndi City Lights Books. Iye akuyamba chaka chachiwiri kulemba 'In Nthawi Yeniyeni' mndandanda wa Magetsi a City.
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