Ndinapita ku Bretton Woods, koma zonse zomwe ndinali nazo zinali t-sheti yonyansayi. Chodabwitsa, si 'kukula kumodzi kumakwanira zonse' ndipo sikudzaza mabowo.
Ndikuyenda ku Mount Washington Hotel ku Bretton Woods zaka ziwiri zapitazo, ku New Hampshire mapiri komanso malo obadwirako, mu Julayi 1944, a International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, ndi mapulani a bungwe lazamalonda lapadziko lonse lapansi - pamapeto pake. ophatikizidwa ndi General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Organisation (GATT)/World Trade Organisation (WTO), ndidaganiza za kupha anthu amtundu wa anthu amtundu wamtundu ku USA, komwe tsopano kumatchedwa "New England", kochitidwa ndi a Puritans ndi atsamunda ena omwe adawona. Iwo, monga momwe wolemba mbiri Douglas Leach ananenera, monga โanthu opanda chisomo ndi ankhalwe, auve ndi aulesi mu zizolowezi zawo zaumwini, achiwembu mu ubale wawo ndi mtundu wapamwambaโoyenera kokha kukankhidwira pambali ndi kugonjeraโ .
Neoliberalism ndi Colonialism
Kutsogolo kwa zaka mazana angapo, ndipo malingaliro atsamundawa ndi kunyansidwa kwa tsankho kukuchirikizabe mitundu yamakono ya kugonjetsera, kudyera masuku pamutu ndi kulandidwa katundu kwa anthu a Dziko Lachitatu komanso Amwenye ndi madera atsankho ku North padziko lonse lapansi. Imakhalabe ku G8, mu ndondomeko za neoliberal za mabungwe a Bretton Woods, ndi maboma amphamvu akumpoto monga US ndi European Union, pokonzekera thandizo ndi ngongole, mu mgwirizano wamalonda waulere ndi ndalama, mayiko ambiri, zigawo ndi mayiko awiri, ndi ntchito zamakampani a transnational. 21st century imperialism nthawi zambiri imabisika m'chilankhulo chachitukuko, 'ulamuliro wabwino', 'kugwirira ntchito dziko lopanda umphawi' , 'kulimbana ndi umphawi ku Asia ndi Pacific' 'kuthana ndi zoopsa ndi malonda' ndi 'kumanga ufulu kudzera mu malonda' . Akhoza kuzitcha kuti capitalism yamsika, kusintha kwachuma ndi malonda aulere m'malo mwa Manifest Destiny (ngakhale izi zitha kukhala nkhani ku Bush Administration pomwe ikumenya nkhondo ndi ntchito zake), koma nyimboyi imakhalabe yofanana.
"Utsamunda ndi chochitika chachikulu chomwe akatswiri azachuma sanalankhulepo," pulofesa wa MIT wazachuma komanso wopambana wa John Bates Clark Medal, woperekedwa ndi American Economic Association kwa katswiri wazachuma waku US osakwana zaka 40, Daron Acemoglu adauza Boston Globe mwezi watha. . 'Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amalankhula za izo. Asayansi andale amakamba za izo. Koma akatswiri azachuma amangoyang'ana zaka 50 zapitazi. โ
Tikamakambirana za 'kugwirizana kwa mfundo' mu nthawi ya neoliberal economics tiyenera kuvomereza chiyambi cha utsamunda cha neoliberalism. M'dziko lino lomwe limanenedwa kuti ndi 'pambuyo pa atsamunda', maubwenzi a atsamunda ndi malo odziwika bwino a dziko lapansi akupitiriza kufotokoza zenizeni za yemwe amadya, ndi ndani amene sadya, yemwe ali ndi ufulu, yemwe alibe, yemwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza malo ndi madzi, ndi ndani. satero, amene angathe kugwira ntchito mwaulemu ndi mwachilungamo, ndi amene satero, amene amanyamula ngongole yopundula, ndi amene alibe, amene ali ndi ufulu wodziwira tsogolo lawo, ndi amene alibe.
Tikamva nkhani za โndondomeko yogwirizanaโ tiyenera kufunsa kuti: โKugwirizana kwa ndani komanso ndi chiyani? Mapulogalamu a IMF, World Bank ndi WTO amalephera kugwirizana ndi njira zachitukuko zomwe zimapanga njira yosiyana ndi capitalism yamisika. Zowonadi, amayesetsa kuwaphwanya, kufooketsa malo oyendetsera dziko komanso kuletsa maboma amtsogolo kuti asaganizenso za njira zina. Iwo sali ogwirizana ndi zomenyera anthu za chilungamo, ulemu ndi ufulu wodzilamulira. Kumbuyo kwa chitukuko chokhazikika ndi zokamba zokomera osauka, ndondomeko za mabungwewa ndi zosagwirizana ndi chitukuko cholungama pa chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. 'Policy coherence' ndi chiphiphiritso cha kudalirana kwadziko lonse komanso kukulitsa mwayi wolamulidwa ndi maboma akumpoto ndi mabungwe.
Pali ndithu 'mgwirizano wa ndondomeko' pakati pa utsamunda ndi neoliberalism. Monga omenyera ufulu wa anthu, mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma, tiyenera kutchula ndi kulimbana ndi machitidwe a capitalism ndi colonialism pakuwunika kwathu ndi zochita zathu, ngati tikufuna kuyika patsogolo zolinga zotsutsana zotsutsana, ndikumenyera chilungamo, kwanuko komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
Kugwirizana kwa mfundo: Kuyimba kuchokera m'buku lanyimbo la neoliberal lomwelo
Pafupifupi milungu ingapo iliyonse, mawu ena apamwamba amafuna kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa mabungwe a Bretton Woods, WTO, UN, mabanki a ana, opereka ndalama ndi zina zotero. Ndondomeko yogwirizanayi ikutanthauza kuthandizira pulogalamu ya ntchito ya Doha ya WTO - kumasula katundu, ntchito, ndalama, kulimbikitsa mphamvu zokhudzana ndi malonda, kupititsa patsogolo bata lachuma padziko lonse kupyolera mu kumasula ma akaunti akuluakulu (zimenezi sizinayende bwino ku Thailand ndi Korea Zaka za m'ma 1990! ) ndikuwongolera ndalama zochulukirachulukira kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene komanso kuthandiza mayiko obwereketsa kuti apititse patsogolo kugwirizana kwa mfundo za dziko lawo.
Mu 2001, L. Alan Winters, (Mtsogoleri wa World Bank's Development Research Group, Economic Professor pa University of Sussex, ndi mlangizi wa mabungwe ambiri padziko lonse pa malonda ndi chitukuko kuphatikizapo WTO, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), ndi InterAmerican Development Bank (IADB), European Commission ndi UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) analemba kuti: "WTO ndi BWOs ali ogwirizana kale kwambiri. kutsogolera, kulimbikitsa kuwonekera ndi kulosera, kuwona malonda apadziko lonse ndi ndalama monga njira zopezera chitukuko ndi mtendere, kuvomereza kufunikira kwa chitukuko ndi kuthetsa umphawi, komanso kuzindikira kuti kusinthika kumakhala kowawa. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti munthu angatengeke ndi mawu ena olimbikitsa kuti agwirizane.โ Izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa mabungwewa m'madera omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wolamulira, makamaka m'mabungwe. zokhudzana ndi kumasulidwa kwachuma.
Kupatula kudzipereka kogawana ku neoliberalism, WTO, IMF ndi World Bank ali ndi ubale wokhazikika kuti akwaniritse 'kugwirizana kwa mfundo'. Chikalata cha Ministerial Declaration on Contribution of the World Trade Organization to Achieve Greater Coherence in Global Economic Policymaking, mu Uruguay Round Act 1994, Part III.2 inalimbikitsa IMF, Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi WTO kuti atsatire "kusasintha komanso kuthandizirana. ndondomekoรขโฌยฆndi cholinga chokwaniritsa mgwirizano waukulu pakupanga mfundo za zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikufotokozedwa m'mapangano osiyanasiyana, zolengeza unduna ndi zisankho pakati pa mabungwe. Mu May 2003, akuluakulu akuluakulu a mabungwe atatuwa, kuphatikizapo Mtsogoleri Woyang'anira IMF Horst Koehler, Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa WTO Supachai Panitchpakdi ndi Purezidenti wa Banki Yadziko Lonse James Wolfensohn anakumana ku Geneva pansi pa ambulera ya WTO General Council kuti apange njira yofanana pa ndondomeko zachuma padziko lonse - "Coherence Agenda". .
IMF ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse amapereka "thandizo laukadaulo" ndi ngongole zosinthira chuma chamayiko omwe ali ndi ngongole kuti azitha kuchita malonda ndi kumasula ndalama. "Thandizo laukadaulo" limamveka ngati labwino. Zoona zake zikutanthawuza kukakamiza maiko akummwera kuti ameze mankhwala a neoliberal, nthawi zina m'magawo omwe akhala akutsutsana ndi kumasulidwa ku WTO. Zolinga za ngongole za World Bank ndi IMF nthawi zambiri zimaumiriza kuti maboma achepetse kapena kuchotseratu mitengo yamitengo, kuchotsa zoletsa pazachuma zakunja, kusintha kachitidwe kakatundu, malamulo a zachuma ndi ntchito ndi ndondomeko zogulira zinthu, komanso kulimbikitsa umwini wa mabungwe azibizinesi. Kukhazikitsira malamulo, kuletsa malamulo, malonda ndi kumasula ndalama zakhala maziko a Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) ndi zomwe zimatchedwa Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) zomwe Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi IMF tsopano akuumiriza kuti mayiko atengere kuti apitirize kulandira ngongole. Katswiri wakale wa zachuma wa Banki Yadziko Lonse komanso Mlembi wa Chuma cha United States mu 1998 anati: โMapologalamu a IMF ndi World Bank osati ku East Asia kokha komanso ku India, Latin America, Central Europe ndi Africa, apangitsa kuti malonda asamavutike kwambiri kuposaโฆ zokambirana zapakati pa mayiko awiri kapena mayiko ambiri zatheka. "
Pakati pazambiri zaboma zonena zamalonda m'malo mwa thandizo lochotsa anthu muumphawi zimabwera momveka bwino kwambiri pakumasulidwa kwamalonda, (ndipo, monga tawonera ndi phukusi laposachedwa lochepetsera ngongole la nduna zachuma za G8, 'chiwongolero changongole' pakumasula komanso kumasula ngongole. privatization) malonda. Banki Yadziko Lonse ikuyang'ana kwambiri chuma chake pazamalonda okhudzana ndi malonda, makamaka kumayiko osatukuka kwambiri (LDCs), chuma chakusintha ndi omwe ali mkati mwa WTO. Banki ikugawa ndalama zambiri kuzinthu zokhudzana ndi malonda mu 2004-2006 kuposa momwe idachitira zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kuyambira 1996-2003. Ndalama zonse zomwe zabwereketsa pazaka zitatu zikubwerazi ndi pafupifupi US $4 biliyoni poyerekeza ndi $2 biliyoni pazaka 8 zapitazi. Kubwereketsa kothandizira malonda kukuwonjezeka kuchoka pa $300 miliyoni pazaka 8 zapitazi kufika pa $1 biliyoni pazaka zitatu zikubwerazi. Pakadali pano Banki ikutsogolera bungwe logwirizana la Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance for the Least Development Countries (IF). Mabungwe ena omwe akhudzidwa ndi IMF, WTO, UN Development Programme (UNDP), UNCTAD, ndi ITC (International Trade Center - bungwe laukadaulo la UNCTAD ndi WTO pankhani zantchito, zokhazikika pamabizinesi). Malingana ndi webusaiti yake, zolinga za IF ndi ""mainstream" (integrated) kugulitsa ndondomeko zachitukuko za dziko monga Mapepala a Njira Yochepetsera Umphawi (PRSPs) a mayiko omwe sali otukuka; ndi kuthandizira pakugwirizanitsa ntchito zaukadaulo zokhudzana ndi malonda potengera zosowa zomwe bungwe la LDC likufunaโ.
Kufalikira kwa kafukufuku wazamalonda wotsogozedwa ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse kukukakamiza kumasulidwa kofulumira kwa malonda a unilateral mu mapulani a chitukuko cha dziko kudzera khomo lakumbuyo.
IMF, pakadali pano, ikhalabe mlonda wapadziko lonse wothandizira, bungwe limodzi lofunika kwambiri powonetsa momwe dziko likuyendera pazachuma chachikulu komanso kuyenera kwa ngongole kwa opereka ndalama ena. Bungwe la IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) limakwaniritsa ndi kugwirizana ndi PRSP ya World Bank ndi ntchito za WTO. Mapulani ake ndi kumasula malonda, kugulitsa anthu wamba komanso kuchepetsa udindo wa boma. Mu Epulo 2004, IMF idakhazikitsa Trade Integrated Mechanism (TIM) kuthandiza mayiko omwe ali membala kukwaniritsa zoperewera zobwera chifukwa cha kumasuka kwa malonda amitundumitundu (monga kuchepetsa ndalama zogulira kunja, komanso kuchuluka kwa ngongole zotengera kunja). Omwe adalandira koyamba anali Bangladesh ndi Dominican Republic. IMF yalimbikitsanso thandizo laukadaulo komanso kafukufuku pazamalonda.
Chikalata cha Disembala 10, 1999 cha World Bank-IMF pa PRGF-PRSP chimati: "Zolepheretsa kukula kokhazikika ziyenera kuzindikirika ndipo mfundo zomwe zidagwirizana kuti zilimbikitse kukula kofulumira: monga kusintha kwadongosolo kuti pakhale misika yaulere komanso yotseguka, kuphatikiza kumasula malonda. , kusungitsa zinthu zabizinesi ndi kusintha misonkho ndi mfundo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo okhazikika komanso odziwikiratu kuti ntchito zamagulu azigwira ntchito zitheke."
IFIs, Komiti ya Basel Yoyang'anira Mabanki, yomwe ili ndi ma Central Bankers khumi ndi atatu amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, WTO ndi mabanki a ana ndiwo amapanga ndondomeko zambiri za ndondomeko zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Ma IFIs amakhazikitsa magawo kwa onse opereka mfundo zovomerezeka zokambitsirana ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene komanso njira zabwino zoperekera thandizo. Kuyitanitsa kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa mayiko opereka chithandizo kuti agwirizane ndi thandizo lawo, ndalama, inshuwalansi ya ngongole ya kunja ndi ndondomeko zamalonda ndizotonthoza mtima pamene mgwirizano umatanthauza kugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha neoliberal. Zogwirizana ndi malonda za IMF-WB (ndi mabanki am'madera monga ADB) zimafooketsa mwayi wokambilana ndi mwayi wopanga mgwirizano wamayiko kuti athane ndi kuponderezedwa kwa US-EU pazokambirana zamalonda zamitundu ingapo kapena zachigawo kapena kupanga mapangano mwaukali.
'Baby Banks'
Thandizo laukadaulo lokhudzana ndi malonda lakhalanso gawo lalikulu la ndondomeko yobwereketsa ya ADB ndi IADB. IADB ili ndi ubale wapamtima ndi WTO. Mu February 2002 idasaina chikumbutso cha kumvetsetsa kuti kukulitsa mgwirizano pakupereka thandizo laukadaulo monga maphunziro ndi zokambirana za zokambirana zamalonda ndi kulimbikitsa mayiko a Latin America ndi Caribbean "kutenga nawo gawo mokwanira muzamalonda zamayiko osiyanasiyana." Cholinga chachikulu cha ndondomeko ya IDB ndikuphatikiza chuma cha mayiko aku Latin America ndi msika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira 1994 IADB yapereka ndalama zoposa US $ 10 miliyoni zothandizira ndondomeko ya Free Trade Area of โโthe Americas (FTAA). Mu May 2002 akuluakulu a WTO ndi ADB anasaina chikumbutso cha mgwirizano pomwe mabungwe awo adagwirizana kuti agwirizane ndi mapulogalamu othandizira aukadaulo kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali kuchokera ku maboma omwe akutukuka a ADB ku Asia ndi Pacific.
WTO
Pamene WTO ikukulitsa kukula kwake imatsegula mgwirizano waukulu ndi IMF ndi World Bank, zomwe zawonjezeranso maudindo awo kupitirira ntchito zawo zoyambirira m'zaka zaposachedwa. Gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakulumikizana kwaulamuliro pakati pa mabungwe likukhudza kumasula ndalama, makamaka mogwirizana ndi General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), ndi Plurilateral Financial Services Agreement. Kupitilira kukakamizidwa ndi maboma akumpoto ndi mabungwe pazokambirana za GATS cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa, ndi kumbuyo, kumasula komanso kusinthika kwa maakaunti akuluakulu a mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Pakadali pano mgwirizano uliwonse wamtsogolo wa Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) pazachuma ku WTO ungapangitse madera ena kuti agwirizane ndi IMF-World Bank.
Kuthekera kwa mikangano pakati pa mabungwe kulikodi, ndipo palinso zitsanzo. Monga momwe wophunzira waku Korea a Dukgeun Ahn adanenera, njira zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pansi pa mgwirizano wa Disembala 1997 ndi IMF ku South Korea panthawi yamavuto azachuma zidakhala phata la mikangano yamalonda ya WTO ndi USA ndi EU. Apa, maudindo aboma omwe adalembedwa ndi IMF komanso kwakanthawi kwakanthawi pakukonzanso zachuma m'makampani aku Korea adatsutsidwa pansi pa Mgwirizano wa WTO pa Ma Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Ahn akuti: "Palibe chosiyana ndi udindo wa WTO wokhudza mfundo za malamulo mosasamala kanthu kuti akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zosinthira kapena momwe IMF imayendera." Mwina chikhalidwe cha nkhaniyi ndikuti pakakhala mgwirizano komanso mgwirizano pakati pa IMF, World Bank ndi WTO miyeso, mumayimilira chifukwa chosakhala bwino, ndipo ngati pali kusagwirizana, mumakhumudwitsidwanso chifukwa chosakhala neoliberal. zokwanira!
UN, Neoliberal Globalization ndi Millennium Development Goals
Chidziwitso cha Monterrey Consensus chochokera ku UN Conference on Financing for Development (FfD), yomwe idapezeka ndi nthumwi za IMF, World Bank, WTO ndi mabungwe ambiri idatchedwa "Washington Consensus kuvala sombrero" ndi John Foster waku North Ottawa. -South Institute. Ndi zolimbikitsa zamalonda ndi kumasula ndalama, kugulitsa anthu wamba komanso kutsatsa malo ndi chuma, ikuwunikiranso kulandidwa kwatsopano kwa United Nations. Zimabwera pamwamba pa kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwamakampani m'mabungwe a UN, kutha kwa bungwe la UN Center on Transnational Corporations mu 1993, ndi UN Global Compact yokhala ndi mabungwe akuluakulu 50 padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe a Kofi Annan adalonjeza kuti "ziteteza misika yotseguka idakalipo. nthawi yomweyo kupanga mawonekedwe amunthu pachuma chapadziko lonseโ mwa zina . Zotsutsana za malo ochulukirapo a ndondomeko ziyenera kuwonedwa muzochitika zokankhira zonse kuti mamembala a UN apite ku cholinga chomwecho - chuma cha msika waulere.
Pa April 15 2005, msonkhano wapadera wapamwamba wa UN ECOSOC ndi mabungwe a Bretton Woods, WTO ndi UNCTAD (WTO Director-General Supachai Panitchpakdi abwana atsopano) adakambirana 'Kugwirizana, mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pazochitika za kukhazikitsidwa kwa Monterrey Consensus: kukwaniritsa zolinga zachitukuko zomwe zagwirizana padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo zomwe zili mu Millennium Declaration. Chidule cha Purezidenti wa ECOSOC adanenanso kuti "kudalirana kwachuma kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuwonekera kwa maulamuliro okhazikika pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi kumatanthauza kuti danga la mfundo zachuma zadziko tsopano lidakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, kudzipereka komanso malingaliro amisika yapadziko lonse lapansi. โ. Ambiri adafuna "kupita patsogolo kotsimikizika" ku Hong Kong WTO Ministerial Conference kuti "kumaliza kopambana kwa zokambirana za WTO mu 2006 pamaziko a Doha yokhazikika pa chitukuko". Zowonadi, ili ndi pempho la Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN. Lipoti la Mlembi Wamkulu wa June 1 2005 ku UN General Assembly linanenanso kuthandizira "kuthana ndi nkhani zadongosolo: kupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano ndi kusasinthasintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama za mayiko, zachuma ndi malonda pothandizira chitukuko."
Ma MDGs amanyalanyaza zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa umphawi monga ngongole, malonda opanda chilungamo ndi ndondomeko zachuma. Mwina zimenezo nโzosadabwitsa. Iwo adapangidwa ndi nduna zochokera kumayiko a OECD, osatengapo gawo ndi maboma akummwera ngakhale omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri. Kodi ndendende maboma adzapereka bwanji ndalama zothandizira zaumoyo ndi maphunziro pamene akukakamizika kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito komanso kubisa ntchito za private mogwirizana ndi ma IFIs? Kodi osauka angakwanitse bwanji chithandizo chamankhwala, madzi, maphunziro? Kodi ngakhale zolinga zazing'ono kwambiri za MDGs zingakwaniritsidwe bwanji ndi dziko lililonse lomwe lili m'manja mwa neoliberalism, privatization, ndi ukapolo wangongole? Zolinga zachitukuko za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizochepa chabe za ndondomeko zomwe zikupitirizabe zakusintha kamangidwe ndi kumasula - ndondomeko zomwe zikuipiraipira umphawi ndikulepheretsa chitukuko chenicheni.
Mu lipoti lake la "In Larger Freedom", Kofi Annan akunena kuti "chitukuko, chitetezo ndi ufulu wa anthu zimayendera limodzi". Koma zomwe ma MDGs akuwoneka kuti akupereka ndi dzanja limodzi zimachotsedwa ndi linalo. Cholinga cha 8 cha MDGs ndi: 'Kupanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wachitukuko รขโฌยฆ. Konzaninso njira yotseguka, yozikidwa pa malamulo, yodziwikiratu, yopanda tsankho komanso yandalama (kuphatikiza kudzipereka ku ulamuliro wabwino, chitukuko ndi kuchepetsa umphawi - mdziko lonse lapansi komanso padziko lonse lapansi) "
Joseph Yu wa bungwe la IBON anati: โKukayikakayika kofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga za MDG sikufuna kulimbikitsa mayiko olemera omwe akupereka thandizo kuti awonjezere thandizo lachitukuko ku mayiko osatukuka, koma kuti akhazikitse ndondomeko ya kukonzanso zinthu zatsopano monga njira yopititsira patsogolo kukula kwachuma ndi chitukuko. chotsatira chake, kuchepetsa umphawiรขโฌยฆKulimbikitsa โnjira yotseguka, yozikidwa pa malamulo oyendetsera malonda ndi zachumaโ, mgwirizano ndi mabungwe odziyimira pawokha komanso mpikisano pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi zimayika pachiwopsezo zolinga zothetsa umphawi zomwe zikuchulukidwa ndi zofuna zamakampani ndi opereka ndalama.
Finance Liberalization ndi FTAs
Lipoti la 1998 la UNCTAD Trade and Development Report linanena kuti: โKukwera kwachuma pamakampani ndi kudalirana kwa chuma padziko lonse zakhala magwero aakulu a kusakhazikika ndi kusadziลตika bwino kwa chuma cha dziko. (รขโฌยฆ) Makamaka, kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo azachuma ndi kumasula maakaunti akuluakulu kukuwoneka ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yowonera mavuto m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Kumasulidwa kwa akaunti ya Capital, kuchotsedwa kwa zowongolera, misonkho, ndalama zothandizira komanso zoletsa kuchuluka komwe kumakhudza zochitika zamaakaunti amalikulu - kaya kukwezedwa kudzera mumiyezo ya ngongole ya IMF, Pangano la WTO pa Financial Services, kapena pano, m'mapangano amalonda aulere ndi mabizinesi - zawononga kale nyumba. chuma, makamaka ku South East Asia ndi Mexico mu 1990s.
Ma FTA a ku Chile ndi Singapore omwe ali ndi USA ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri a "NAFTA -plus" omwe amatsegula chitseko kuti osunga ndalama omwe ali okhumudwa atengere mlandu kukhoti lamilandu. Mapangano onsewa amaika malire atsopano owopsa pakugwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera ndalama. Kavaljit Singh, wofufuza mfundo za ku India, akuti kuwongolera kwa dziko la Chile pankhani ya kukwera kwachuma kwathandiza kuti dziko la Chile lisakhale ndi mavuto azachuma. Iye akulemba kuti "ndi zomveka kuti kuthekera kwa mavuto azachuma ku Chile ndi Singapore kuchulukirachulukira ndikuchotsa ziwongola dzanja monga zikuyembekezeredwa m'mapangano amalonda apakati ndi US"
Ngakhale amalonda aulere adatsutsa mbali iyi ya FTAs. M'nkhani ya Financial Times ya Marichi 2003, a Jagdish Bhagwati ndi a Daniel Tarullo adalemba kuti, "Cholinga cha olamulira a Bush kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano awiriwa ngati 'chitsanzo' cha mapangano ena amalonda, mwina kuphatikiza kuzungulira kwa Doha, zikutanthauza kuti kuvomereza kuwongolera ndalama. zingayambitse ndondomeko yamalonda yomwe imawononga kwambiri. Kuletsa kuwongolera ndalama kumakhala ndi zotsatira za kusagwirizana kwa mfundo zakunja zaku US. Tangoganizani kuti boma likukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera ndalama kwanthawi yochepa kuti athetse mavuto azachuma. Kulipiridwa kudzachitika, koma kwa osunga ndalama aku America okha. Nzika za dziko lomwe likutukuka kumene zidzawona bungwe lolemera la US kapena munthu akulandira malipiro pomwe wina aliyense mdziko muno akuvutika ndi vutoli. Wina angakakamizidwe kuganiza za mankhwala abwino kwambiri odana ndi America. โ
Kulimbana
Pomwe anthu ena amati "pangani mbiri yaumphawi", ena mwa ife timati "pangani mbiri ya capitalism". Ukapitalism ndi utsamunda nthawi zambiri amakhala njovu mu chipinda ntchito NGO pa ngongole, malonda zachuma, chikhalidwe ndi ndale chilungamo - ndi nkhondo.
Ngati kuwunika kwathu kwa neoliberalism kutengera malingaliro odana ndi atsamunda komanso odana ndi capitalism, titha kukayikira njira zomwe cholinga chake ndi kupititsa patsogolo mabungwe odyetsera nyama, makampani odyetsera nyamawa kuti adye zamasamba popempha mwaulemu ndi 'kukambitsirana kwachitukuko', ndipo m'malo mwake tigwire ntchito limodzi. kuwapatulira iwo. Tiyenera kupita kupyola njira yachitukuko yopita ku mabungwe payekha ndi ndondomeko zawo ndi dzina lawo ndikulimbana ndi zikhalidwe ndi malingaliro omwe ali kumbuyo ndi kuwagwirizanitsa.
Onse otsutsa ndi ochirikiza mgwirizano wa ndondomeko amanena kuti mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko pakati pa mabungwe uyenera kukhazikitsidwa pa mgwirizano pakati pa maboma a mayiko ndi mautumiki awo, mabungwe ndi madipatimenti osiyanasiyana. Mwachidziwitso komanso mwachidziwitso, ndikuganiza kuti ndizo zomwe zimakakamiza anthu kuti alowererepo - mikangano, zotsutsana, mikangano pakati pa akuluakulu, mautumiki a boma ndi madipatimenti - zomwe ndizofunikira kuzindikira ndi kuchita kampeni pozungulira, osati mikangano yomwe ingakhalepo kapena yowonekera pakati pa IFIs ndi pa WTO.
Monga momwe wofufuza za ntchito Gerard Greenfield akuchenjeza, akufuna kuti pakhale poyera, kumasuka ndi demokalase yowonjezereka mkati mwa mabungwe monga WTO amanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti "tiyenera kukhala ndi luso lochitapo kanthu pa zomwe timawona, apo ayi tidzakhala owonerera muzochitika zowonekera" โฌยฆ Kuchepetsa mwamakani luso lathu loyika demokalase patsogolo pa chuma sikungoganizira chabe - zili pakatikati pa projekiti ya kudalirana kwa mayiko.
Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mphamvu, chitsutso chomwe chimayika patsogolo kukambirana ndi kupikisana kwa malingaliro ndi anthu osankhika sichoopsa kwambiri komanso chowongolera kusiyana ndi chomwe chimamvetsetsa mphamvu ndikumanga mphamvu zotsutsana ndi gulu la anthu ndi kumanga mayendedwe.
"Mabungwe ambiri akuluakulu komanso amphamvu kwambiri amangoyang'ana mmwamba, kulungamitsa ndi kulongosola bwino zochita ndi malingaliro amphamvu. Ena amayang'ana kumunsi, ndipo mkati mwa izi pali mitundu iwiri yosiyana: yomwe imakonza ndi kusonkhanitsa kuti igwirizane ndi mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi mphamvu zazikulu, ndi omwe amakonzekera ndi kulimbikitsana kuti ayang'ane ndi mphamvu zazikulu " analemba Stephen Greenberg, omenyera nkhondo ndi ofufuza ku South Africa. Nhlanhla Ndlovu.
Mwina tikuyenera kutengeranso magwero a liwu loti nyani-wrenching - ndi mawu ochokera m'buku la Ed Abbey onena za gulu lopeka la omenyera ufulu wachilengedwe, The Monkey Wrench Gang akunena za kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji motsutsana ndi amphamvu. Mitundu ikuluikulu komanso yamphamvu kwambiri ya nyani-wrench ndi magulu amphamvu komanso okhazikika omwe amalimbana ndi magulu a anthu. Kwa ife omwe timachita kafukufuku ndi kusanthula ndondomeko, vuto lathu ndiloti tiwonjezere zoyesayesa zathu kuti tiyendetse ntchito yathu m'njira zomwe zimalimbitsa ndi kuthandizira nkhondo zodziwika bwino zolimbana ndi neoliberalism, m'madera athu, komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
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