"Chizoloŵezi chokhazikitsa zikhulupiriro pa umboni, ndi kuwapatsa iwo mlingo wotsimikizirika umene umboni umapereka."
—Bertrand Russell
"Chilungamo sichidzabwera mpaka omwe sanavulazidwe akwiya ngati omwe ali."
—Solon 560 BC
Nthawi zina liwu limayenda mozungulira danga ndi nthawi. Nthawi zina liwu limamveka kuti likusowa kwinakwake, nthawi zina. Nthawi zina liwu limachita zonse ziwiri, nthawi imodzi, kwamuyaya.
Kwa anthu onse otchuka omwe adadutsa ku MIT panthawi yomwe wophunzira wanga amakhala kumeneko, kapena omwe ndidawadziwapo kale, kapena omwe ndidawerengapo kapena kuwerenga za iwo, kwa onse opambana omwe adapangapo kusiyana kulikonse nthawi iliyonse. , ku moyo wanga chofunika kwambiri chakhala Noam Chomsky. Chitsanzo chake chaunikira njira zambiri zomwe ine ndi ena osawerengeka tayesera kuyendamo. M'malo moponya miyala pa chimphona, ndimakonda kungonena zikomo. Ndi tsiku labwino lobadwa, Noam, December 7. 95! Chilichonse chomwe chingatichitikire, mukhale a ife tonse, achichepere mpaka kalekale.
Ndinakumana ndi Noam pamene ndinatenga maphunziro ake "Intellectuals and Social Change" ku MIT komwe ndinali wophunzira. Zinali zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndipo tinakhala mabwenzi-ine wophunzira, iye anali mlangizi kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi wamkulu kwa ine, ndipo, chonde dziwani, panthawiyo zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zinali moyo weniweni-komabe takhala pafupi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera pamene.
Nthawi zambiri ndimamva anthu akufunsa Noam "chomwe chimakupangitsani kukhala opindulitsa kwambiri?" Nthawi zambiri ndimamumva akunjenjemera pang'ono kenako ndikuyankha kuti chinthu chokhacho chomwe amawona m'mapangidwe ake chomwe chimawoneka chosiyana ndi anthu ena ambiri chinali chakuti amatha kukhala pansi pa ntchito atachoka kwakanthawi ndipo akabwerako adzabweranso nthawi yomweyo. mu gear. Olemba ena-ndikudziwa bwino-nthawi zambiri amawononga nthawi kuwerenganso ndikulumikizananso tikabwerera kumapulojekiti omwe tidawakonzeratu kwa tsiku locheperako. Koma mosasamala kanthu za nzeru yodabwitsa ya yankho lake losavuta, ndinawona mwa Noamu kutanthauzira kusiyana kwakukulu kuposa zimenezo.
Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndakhala ndikusangalala ndi zomwe Noam amandithandizira ndikundithandiza pa ntchito yanga ndipo nthawi zina ndakhala ndikupereka mayankho osadziwa kwa iye. Ndamuwona muzochita zamitundu yonse ndikugawana naye nthawi zamtundu uliwonse, zamunthu komanso zandale, zachikhalidwe komanso zachinsinsi, pasiteji ndi kunja. Chakhala chosangalatsa kwambiri m'moyo wanga kuti ndisakhale ndi Noam ngati bwenzi komanso wowongolera, komanso kuti ndidaphunzira ndikusangalala ndi nkhani zake zambiri ndi zomwe amachita. Sizinandikwiyitse n’komwe kuti nthaŵi zonse ndikapita kwinakwake kukalankhula, kuchokera ku Florida kupita ku Ohio, New York mpaka ku Alaska, Greece kupita ku Brazil, England mpaka ku India, Poland mpaka ku Australia, ndi ku Korea mpaka ku Venezuela, nthawi zambiri yapita kuyankha. mafunso okhudza Noam. Kodi Nowa ali bwanji? Kodi Noam ndi wotsutsa? Kodi Nowa akuganiza chiyani za kuwukiraku? N’chifukwa chiyani Nowa ananena zimenezi zokhudza Cambodia? Kodi Noam amachita bwanji? Kodi Noam amachita bwanji? Kodi Noam amachita bwanji? Ndipo ngakhale, nthawi zina, mutha kufotokozera zilankhulo za Noam? Kuwala kwa Nowa kufalikira paliponse. Kwenikweni kulikonse. Mawu ake amabwerera. Chifukwa chake nawa mayankho azithunzi pang'ono okhudza zodabwitsa, zabwino, zovuta, komanso zowoneka bwino zomwe ndakhala ndi mwayi wowona.
Lydia Sargent ndi ine tinapita ku Poland mu 1980. Ulendowu unachitika chifukwa South End Press inali itasindikiza posachedwapa buku la mlembi wachinyamata wa ku Poland Slawomir Magala lonena za kuwukira m’dziko lake ndi kutuluka kwa chipani cha Polish Workers’ Party motsogozedwa ndi Lech Walesa. Lydia ndi ine tinali titapita kukachita bizinezi pa International Book Fair ku Frankfurt, Germany, ndipo kenako tinapitiriza kukumana ndi Magala kuti tiphunzire za zochitika ku Poland. Ndimakumbukira Lydia akulankhula ndi General wakumanzere za feminism. Iye anadzutsidwa. Ndimakumbukiranso Lydia ndi ine titakhala m'nyumba tikukambirana ndi Swavek, dzina la wolembayo, komanso mabwenzi ake angapo. Panthawi ina, ndinali kuyankha funso lina la America, ndipo nkhani ya zolemba za ndale za Chomsky inayamba. Pambuyo pake panali zokambirana zambiri, ndipo popeza panali katswiri wa zinenero, ziphunzitso za zinenero za Chomsky zinayamba kuwonetsedwa. Ndikamauza obwera nawo nkhani ya Chomsky wodziwa zilankhulo, monga ndidafotokozera kale nkhani za Chomsky wandale, wina adati, "Dikirani pang'ono, mungawadziwe bwanji a Chomsky panokha? Zimenezi zangochitika mwangozi.”
Ndinayamba kuseka koma ndinazindikira kuti wofunsayo ali serious. Zinapezeka kuti omenyera ufuluwa, omwe ndithudi anali m'gulu la anthu amitundu yonse ku Poland, pafupifupi onse ankaganiza kuti pali Chomsky mmodzi yemwe anali wandale ndipo analemba mabuku okhudza mbiri yakale, Vietnam, ndi kusintha, ndipo panali Chomsky wina yemwe anali katswiri wa zilankhulo ndipo analemba. mabuku onena za galamala, kuzindikira, ndi chibadwa cha anthu. Ndikaganizira, ndinazindikira kuti ngakhale poyamba funsoli linali lodabwitsa, linali lomveka. Kupatula apo, sizinali zothekera kuti anthu awiri azigawana dzina limodzi kuposa kuti munthu mmodzi akhale ndi ntchito ziwiri zodziwika bwino koma zosalumikizana. Ndiye choyamba, nchiyani chimapangitsa Chomsky kukhala wanzeru komanso wopindulitsa? Chachiwiri, nchiyani chomwe chimapangitsa Chomsky kukhala osiririka?
Zina mwanzeru za Chomsky komanso zokolola zidabadwa. Koma kupatsidwa kwa majini, ngakhale kuti n’kofunika, si chinthu chimene tiyenera kutamandidwa ndipo sitingachitsanzire. Titha kudabwa ndi liwiro losayerekezeka la Usain Bolt, nthano zamatsenga za Fyodor Dostoevsky, mawu osangalatsa a Adele, chidziwitso chakuthupi cha Einstein, luso lolankhula la Martin Luther King, mawu opambana a Dylan, komanso luso la masamu la Emmy Noether. Timasangalala kuona makhalidwe amenewa akugwira ntchito. Tikhoza kudabwa nawo. Tikhoza kuchita chidwi ndi kuunikira nawo. Tikhozanso kusonkhezeredwa ndi iwo. Koma sizomveka kunena kuti mwiniwakeyo ndi woyenera kulemekezedwa mwapadera, kuyamikiridwa, kapena kutsanzira chifukwa chongobadwa ndi luso lapadera.
Kukumbukira kwapadera kwa Noam kumatha kusunga zikwatu zonse komanso tsatanetsatane wa kukumbukira ngati kompyuta. Kukumbukira kwa aliyense kumacheperachepera ndi ukalamba, ngakhale kwa Noam, koma ngakhale pazaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu kenako makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu, ndipo tsopano kukumbukira kwa Noam makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu kumawonekera. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, m'machitidwe ake omwe ndidatenga, Noam ankakonda kupereka maumboni kuchokera m'mabuku omwe amawerenga ndipo akafunsidwa nthawi zina amalozera patsamba, kapenanso gawo latsamba. Koma zimene Nowa ankakumbukira sizinali zachithunzi ayi, koma zinali zozama, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo, anangoganizira za zinthu zimene anaona kuti n’zofunika. Polankhulapo anthu amafunsa mitundu yonse ya mitu yofunika kwambiri kuchokera pa zomwe wapatsidwa, ndipo Noam nthawi zonse ankayankha ndi chidziwitso chakuya chomwe kusiyanasiyana kwake ndi kulondola kwazinthu zina kusiyapo ngakhale akatswiri ake pamutu winawo angadabwe nazo. Ndidawona izi zikuchitika mobwerezabwereza ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi momwe zinthu ziliri m'maiko omwe amapitako komanso okhudza malingaliro a zinenero, filosofi, mbiri yakale, sayansi yamaganizo, ndi sayansi yachilengedwe. Ndiye, kwenikweni, zaka makumi anayi ndi theka pambuyo pa kukambirana ku Poland—mmodzi, awiri, kapena ambiri a Nowam? Weruzani nokha. Mutha kuwona kusinthanitsa koteroko pa Youtube nthawi iliyonse yomwe mukufuna.
Chachiwiri, ganizirani mmene Nowa ankaganizira mofulumira komanso momveka bwino. Ngati iye anali wasayansi, tinene, kapena katswiri wa masamu, tikanatha kuweruza kuti gawo lobadwa nalo la mphamvu zake ndi lofunika kwambiri, monga wasayansi aliyense wamkulu, kapena wodabwitsa, monga von Neumann kapena Feynman. Koma khalidwe lina la Noam linali lobadwa nalo koma linalinso lophunzitsidwa bwino lomwe linachokera ku khama lake ndi kulanga kwake. Noam nthawi zonse amadzipatula ku chizolowezi ndi kuzolowera kuti aganizire zomwe zingatheke mosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amalingalira. Sikuti amangotengera zambiri, kapena kupanga maulalo ndikuyesa mwayi wopitilira zomwe anthu ena angathe kuchita. Ena obadwa ngakhale ali ndi kukumbukira kwakukulu ndi malingaliro ofulumira nthawi zambiri amangosonkhanitsa, kuwerengera, ndi tsatanetsatane zomwe zimadziwika, kapena kupeza zatsopano, kapena nthawi zina ngakhale kulumikizana kwatsopano, koma samapanga mobwerezabwereza kuzindikira kwatsopano komwe kumasintha mobwerezabwereza. chilango chonse. Apanso, pitani ku Youtube. Mutha kuwona Noam akufunsa mobwerezabwereza mafunso osayembekezereka. Amagwira ntchito kunja kwa bokosi lililonse. Amangoganizira zomwe sizingatheke. Amawona kulumikizana kobisika.
Ganizilani za Einstein. Zomwe Einstein adachita zomwe zinali zodabwitsa ndikutulutsa zowona zenizeni kuchokera kuzinthu zenizeni zenizeni kuti apange zidziwitso zomwe sizikudziwika kale. Kuganizira zomwe zingachitike ngati wina athamanga motsatira cheza, kapena kuganiza kudzera mumayendedwe a elevator yomwe ikugwa, kuyesa kuwiri kwa malingaliro otsogolera a Einstein, sikunafune kuwerengera kwakukulu. Einstein sanafunikire kutsatira malingaliro omveka bwino kudzera munjira zambiri zovuta. Katswiri wa Einstein yemwe adawonetsedwa nthawi zambiri sanali mu kuchuluka kwa masitepe omwe adachotsedwa, kapenanso zovuta zawo zowerengera. Luso lake linali pochita masitepe ofunikira nkomwe ndikutsata njira zomwe ena sanazizindikire kapena osayesa kuzidutsa. Nzeru zake zinali mu kudumpha kwake kuchokera ku njira yopunthidwa. Njira ya Einstein yodumpha pafupipafupi inali yomwe asayansi amatcha kuti kuyesera kwa malingaliro. Masewera olimbitsa thupi awa amasiyanitsa zowona zosafunikira kuti ziwonetsere bwino tanthauzo lake lakuya. Kuti achite izi, Einstein adawona zochitika zomwe sizingatheke ndipo adazipanga kukhala zangwiro komanso zangwiro m'mutu mwake pochotsa mwatsatanetsatane. Kenako anatembenuza chinsinsicho mkati ndi mozondoka mpaka atapeza kufotokoza kwatsopano.
Njira imodzi yomwe Noam wapangira zatsopano ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mafananidwe (mochuluka kapena mochepera ngati zoyesera zoganiza) nthawi zambiri komanso mogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa momwe anthu ena amachitira. Nowam amatenga zomwe adazizolowera - ndipo ili ndi khalidwe lomwe tingaphunzirepo ndikuyesera kutengera - ndikupeza lina lomwe linali lofanana ndi loyamba koma lomwe zizolowezi zake (ndi zathu) ndi zokondera sizingagwire ntchito mwamphamvu kapena ayi. . Akadagwiritsa ntchito njira iyi kuti alankhule bwino ndi omvera omwe adangolankhula kuti akadawauza zomwe zidachitika koyamba zikadasokoneza anthu ndikupewa malingaliro awo am'mbuyomu kapena zomwe amayembekeza - ndipo adagwiritsanso ntchito kusintha kotereku, ndikukayikira, kwa iye yekha kupeza malingaliro atsopano. Adachita matsenga awa posanthula zochitika zofananira koma zosagwirizana komanso zosadziwika bwino zomwe adazipanga kapena zomwe adazikumbukira mofananiza, ndikudziwonetsa yekha (kapena ife) tanthauzo la malo otalikirana omwe amachitikira pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri yomwe tanthauzo lake linali. kusokonezedwa ndi malingaliro.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amangofotokozera zambiri, amalingalira mitundu yonse ya zophweka zomwe zili m'dziko lenileni zomwe sizingatheke, ndipo amawona m'maso mwawo zomwe zimachitika m'dziko losavuta lomwe amalingalira kuti azindikire zochitika zenizeni zapadziko lapansi popanda kulola zowona zosatha komanso tsankho laumwini kubisa chowonadi chozama. . Chinyengo chofananira cha Noam ndi chofanana, koma ndichoyenera kwambiri ku zochitika zapadziko lapansi, ngakhale ndinganene kuti ponena za chilankhulo mwina adagwiritsanso ntchito mafananidwe ndi kuyesa malingaliro, kapena mwina mtanda pakati pa ziwirizi. Mu Linguistics, mwachitsanzo, kutulukira kumodzi komwe iye anapanga, ndipo iye analemba zambirimbiri, kunadza pamene anafunsa momwe makanda amakhoza kumva zitsanzo zochepa chabe za kulankhulana ndiyeno kuyankhula mokwanira ndi kumvetsa chinenero. Iye ankadabwa chimene chiyenera kukhala mwachibadwa mkati mwa khanda, ana onse, koma osati agologolo kapena agalu, kuti alole izo.
Njira yofanizira yomwe Noam anagwiritsa ntchito imapezeka muzolemba zake zonse. Adzasintha kuchoka pakulankhula za US ku Vietnam (kenako atabisika ndi malingaliro amalingaliro ndi tsankho kuti US sangachite cholakwika chilichonse) kupita ku Russia ku Eastern Europe (kumene American akhoza kuona kuukira ndi imperialism momveka bwino). Adzasintha kuchoka pa kukambirana za kuthekera kwa kuukira kwa US ku Afghanistan (yomwe imakhulupirira kwambiri zikhulupiliro za US zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kuzindikira popeza USwas sanali woukira woipa) kupita ku kuthekera kwa Iran kuukira Afghanistan (kosavuta kuti atengere munthu wochokera ku US). Angasinthe kuchoka pakuwunika milandu ya US kulanga anthu onse aku Afghanistan chifukwa cha zigawenga zomwe zidaukira US (zosokoneza, pambuyo pake, tingakhale bwanji achifwamba) kupita ku Britain (ngati zidatero) kulanga US chifukwa cha nyumba ndi kuthandizira ndalama za IRA ku Britain (zosavuta kuzisanthula popeza kuti wina aliyense akhoza kukhala wachifwamba). Kapena angafanizire atolankhani akugogomezera 9/11 ngati uchigawenga koma osawona chiletso cha US ku Iraq ngati nkhondo yamankhwala ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zimachitikira anthu wamba. Adzachoka pa zokambirana za US media dynamics kuti akambirane zochitika zakale za Soviet media, kapena kukambirana za ndondomeko ya US yachilendo kuti akambirane za khalidwe la Mafia dons, ndi zina zotero. Zofananirazo zikanadutsa zosokoneza kuti ziwulule zofunikira zake ndiyeno amabwereranso kuti aziwona zovuta kuvomereza zochitika monga asayansi omwe amayesa malingaliro pafupipafupi.
Noam, mofanana ndi akatswiri onse, nayenso anagwira ntchito mwakhama. Kodi adathamangitsidwa, wokakamiza, ndipo ngakhale pamwamba pa ntchito? Mwa miyezo ya tsiku ndi tsiku, inde, mosakayikira ali nayo. Ngati mungatchule othamanga odziwika bwino makumi awiri, ochita zisudzo, ndi oimba pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi, Noam mwina adamva za awiri kapena atatu, kapena asanu kopitilira apo, ndipo adatha kupereka ziro za aliyense wa iwo. Palibe kukumbukira izo. Noamu ankatha kuwona mafilimu awiri kapena atatu pachaka. Amatha kuwona maola angapo a TV kupatula nkhani pachaka. Ankamvetsera pafupifupi wailesi iliyonse. Iye ankadziwa zimene ankafuna kuti adziwe, ndipo m’dera limeneli nzeru zake zinali zachilendo.
Noam anali ndi nyumba yachilimwe ku Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Panali bwato la injini ndi bwato laling’ono, ndipo iye ndi mkazi wake panthaŵiyo Carol ankakhala panyanja m’chilimwe ndi m’nyumba ina ku Lexington, Massachusetts kwa chaka chonsecho. M’kati mwa chilimwe chilichonse iye ndi Carol ankakwera m’boti mocheperapo kambirimbiri. Ankachezera gombe laling’ono la nyanjayo limene anali pambali pa ulendo waufupi nthaŵi zambiri, kuphatikizapo alendo, ndipo Lydia ndi ine tinali kumeneko nthaŵi zambiri. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, Noam ankakopeka ndi kuphunzira kwake, kuwerenga ndi kulemba m'chilimwe monga momwe amachitira chaka chonse. Ola ndi ola ankawerenga ndi kulemba. Phatikizani khama ili ndi luso lake loyambira mwachangu komanso ndikusintha pang'ono komwe kumafunikira kuyambira pomwe zolemba zake zimatha, ndikuganiza za izi, momwe zimayambira, ndipo mumapeza zotulutsa zambiri, ndipo mumapeza zochulukirapo. kuposa momwe anthu ambiri amazidziŵira ndi ndale kapena ntchito zake zasayansi, kapena ngakhale zonse ziŵirizo, amazindikira.
Mukuwona, Noam nthawi zambiri amayankha ngakhale zilembo zazifupi zochokera kwa anthu osadziwika omwe ali ndi zilembo zazitali zomwe zimatengera buku laling'ono mwezi uliwonse. Kuonjezera apo, Noam anasintha zinenero ndi zomwe zimatchedwa sayansi ya chidziwitso - osati kamodzi pa moyo, koma kangapo. Zowonadi, kwa zaka zambiri ku MIT, Noam adaphunzitsa maphunziro azilankhulo Lachisanu lililonse kuti anthu amabwera kuchokera pafupi komanso kutali kuti abwere. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa mlungu uliwonse Nowa ankapereka nkhani zina zimene anakonza mlungu wapitawo. Izi zokha, ngakhale popanda kukhudzidwa kwake kwina, zinali liwiro losamvetsetseka la kupanga.
Koma panthawiyi, panali zochitika zina. Noam wina adadzudzula moyipa za mfundo zakunja zaku US, adakondwera ndi machitidwe azama TV, komanso kumveketsa bwino zandale zosiyanasiyana. Noam ankalankhula pagulu kambirimbiri pachaka ndipo kulikonse komwe amapita amalankhula za mbiri yakale komanso zochitika zaposachedwa kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane komanso mwaluso monga momwe amaperekera pazokambirana za US Noam nthawi zambiri zimapitilira kwa maola ambiri. Anachita zoyankhulana zosawerengeka, nthawi zambiri zochepa mlungu uliwonse. Mbali iliyonse ya moyo wake inkaoneka ngati yosatheka, komabe mbali zonse zinachitikadi, ndipo zinkachitika mobwerezabwereza. Kotero, awiri, atatu, ambiri a Nowa?
Kugwira ntchito molimbika kwa aliyense ndi koyenera kuyamikiridwa ngakhale mwina m'dziko lofunika palibe amene angatengeke monga momwe Nowa adachitira m'dziko lathu lapansi. Zowonadi, m'dziko lofunika, pomwe Noamu akadagwirabe ntchito molimbika pa sayansi yake chifukwa cha chisangalalo ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwake, mosakayikira akadakhalanso akuyenda panyanja nthawi zambiri, kubzala m'munda wake pafupipafupi, komanso kuseka makanema ambiri. kuposa momwe adachitira m'dziko lathu lapansi. Chifukwa chake, kudzipereka kwake kuti atenge nthawi yochuluka kuti asatope kuwulula zopanda chilungamo kumayenera kuyamikiridwa. Koma Nowa wochititsa chidwi kwambiri, wakhala akuwoneka kwa ine, wakhala Nowa wowona mtima kwambiri. Noam ndi dzina lina la kukhulupirika kochuluka. Nowa wosiririka kwambiri amalemekeza koma samadzichepetsa kwa ena. Amasamala.
Kuona mtima n’kosavuta kumva. Nthawi zonse Nowa ankanena zimene zili m’maganizo mwake, ndipo nthawi zina zimamupweteka. Zoonadi, zoipa zingabwere kuchokera ku zabwino. Kukakamira kosatha kwa Nowamu pachoonadi kwasokoneza, nthaŵi zina, ndi makhalidwe ena abwino, monga tcheru kukhudza mmene mawu ake angakhudzire ena. Ndikawona wina yemwe ali ngati Noam, ndimaganiza kuti kunena zoona nthawi zambiri kuyenera kukhala patsogolo kuposa zomwe zimatchedwa kukhudzika mtima koma nthawi zina zimakhala zochulukirapo kuposa kunyengerera kapena chinyengo - ngakhale ena angatsutse izi, ndipo si kukula kumodzi kokwanira konse. .
Umphumphu ndi wovuta kuumitsa. Zikuoneka kuti kumatanthauza kukhala wokhulupirika ku mfundo zimene munthu amayendera, pamene ali ndi mfundo zimene angathe kuzitsatira. Nowa wakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino ndipo wakhala wokhulupirika kwa iwo. Izinso zimatha kufika pamlingo womwe umayambitsa mavuto. Noam adapewa aliyense wokhudza zosankha za wina ndi china chilichonse kupatula malingaliro ndi umboni. Mutha kuona zotsatira za izi m'mayankhulidwe ake komanso m'malemba ake, ndipo zapangitsa kuti Noamu akhale wosamala kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amakana kutchuka kwake. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nkhawa kuti omvera ake sangamve mawu ake. Izi nthawi zambiri zapangitsa Nowa kuipidwa ndi kupereka uphungu mpaka kukana mawu omwe akanamveka bwino.
Kulemekeza ena kunali ndi msampha winanso kwa Nowa. Nthawi zonse ankafunsidwa mafunso ndi anthu amene sankadziwa zimene ankafunsa. Munthu waudindo ngati wa Noam amazolowera mafunso awa. Kwa Nowa, kulemekeza ofunsa ake kunatanthauza kuwaona kukhala ofunika ndi kuyankha moona mtima moleza mtima ndi mwachidwi kuti alankhule momveka bwino. Nowa anachita zimenezo, kachiwiri pamlingo wounikiridwa bwino kwambiri ungawoneke kukhala zosatheka kwa munthu. Noamu analandira makalata mosayembekezereka. Ena atha kukhala ndi zolemba zopusa kapena kufunsa mafunso omwe adayankha kambirimbiri. Osatengera. Ankayankha aliyense ngati akuyankha mnzake wogwira naye ntchito wodziwa zambiri kapena wofunsayo akucheza naye. Koma nayenso momveka ankafuna kuti kusinthanitsa koteroko kupitirire ndipo vuto linayamba nthawi zina chifukwa Noam amatanthauzanso kuphunzira kwachangu.
Wina akayamba kufunsa Nowamu chinthu chodziwika bwino, nthawi zina Nowa ankakonda kulemba zomwe zasowekapo. Atamva mawu ochepa, Nowa ankanena zimene munthuyo akufuna n’kumuduladula n’kuyamba kuyankha munthuyo asanamalize funso lake. Zimenezi zingalepheretse Nowa kumva zimene ankafunsidwa pofuna kupulumutsa nthawi komanso kuonetsetsa kuti anthuwo achita zinthu zolondola pakakhala gulu la anthu lomwe linkafuna kuti iye amvetsere nkhani ikatha, kotero kuti kusinthana ndi kusinthana kunali kofunika kwambiri. Zochitika zimamangirira ndipo nthawi zambiri Noam ankathandiza ofunsa mafunso powapangitsa kuti mafunso awo akhale olondola komanso athunthu. Komabe, nthawi zina, Noamu ankalumpha mofulumira kwambiri n’kumaganiza molakwika funso la wofunsayo chifukwa choganiza kuti wazindikira mfundo ya wofunsayo pomwe sanaizindikire. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, nthawi zina munthu amene amafunsa Noam kapena kusagwirizana naye anali ndi mfundo yosiyana ndi yomwe poyamba ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu oyambirira omwewo. Nowamu akhoza kuphonya kusiyana kumeneku, motero angawoneke ngati sadziwa zolinga zenizeni za munthuyo. Sizinali zosangalatsa pamene zinakuchitikirani, koma sizinali zolimbikitsa.
Kumvetsetsa kusamalira ndizovuta. Pali anthu omwe amangolankhula zachifundo ndi kudera nkhawa ena - khalani ndi tsiku labwino, iwo amati - koma omwe, m'chokumana nacho changa, samandichitira moona mtima. Chinachake chowoneka ndi chomveka ngati chosamala chilipo, ndipo anthu ambiri amachita chidwi kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ake, koma mphindi kapena ngakhale masekondi pambuyo pake nkhawa yomwe idawonekayo imatha. Mawonekedwe opanda tanthauzo amakhalabe ndi mphamvu zochepa kapena alibe ndipo amakhala ndi tanthauzo lochepa kuposa mawonekedwe abodza. Kwa Noamu, chisamaliro chinali chocheperako, chosawonetsa, chocheperako, koma chidakhalitsa ndipo chinali ndi tanthauzo.
Noam amakhulupirira kwambiri zakhalidwe labwino ngakhale ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri omwe adakhala naye pamikangano ndipo adasiya malingaliro awo - nthawi zina ndi mawu ngati "wang'ono" omwe amatsimikizira kugawanika - sangakhulupirire kuti kukhulupirira chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikovuta. Koma kwa Noam, kunena kuti zonena kuti ndi zazing'ono si zachilendo koma zoona. Ndi ndemanga ya ganizo osati ndemanga ya munthu amene wapereka lingalirolo. Pamenepa, Noam anali wasayansi m’lingaliro lakuti asayansi nthaŵi zonse amatsutsana ndipo mopanda chifundo amapotoza maganizo awo. Ndipo asayansi samakhumudwitsidwa ndi zimenezo, kapena amamvetsetsa kukhumudwa ndi zimenezo. Kupeza chowonadi ndikuthawa zabodza, zomwe ndi chifukwa chasayansi chokhalira, zimafuna khalidweli. Ndaonapo Noamu poyera akunena kuti lingaliro linali losayankhula—osati ena anga—koma sindinamuwonepo akunena pagulu kuti munthu anali wosalankhula.
Nowa sananyoze ena pofuna kudzilimbitsa kapena kugwetsa ena. Momwemonso, Noam sanawonetsere mtundu wa kudzichepetsa ndi kudzikweza kapena kupulumutsa ena kukhudzidwa komwe kumachitika kawirikawiri m'magulu ambiri. Chisamaliro cha Nowa chinali chenicheni. Panalibe kunyada kapena zochitika. Sanagwetse misozi kapena kulira mokweza. Ndipo chisamaliro chake sichinatsatire mzere wonenedwa kuchokera kwina, koma kuchokera mkati. Nowa anakumbukira zosowa za anthu. Anakwaniritsa zopempha. Anaona ululu ndipo anayesa kuchita zinthu zenizeni kuti achepetseko. Anali pa nthawi yake kuti asatayitse nthawi ya ena. Iye anali wamba. Mutha kutchula Noam kuti ndi wosamala pamikhalidwe yatsiku ndi tsiku. Ngati panali chizindikiro choti asachoke pa kapinga, Nowa ankamvera ngakhale kuwoloka kapinga kukam’fikitsa kumene ankafuna kuti apite mofulumira. Zowonadi, ndidawona Noam amatsatira pafupifupi malamulo onse pokhapokha ngati zinthu zapamwamba zidakhala patsogolo. Noam ndi liwu linanso lachinsinsi. M’zaka makumi asanu ndamuona akulankhula mwaufulu zimene ankaziona kukhala nkhani zaumwini kaŵirikaŵiri. Ndikuganiza kuti ndi ochepa omwe awonapo zambiri.
Pa tsiku lobadwa la makumi asanu ndi awiri la Noam, zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazo mu Disembala uno, monga mphatso ndidakonza mtundu wa msonkho waumboni. Ndidayika pa intaneti njira yomwe anthu amatha kulemba uthenga womwe Noam angalandire mu voliyumu yayikulu patsiku lake lobadwa. Pafupifupi anthu XNUMX adalowetsa mauthenga pa intaneti. Ambiri mwa anthuwa anali anthu amene Noamu sankawadziwa bwinobwino kapena n’komwe koma amene anawerenga ntchito yake, kapena anamumva akulankhula ndipo anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi iye ndipo ankangofuna kulembetsa zikomo. Othandizira ena ambiri amamudziwa Nowa, ndipo amafunanso kunena gawo lawo kwa bwenzi lawo, wothandizana nawo, wophunzira, mphunzitsi, wogwira nawo ntchito, kapena zomwe muli nazo.
Pamene ndinali kusonkhanitsa mauthenga okhudzana ndi maganizo, zomwe ndinakhudzidwa nazo kwambiri zinalembedwa ndi Fred Branfman, yemwenso anali wochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso wothandizira anthu a Indochinese polimbana ndi nkhanza zosaneneka zaku US. Branfman analemba kuti:
“Pamene munandichezera ku Laos mu 1970, ndinali wopsinjika kwenikweni, wopsinjika maganizo ndi kuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba ndi kudzimva kukhala ndekhandekha. Chilakolako chanu, kudzipereka kwanu komanso kugawana nawo zowawa za kufunika kosiya kuphulika kwa mabomba, ndi kutentha, chithandizo chaumwini ndi chisamaliro, zinatanthauza zambiri kwa ine kuposa momwe mungadziwire. Zinatanthauzanso zambiri kwa ine pazifukwa zomwe sindingathe kufotokoza bwino kuti mwa anthu ambiri omwe ndidawatengera kumisasa kukafunsa othawa kwawo omwe adaphulitsidwa ndi bomba ndi inu nokha, kupatula ndekha, kulira. Nkhani yanu yotsatira ya New York Review of Books ndi zolemba ndi zolankhula zina zonse zomwe mudachita ku Laos, inalinso ntchito yokhayo yomwe inapangitsa kuti zikhale zolondola. Zandipatsa chikhulupiriro chokulirapo pang'ono mu zamoyo kuyambira pomwe ndikudziwa kuti zapanga munthu wowona mtima kwambiri, wokonda komanso wanzeru. Ndimakukondani kwambiri pa tsiku lanu lobadwa—ndikugwedeza mutu modabwa podziwa kuti simudzasiya.”
Ine ndi Noam takhala tikukangana pang’ono m’zaka zapitazi. Noam atha kukhala wamakani padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale atakhala kuti sakuwonetsa kapena kunyoza. Ndiye ulinso wamakani pamene ukulondola? Noam ankayembekezera kuti anali wolondola chifukwa pafupifupi nthawi zonse ankanena zoona, ndipo mwinanso chifukwa chakuti pamene ananena zinazake sizinali zongopeka, ankaziganizira mozama. Koma nayenso sanakonde kulakwa. Kwa iye, izi zikhoza kukhala ngati munthu amene sakonda kugwa pamene akuwoloka chipinda, kapena sakonda kutsetsereka mumphika. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, iye sankakonda kuvutika ndi chinthu chomwe sichinali chodziwika bwino komanso chokhala ndi mbali yolakwika. Kwa anthu ena, izi zimatha kukhala zokhumudwitsa, zokhumudwitsa, ngakhale zowawa. Zonse, komabe, sindinadziwepo aliyense wanzeru, wokumbukira bwino, wokhala ndi malo okulirapo othawira malire amalingaliro ovomerezeka, kapena, modabwitsa, moona mtima, kukhulupirika, kulemekeza ena, nkhawa zenizeni zapadziko lonse lapansi. , ndi kudzipereka pakuchita zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika. Monga ndi aliyense, Noam ali ndi mbali zambiri. Kungoti muulendo wa Nowamu pakhala mbali zochepa kwambiri, ndipo mbali zam'mwamba zinali zazikulu. Ndipo mungakhulupirire, iyenso ndi munthu woseketsa kwambiri.
Ngakhale ndimakwanitsa kuphunzira mokwanira kuchokera kwa Noam kotero nthawi zambiri ndinkapezeka kuti ndikuvomerezana naye, nthawi zina Noam ndi ine tinkawona zomwe zili padziko lapansi mosiyana ndikuwona kuti mayankho akuyenera kukhala osiyana pang'ono. Nthaŵi zingapo tinali ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu. Nawa awiri, omwe amawulula zikhalidwe za Noam pakusinthika kwawo, ndikuganiza.
Yoyamba inali yokhudza zomwe tingatchule kuti kusokonekera, kubwereka chizindikirocho kwa akatswiri azachuma. Nowa anatuluka nalankhula zambiri kwa anthu ambiri. Malo ambiri mwanzeru adafuna kuti Noam abwere kudzakambirana. Malo ambiri ochepera sananyalanyaze okamba ena ambiri omwe analipo omwe, ngakhale kuti sanali abwino kwambiri ngati Noam, angakhale ochulukirapo. Chotsatira chake chinali chakuti Noamu analankhula mawu ochuluka koma ngakhale ndi kuchuluka kwake kwafupipafupi, malo ambiri sakanakhazikika kwa wina aliyense kupatula Noamu ndipo kotero kuti analibe wolankhula. Chotsatira chosayembekezereka chinali chakuti okamba oyenerera omwe analibe mbiri ya Noam, sakanalandira maitanidwe omwe akanayenera kulandira chifukwa ngati atayitanidwa sakakopa omvera okwanira. Zoyenera kuchita?
Kwa zaka zambiri, ndinalimbikitsa Nowa kuti auze anthu amene amamupempha kuti abwere kudzalankhula kuti sangatero pokhapokha ngati pangakhale wokamba nkhani wachiwiri amene angasankhe. Nthawi iliyonse amapita muzochitika zimenezo, momwemonso Steve Shalom amapita, kapena Holly Sklar, kapena Cynthia Peters, kapena Peter Bohmer, kapena Clarence Lusane, kapena Robin Hahnel, ndi zina zotero. Mwanjira imeneyi, ena akawoneka, mawu apakamwa ponena za mkhalidwe wa nkhani zawo anali kufalikira, ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anthu enawo anali kulandira chiitano chachindunji. Ndiye anthu owonjezerawo, atadziwika bwino, amatha kuchita zomwezo, kupangitsa olankhula ochulukirapo kuti awonekere. Patapita nthaŵi pang’ono, anthu owonjezereka, okhala ndi magwero ndi zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana mochulukira, anali kuyendayenda akulankhula ndipo nkhani zambiri zinakambidwa ndi kumvetsedwa.
Noam pafupifupi sanachite izi ndipo tinakangana za izo kangapo. Kukaniza kwake kunali kwamalingaliro komanso mwaumwini. Mwamalingaliro, sanafune kugwiritsira ntchito “mphamvu zake zokambitsirana” kukakamiza okhoza kukhala nawo—ndipo amakananso kuti sangapeze yankho lachindunji mwa kupanga zofuna zoterozo, kumene kunali kudzichepetsa kuvomereza zenizeni. Iyenso, mwiniwake, ndikukayikira, sanafune kugawana nawo gawo limodzi ndi wokamba nkhani, chifukwa izi zikanamupangitsa kuti ayende mtunda wautali, kutenga nthawi yochuluka kuchokera kuntchito ina, koma kuyankhula ndi kuthana ndi mafunso a. nthawi yochepa kwambiri. Ndakhala ndikulankhula kuyambira kusagwirizana kwathu koyambirira pankhaniyi pagulu ngakhale pang'ono chabe monga Noam, ndipo pochita izi ndamvetsetsa bwino mbali yake ya mkanganowu. Zowonadi, ndidamvetsetsa ndikusilira kusafuna kukakamiza zofuna zake. Ndipo pamapeto pake ndidapeza wake wosafuna kuchepetsa nthawi yake yopuma. Tsopano ndikuganiza kuti chomwe chikufunika sikuti ndipatse okamba nkhani kuti apereke zofuna kwa olandira alendo, koma maofesi a okamba nkhani akhazikitse zofunikira m'malo mwa okamba nkhani.
Kusagwirizana kwachiwiri kwakhala pa nkhani za masomphenya, makamaka zachuma, koma mosiyana. Izi zakhala mkangano komanso mkangano pomwe ndiyenera kunena kuti, pakapita zaka zambiri pomwe adawongolera pang'ono, ndidawongolera kuposa pang'ono. Noamu ankaganiza kale kuti kuyesa kufotokoza za anthu am'tsogolo kungadutse chidziwitso chomwe chilipo kale. Zitha kusokonezanso luso pokhazikitsa zolinga nthawi isanakwane. Ndipo zikhoza kutengera mipatuko. Iye ankaona kuti mfundo zazikulu za tsogolo labwino ndizo zonse zomwe timafunikira kuti tipereke, kuphatikizapo kuchita, kuchita, ndi machitidwe ambiri omwe angapangitse zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zingapangitse kuti tigwiritse ntchito njira zatsopano zoyambira pansi. Noam ankaona kuti kuganiza mozama ndi kuyika masomphenya ake pasadakhale kungachepetse kufufuza koteroko. M'malo mwake ndidawona kuti izi zinali zabwino komanso zabwino ngati chenjezo loyenera lazazazazazazazazazazazazakuwonera,kupatula kuti patatha zaka mazana angapo akuyesetsa kotereku,tiyenera kukhala ndi china choti tiwonetse. Kodi maphunziro a kuganiza mozama, kusanthula, ndi kuyesera atha kukhala gawo lamayendedwe otakata, ndidadabwa, ngati sanafotokozedwe, kukangana, kuyeretsedwa, ndipo pamapeto pake kulimbikitsidwa ndi mayendedwe ambiri?
Kwa ine, zinali zoonekeratu kuti tinkafunikira mayankho a funso lakuti “mukufuna chiyani” lomwe linali loposa kungopereka makhalidwe abwino. Tinkafunikira mayankho omwe angapereke chiyembekezo, chitsogozo, ndi kamvekedwe kabwino kamene kamatha kudziwitsa zonse za kusanthula ndi njira, ndipo ndimaganiza kuti izi zikuphatikiza zambiri kuposa kungopereka mndandanda wazinthu zazikulu ndi zokhumba. Ndinkaganiza kuti pamafunika zinthu zamaphunziro. Chodetsa nkhaŵa cha Noam, mosiyana, chinali kuonetsetsa kuti akutenga nawo mbali komanso kupewa anthu osankhika omwe akubwera kuti apereke malingaliro pamayendedwe. Ndidagwirizana ndi cholinga chake koma ndidawonanso kuti titha kupeza zomwe Noam amawopa tikapanda kukhala ndi gulu lomwe limamvetsetsa, kulimbikitsa, ndikusintha masomphenya oyenera omwe amatha kulimbikitsa ndi kuwongolera kutengapo mbali mokhazikika. M'malo mwa masomphenya a elitist, ndinaganiza kuti, kunalibe masomphenya a bungwe, koma kukhala ndi mwayi wopezeka, wogawidwa kwambiri, wokakamiza, komanso wochuluka koma osati wochulukirachulukira ndipo mwinamwake masomphenya osinthika omwe tingathe kulemba, kutsutsana, yeretsani, ndikuyimira. Mwachidule, ndinaganiza kuti ndinali wolondola. Koma m’kupita kwa nthawi ndinazindikira kuti nkhawa za Noam n’zoona komanso kufunika kochitapo kanthu ngakhale pamene ndinkakhulupirirabe kufunikira kokhala ndi masomphenya ofunikira. Mfundo yake? Ngakhale nthawi zina pomwe Noamu sanali wolondola kwenikweni, ngakhale kuganiza kuti zinali choncho, nthawi zonse anali wolondola kumvetsera mwatcheru osati kuthamangitsa. Ndiko kuti—kusagwirizana ndi Noamu popanda kuganizira mozama mfundo zake komanso kuwasamalira mosamala kumakhala kupusa. Mwachidule, munthu uyu ndi wolondola ngakhale atalakwitsa.
Ndimakumbukira nthawi ina muofesi ya Noam mu phiko la MIT lomwe lidapeza ndalama zambiri kuyambira WWII ndi Pentagon. Zinali 1969 kapena cha apo. Robin Hahnel ndi ine tinali kulembedwa ntchito ndi bungwe la Weatherman. Ndinamufunsa malangizo a Nowa. Kumbukirani, Noam sankakonda kupereka malangizo pa moyo wake. Ankaonanso kuti analibe zochita zambiri ndipo sankafuna kuti mawu ake akhale olemetsa. Kuyankha kawiri. Koma mu nkhani iyi iye anayankha mulimonse. Anati, pafupifupi, Michael, Weather-anthu akuwoneka olimba mtima komanso owona mtima, koma adzawombera zinthu zina ndipo mwina iwonso, ndipo potero adzawononga m'malo mothandizira kusintha. Ine ndi Robin tinamvera malangizo ake. Palibe aliyense wa ife amene analowa nawo Weatherman.
Nthawi ina ndidalemba kachidutswa kolimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe zidandichitikira powerenga Chomsky ndi momwe zimakhudzira anthu makamaka kwa ine, komanso ndikudabwa kuti Noam adakwanitsa bwanji kumizidwa muzambiri zowawa komanso zopanda chilungamo popanda kukhumudwa. Sizinali kuti kukumba kwake m'manda okhetsedwa ndi magazi a chisalungamo sikunawononge. Zinatero. Pali nthawi zina pamene Nowa adatsitsidwa ndi nkhani zomwe adazigawa komanso nthawi zina pomwe adalumikizidwa ndi zingwe zolimba komanso zovuta. Banja lomuzungulira lidakumana ndi zonsezi zitha kukhala zodabwitsa ngati zina zomwe Nowa adachita. Mulimonsemo, nkhani yomwe ndidalemba idalimbikitsidwa ndi malingaliro amunthuwa komanso vuto losintha dziko lapansi idatchedwa "Stop the Kupha Sitima." Kwa ine, kunali kuyesa kosawerengeka kukhala ndakatulo. Zolembedwa kutsogolo kwa Nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf, ndikuganiza kuti nkhaniyo siinafike pa nthawi yake kuposa momwe idalembedwera koyamba chifukwa maphunziro ochokera kwa Noam sadzakhalanso ochepera panthawi yake. Uthenga wa chidutswacho unali wakuti zinthu zonse zozungulira ndi zonyansa. Chiwawa ndi chachikulu kuposa momwe chikuwonekera. Kupanda chilungamo n'koipa kwambiri kuposa momwe kumawonekera. Kufunika kukana ndi kufunafuna bwino kumawonekera komanso kofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake musadandaule, funani zabwino. Ndipo mwina uthenga umenewo, uthenga wake, ndi njira yabwino yopitira patsogolo kukambirana za Nowam pa sewero limodzi, mpaka kuzindikira zomwe Nowa angayankhe pankhaniyi. Amandiuza kuti ndisiye kulankhula za iye ndi moyo wake, koma ngati uyenera kutero, anganene, ndiye kuti phunzirani za dziko momwe liri komanso momwe lingakhalire.
Chifukwa chake pomaliza, podziwa Noam, nditha kunena zomwe Bob Dylan ananena za Dave Van Ronk: "Palibe zidole pa iye. Anali wamkulu, wokwera kumwamba, ndipo ndinayang'ana kwa iye. Iye anachokera ku dziko la ziphona.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
8 Comments
"Nowam sananyoze ena kuti adzilimbikitse kapena kugwetsa ena."
Chinthu chochititsa chidwi chonena za mnyamata yemwe mbiri yake yotcha anthu ena "charlatans," "chinyengo," ndi "abodza" imamutsogolera m'chipinda chilichonse.
Kumuyerekeza ndi Einstein ndizomvetsa chisoni. Ntchito ya Einstein imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa komanso luso laukadaulo. Chomsky alibe squat pankhani ya umboni kuti atsimikizire zonena zake. M'malo mwake, ali ndi diatribe yonse yomwe idakonzedweratu chifukwa chake safuna umboni (koma wina aliyense, mwachiwonekere, amatero). https://chomsky.info/responsibility02/
Nkhani yabwino - nthawi zonse ndimayang'ana maumboni osowa awa pamunthu yemwe ali ndi mawu.
Chomsky adandikhudza kwambiri nditatha chaka choyamba ku yunivesite. Mawu ake amandithandiza kuphatikiza dziko lopweteka londizungulira ndikundilimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu. Pambuyo pake zinandipangitsa kuti ndithandize kupeza Extinction Rebellion.
Ndikudabwa kuti ndi ntchito zina zingati zanzeru zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi mawu ake?
Hello Robin.
Ngakhale ambiri ndi yankho la funso lanu, ndithudi Extinction Rebellion ndi imodzi mwazabwino kwambiri!
Ndi msonkho wokongola bwanji! Mwinanso pamafunso ake omaliza atolankhani nthawi isanakwane, a Piers Morgan adafunsa Chomsky zomwe angayike pa epitaph yake. Yankho la Chomsky linali “Apa pali Noam Chomsky. Anayesetsa kuchita zimene akanatha.” Ndi mzere womwe umandipangitsa kulira nthawi iliyonse ndikawerenga. Ndikuganiza kuti ndi mzere womwe umagwira bwino kwambiri kukhulupirika kwake. Amayang'ana mmbuyo pazopereka zake zazikulu, komabe amamvetsetsa mozama kwambiri kuti kaya ndi m'zinenero kapena nkhani za anthu, nkhanizo ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Mike, zikomo chifukwa chosinkhasinkha modabwitsa pazaka 95 za Noam. Malingaliro ochepa amabwera m'maganizo pansipa. mu mtendere ndi mgwirizano, doug
1. Ndinachita mwayi kukhala nawo pa kalasi ya Noam's Philosophy of Mind kwa semesters awiri ku MIT m'ma 1990. Madipatimenti onse a akatswiri a zilankhulo ndi afilosofi ochokera ku mayunivesite a kum'maŵa kwa gombe lakum'mawa ankayendetsa galimoto mlungu uliwonse kuti akakhale pamaso pa Luntha la Nowamu, kuti aphunzire kuchokera kwa Noamu, ndipo mwina kungodabwa. Anthu amabwera kuchokera ku gombe lakumadzulo ndi ku Ulaya nthawi zina. Panali ophunzira pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri omwe adalembetsa, koma anthu pafupifupi 200 m'chipindamo. Philosophy of Mind imakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana zodetsa nkhawa, kuyambira mbiri yakale ya malingaliro, mpaka sayansi ya chidziwitso, filosofi, psychology, zinenero, ndi zina zotero, ndi zina zotero. Ndinkayembekeza kuti mwina pang'ono zitha kundisokoneza - sizinali zokwanira, damn!). Pa semesita ziwirizo ('96 ndi '97) anthu amafunsa mafunso ndi zolemba ndi mabuku pamitu yambiri. Sipanakhalepo nthawi imodzi pomwe Noam anali asanawerenge bukulo kapena nkhaniyo, ndipo amawafotokozera kalasiyo mwachidule mfundo zazikuluzikulu, kuzindikira zomwe wolemba / olemba adachita bwino ndi zomwe adalakwitsa, ndipo adapereka kusintha kwa Chomskyan. , nthawi iliyonse. Ndimakumbukira kuganiza kuti "Sizingatheke kuti wina awerenge zonse."
2. chisanachitike chochitika ku Sinking Springs, PA, kumbuyoko cha m’ma 1994, Noam ndi Ed Herman (profesa wa U. Penn amene analemba mabuku angapo ndi Noam) anali kulandira mphotho ya chipambano cha moyo wonse chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwawo kwanthaŵi yaitali ku mtendere, choonadi, ndi chikhalidwe chilungamo. Izi zisanachitike ndidachita mwayi ndikucheza ndi Noam ndi Ed. Panthawi ina, Nowa anaitanidwa kuti akakambiranenso. Ndinapitiriza kulankhula ndi Ed ndipo pomalizira pake ndinamfunsa funso lakuti: “Kodi zingatheke bwanji kukhala ndi mabuku onse ofunika amene akutulukabe?” Ed anati, "Mukunena zowona - mabuku ofunikira amatulukabe. Ndimalandira mabuku m’makalata mlungu uliwonse omwe anthu amafuna kuti ndiwawunikenso kapena kuwalembera mawu osavuta, ndi zina zotero.” Ine ndinati, “Inde, ndiye mukukhala bwanji?” Ed anati: “Chabwino, ndikuuzani chinsinsi cha kuwerenga mabuku onse ofunika kwambiri.” Ndimaganiza "Wow, palibe amene adandiuzapo chinsinsi! Ndilembe zolemba apa?" Eya, ndinamvetsera mwatcheru kwambiri, ndikuyembekeza kuti ndidzakumbukira “chinsinsicho.” Ed adagawana chinsinsi. Iye anati, “Izi ndi zimene inu muyenera kuchita. Pezani bokosi lalikulu, ikani mabuku onse omwe mukufuna kuwerenga m'bokosilo. Tsekani bokosilo. Lembani bokosilo kwa Noam Chomsky. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali Noam atalandira bokosilo, adzaimbira foni n’kukuuzani zofunika m’buku lililonse limene munatumiza.”
3. mu 1992, ndinali ku Girona, Catalonia (Spain) kulemba sabata la Noam akupereka maphunziro a zinenero ku yunivesite. Tsiku lililonse nkhani zisanayambe 9:00, munthu ankabwera kuchokera m’nyuzipepala, pawailesi yakanema, pawailesi, ndi zina zotero, kudzafunsa Noam (anayamba mlunguwo ndi chimfine choopsa). Kenako amalankhula maola atatu (nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mafunso ambiri kuchokera kwa omwe adapezekapo - ndimakumbukira m'modzi mwa akatswiri azilankhulo / anzeru ku Spain akuti: "Noam ndawerenga pepala lanu laposachedwa pa "pulogalamu yochepetsetsa." Ndime ziwiri zoyamba I. ndinamvetsetsa bwino lomwe. Pambuyo pake, ndinali wotayika kotheratu."). Noamu atangomaliza nkhani ya m’maŵa, pamakhala munthu amene akudikirira kuti amufunse mafunso. Anthu anali kuyembekezera kuti amutengere chakudya chamasana. Noam ankapita ku nkhomaliro ndi kubwerera ku gawo la masana lomwe linkayamba 2 mpaka 5. Mwamsanga pambuyo pa gawo la masana, wina akanakhalapo kuti afunse Noam. Padzakhala anthu akudikirira kuti amutengere ku chakudya chamadzulo. Chakudya chamadzulo chikangotha, Noam amathamangitsidwa kumalo komwe amakakamba nkhani yamadzulo pamitu yosiyanasiyana monga zoulutsira nkhani zamakampani, mfundo zakunja zaku US, maubwenzi a Kumpoto/Kumwera, ndi zina zotero, nkhani yosiyana usiku uliwonse kwa asanu. usiku (usiku wotsiriza ku Barcelona). Nthawi zambiri, maphunziro amadzulo ankayamba cha m'ma 8 mpaka 11. Kenako Nowa ankacheza ndi anthu m'timagulu. Ndipo kenako anthu amamutengera Noam ku cafe komweko kukacheza nawo usiku. Ankatengedwa kukadya chakudya cham'mawa nthawi ya 7:00 am ndipo machitidwe omwewo ankatsatira, kuyankhulana nthawi iliyonse yopuma, maphunziro, ndi zokambirana zamagulu ang'onoang'ono (chakudya chamasana ndi chakudya chamadzulo chinalinso magawo oyankhulana - John Holder ndi ine nthawi ina tinkadya nkhomaliro ndi Noam. mu ofesi yake ku MIT: mutu wa zokambirana zamasana: zida za nyukiliya ndi chiwopsezo cha kuwonongedwa kwa nyukiliya ... Chomwe chinali chodabwitsa ku Girona ndichakuti nthawi yamaphunziro amadzulo Noam amaphatikizanso zatsopano zamanyuzipepala padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza mapepala aku Spain. Ndimakumbukira ndikuganiza "koma palibe nthawi yosonkhanitsa zatsopano." Mwanjira ina adachita). John Holder ndi ine tinamufunsa Noam kamodzi ngati angagone. Iye anati "Nthawi zambiri pafupifupi maola asanu ndi awiri." Wothandizira wa Noam kwa zaka zambiri, Bev Stohl, anatisonyeza momwe Noam amawerengera mabuku. Sindingathe kufotokoza, koma ndichangu…ndipo mochititsa mantha amakumbukira zomwe amawerenga. Kupatula zanzeru zonse, Noam ndi wowolowa manja kwambiri ndi nthawi yake, wokoma mtima komanso wosamala, komanso wodzipereka pankhondo yolimbana ndi utsogoleri, nkhanza zankhondo, komanso kuwononga chilengedwe, ndikumenyera chilungamo, mtendere, demokalase yayikulu, komanso ulemu waumunthu monga aliyense amene ndinakumanapo naye. Viva Noam!
Ndimakonda mfundo yachiwiriyo! Ndiyenera kukulitsa luso langa lowerenga ndi kukumbukira kuti ndigwirizane ndi kupambana kwakukulu kotere.
Nkhani yophunzitsa komanso yochokera pansi pamtima yomwe imatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino Noam Chomsky.
Nayi nkhani ina, yotsutsana kwambiri, yaposachedwa:
https://aeon.co/essays/an-anthropologist-studies-the-warring-ideas-of-noam-chomsky
Nkhaniyi ndiyawolowa manja kwambiri kwa Chomsky. Ndale zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamisala komanso zotsutsana ndi zinenero zake.
https://www.e-flux.com/notes/470005/open-letter-to-noam-chomsky-and-other-like-minded-intellectuals-on-the-russia-ukraine-war
https://www.newsweek.com/noam-chomsky-says-ukraine-desire-heavy-weapons-western-propaganda-1706473
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCcX_xTLDIY