Mu Kutamanda kwa Maligned Sweatshop
WINDHOEK, Namibia—Africa ikufuna kwambiri thandizo la Azungu monga masukulu, zipatala ndi malo ochitira thukuta.
Pamsewu wina kuno ku likulu la dziko la Namibia, kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ndinalankhula ndi gulu la anyamata amene ankafuna kulembedwa ntchito yogwira ntchito masana pa malo omanga.
“Ndimabwera kuno tsiku lililonse,” anatero Naftal Shaanika, wazaka 20. “Ndimapeza ntchito kamodzi kokha pamlungu.”
Bambo Shaanika ndi anyamata ena anaona kuti ntchito yomangayo inali yoopsa komanso yotopetsa, ndipo angakonde kwambiri kugwira ntchito zokhazikika, inde, zotuluka thukuta. Zowonadi, ntchito ya thukuta ndi yotopetsa, yotopetsa komanso nthawi zina yowopsa. Koma koposa zonse, kusoka zovala kumakhala koopsa kapena kovutirapo—kapena kotulutsa thukuta—kuyerekeza ndi njira zambiri m’mayiko osauka.
Ophunzira akuyunivesite yaku America omwe ali ndi zolinga zabwino nthawi zonse amachita kampeni yolimbana ndi anthu otuluka thukuta. Koma m'malo mwake, aliyense amene amasamala za kulimbana ndi umphawi akuyenera kuchita kampeni mokomera otulutsa thukuta, kufuna kuti makampani akhazikitse mafakitale ku Africa.
Vuto ndiloti kupangabe ku Africa kuno kumawononga ndalama zambiri. Kupweteka kwamutu m'madera ambiri a kontinenti kumaphatikizapo zojambula zofiira, ziphuphu, kusakhazikika kwa ndale, magetsi osadalirika ndi madoko, ndi anthu osadziwa zambiri omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale zokolola zochepa komanso zabwino. Kusuntha kwa anti-sweatshop sikuli chopinga chachikulu, koma ndi chifukwa chinanso chosapanga ku Africa.
Tangoganizani kuti wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa Nike akufuna kupanga ma T-shirts otsika mtengo ku Ethiopia. Bwanayo ankayankha kuti: “Wapenga! Tidzanyanyalidwa pamakampasi aliwonse mdziko muno. ”
Ena mwa anthu amene amachita kampeni yolimbana ndi anthu otuluka thukuta amayankha zonena zanga pozindikira kuti sakutsutsana ndi mafakitale a mu Africa muno, koma amangofuna “malipiro amoyo” mmenemo. Kupatula apo, ngati ndalama zogwirira ntchito zimangokwana $1 pa malaya, ndiye kuti malipiro owirikiza kawiri sangasinthe mtengo womaliza.
Vuto limodzi … ndiloti sikupindula kale kulipira malipiro olemekezeka, choncho kukakamizidwa kulikonse kuti awakweze kumakhala chifukwa chinanso chopewera Africa.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe US adachita ku Africa ndi lamulo la African Growth and Opportunity Act, lomwe limalola kuti katundu abwere kuchokera ku Africa popanda msonkho - ndipo motero walimbikitsa kupanga zinthu kumeneko.
—Yolembedwa ndi Nicholas Kristof, New York Times, June 6, 2006
Nicholas Kristof wakhala akumenya ng'oma ya pro-sweatshop kwakanthawi. Patangopita nthawi yochepa vuto lazachuma ku East Asia chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, Kristof, mtolankhani wopambana Mphotho ya Pulitzer komanso wolemba nkhani wa New York Times, adanenanso nkhani ya wokonzanso zinthu waku Indonesia yemwe, akutola zinyalala za zinyalala, adalota kuti. mwana wake adzakula kukhala wantchito wa thukuta. Kenako, mu 2000, Kristof ndi mkazi wake, mtolankhani wa Times Sheryl WuDunn, adasindikiza "Two Cheers for Sweatshops" mu Times Magazine. M’chaka cha 2002, nyuzipepala ya Kristof inalangiza atsogoleri a G-8 kuti “ayambe ndawala yapadziko lonse yolimbikitsa kugula zinthu kuchokera kunja kuchokera kwa ogulitsa thukuta, mwina ndi zilembo zolimba zosonyeza mbendera yosazindikirika komanso mawu akuti ‘Proudly Made in Third World Sweatshop.’”
Tsopano Kristof akudandaula kuti anyamata osauka, achichepere a mu Afirika ochepa kwambiri ali ndi mwaŵi woloŵa m’chigayo chausatana cha ntchito yotuluka thukuta. Monga kuyesetsa kwake koyambirira, mawu aposachedwa kwambiri a Kristof amatulutsa zowonadi zambiri. Tiyeni tiyang'ane mozama ndikuwona chifukwa chake palibenso chifukwa choperekera kwa otuluka thukuta.
Njira Yabwinoko?
N’zosadabwitsa kuti anyamata a m’misewu ya likulu la dziko la Namibia angapeze ntchito zokomera anthu m’malo mongogwira ntchito zamasiku onse pamalo omanga.
Ntchito zina zomwe zimapezeka kwa ogwira ntchito ku thukuta nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoipitsitsa ndipo, monga Kristof amakonda kufotokozera, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi thukuta kwambiri kuposa zomwe zili m'mafakitole otumiza kunja. Anthu osauka ambiri m’mayiko amene akutukuka kumene amapeza zofunika pamoyo wawo pogwiritsa ntchito ulimi wothirira kapena kuchita malonda ang’onoang’ono. Ena m'mphepete mwa mizinda amagwira ntchito ngati ogulitsa m'misewu kapena amagwira ntchito zina m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Monga momwe katswiri wa zachuma Arthur MacEwan analemba zaka zingapo mmbuyomo ku Dollars & Sense, m'dziko losauka ngati Indonesia, kumene akazi ogwira ntchito zopangapanga amapeza ndalama zowirikiza kasanu kuposa zaulimi, ma sweatshops alibe vuto lopeza antchito.
Koma tiyeni timveke momveka bwino pa zinthu zingapo. Choyamba, ntchito zamafakitale otumiza kunja, makamaka m'mafakitale ovutitsa anthu ambiri, nthawi zambiri zimangokhala "chiphaso cha kusauka pang'ono," monga momwe katswiri wazachuma komanso woteteza thukuta Jagdish Bhagwati amalola.
Kupitilira apo, ntchitozi sizimapita kwa anthu omwe alibe ntchito kapena osauka kwambiri. Kafukufuku wina wa katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu Kurt Ver Beek anasonyeza kuti 60 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito ku Honduran maquila oyambirira analembedwapo kale ntchito. Nthawi zambiri iwo sanali osowa, ndipo anali ophunzira bwino kuposa Honduras ambiri.
Kutuluka thukuta sikungolephera kupulumutsa anthu ku umphawi. Kukhazikitsa mafakitale otumiza kunja komwe antchito alibe njira zingapo zogwirira ntchito kwakhala njira yochitira nkhanza kwambiri antchito. Ku Beyond Sweatshops, buku lofotokoza za phindu la ndalama zakunja kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, katswiri wazachuma wa Brookings Institution Theodore Moran akufotokoza zomwe boma la Philippines lidachita pomanga Bataan Export Processing Zone kudera lamapiri lakutali kuti akope osunga ndalama akunja ndi chiyembekezo cha ntchito yotsika mtengo. Pokhala ndi njira zina zochepa, anthu a ku Philippines anatenga ntchito m’mafakitale opangira zovala amene anatulukira m’chigawocho. Opanga nthawi zambiri amalipira ndalama zochepa kuposa zomwe amalipidwa ndipo amakakamiza antchito kugwira ntchito mowonjezereka m'mafakitole odzaza fumbi ndi utsi. Chifukwa chotopa, ogwira ntchitowo m'kupita kwa nthaŵi ananyanyalako mosalekeza. Mafakitale ambiri adatseka ndipo mitengo ya anthu okhala m'derali idatsika, monganso mtengo wotumizira kunja, womwe udatsika ndi theka pakati pa 1980 ndi 1986.
Kutsutsa kwa Kristof sikuli chifukwa chochitira nkhanza za sweatshop: kuti zinthu zaipiraipira kwina kulikonse sikuchepetsa kuvutika kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale otumiza kunja. Kaŵirikaŵiri amamanidwa ufulu wolinganiza zinthu, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mopanda chisungiko ndi kunyozedwa, kumenyedwa, ndi kugonana, kukakamizidwa kugwira ntchito maola owonjezereka, kuumirizidwa kukayezetsa mimba ngakhale kuchotsa mimba, ndi kulipidwa ndalama zochepera pa malipiro a moyo. Zimakhalabe zothandiza komanso zofunika kuthana ndi mikhalidwe imeneyi ngakhale ntchito zina zitafika poipa.
Chenicheni chakuti anyamata a ku Namibia amapeza ntchito zotuluka m’thupi kukhala zokopa chimapereka umboni wa mmene mikhalidwe ilili yoipa kwa antchito mu Afirika, osati kukhumbitsidwa kwa ntchito m’fakitale yotumiza kunja.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, chikhumbo cha Kristof chodziwitsa anthu atsopano ku Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara sichipeza chithandizo mu African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) yomwe amayamika. Lamuloli limapereka mwayi kwa opanga zovala kumwera kwa Sahara kumisika yaku US. Koma atangodutsa kumene, woimira zamalonda ku United States a Robert Zoellick adatsimikizira atolankhani kuti AGOA sipangitsa anthu kutulutsa thukuta mu Africa chifukwa ikufuna chitetezo kwa ogwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi zomwe bungwe la International Labor Organisation lakhazikitsa.
Antisweatshop Activism ndi Ntchito
Kristof akukhulupirira kuti gulu la antisweatshop limapweteketsa antchito omwe likufuna kuthandiza. Udindo wake uli ndi malingaliro okopa kwa iwo. Monga momwe aliyense amene adavutika chifukwa chachuma choyambira angakuuzeni, kuchita china chilichonse mofanana, muyezo wantchito womwe umakakamiza mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ma subcontractors awo kuti akweze malipiro ayenera kupangitsa kuti alembe antchito ochepa.
Koma m'machitidwe amatero? Umboni wokhawo womwe Kristof amatulutsa ndi kukambirana kongoyerekeza komwe abwana akukana mopanda mantha pempho la wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa Nike loti atsegule fakitale ku Ethiopia yolipira masenti 25 pa ola: "Wapenga! Tidzanyanyalidwa pamakampasi aliwonse mdziko muno. ”
Ngakhale Kristof ali ndi malingaliro achangu, pali zinthu zina zolakwika ndi zokambiranazi.
Choyamba, gulu la antisweatshop nthawi zambiri limayamba kunyalanyazidwa. Wokonza bungwe la United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS) adayankha pabulogu ya Kristof kuti: "Sitikufuna kunyalanyala zovala pokhapokha ngati tafunsidwa mwachindunji ndi ogwira ntchito pafakitale inayake. Izi, ndithudi, ndizosowa kwambiri, chifukwa, monga momwe mumanenera mokopa, anthu amafuna kulembedwa ntchito. " National Labor Committee, bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lolimbana ndi thukuta ku United States, likuchitanso chimodzimodzi.
Komanso, pamene akatswiri azachuma Ann Harrison ndi Jason Scorse anafufuza mwadongosolo zotsatira za kayendedwe ka antisweatshop pa ntchito ya fakitale, sanapeze zotsatirapo zoipa za ntchito. Harrison ndi Scorse adayang'ana ku Indonesia, komwe Nike anali m'modzi mwa zolinga za kampeni yachangu yoyitanitsa malipiro abwino komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito pakati pa ma subkontrakitala adzikolo. Kusanthula kwawo kwachiŵerengero kunapeza kuti kampeni yolimbana ndi thukuta ndi imene inachititsa kuti 20 peresenti ya kuwonjezeka kwa malipiro enieni a antchito osadziŵa bwino ntchito m’mafakitale amene amatumiza nsalu, nsapato, ndi zovala kuchokera ku 1991 mpaka 1996. Harrison ndi Scors anapezanso kuti “ntchito yolimbana ndi thukuta inalibe kwambiri. mavuto pa ntchito” m’magawo amenewa.
Kampeni za malipiro okwera sizingatheke kuwononga ntchito chifukwa, kwa anthu amitundu yambiri ndi ma subcontractors awo, malipiro amapanga gawo laling'ono la ndalama zawo zonse. Ngakhale Kristof amavomereza mfundoyi, yolembedwa bwino ndi akatswiri azachuma otsutsana ndi ntchito ya sweatshop. Mwachitsanzo, m'makampani opanga zovala ku Mexico, akatswiri azachuma Robert Pollin, James Heintz, ndi Justine Burns ochokera ku Political Economy Research Institute anapeza kuti kuwirikiza kawiri malipiro a ogwira ntchito osayang'anira kungangowonjezera $1.80 pamtengo wopangira jekete lamasewera la amuna $100. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa National Bureau of Economic Research anapeza kuti ogula a US adzakhala okonzeka kulipira $ 115 pa jekete lomwelo ngati akudziwa kuti silinapangidwe pansi pa zikhalidwe za sweatshop.
Kuchulukana kwapadziko lonse ku Sub-Saharan Africa
Kristof akulondola kuti Africa, makamaka kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, yataya ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa kukukulirakulira pang'onopang'ono, kusabwereketsa ndalama mwachindunji, maphunziro otsika, komanso umphawi wambiri kuposa madera ena onse padziko lapansi. Mayiko 37 mwa mayiko 47 a m'derali amaonedwa kuti ndi "opeza ndalama zochepa" ndi World Bank, ndipo dziko lililonse limalandira ndalama zosakwana $825 pa munthu aliyense. Mayiko ambiri a m'derali ali ndi zolemetsa za ngongole zambiri zakunja ndi vuto lopunduka la HIV lomwe Kristof wachita khama kuti abweretse dziko lonse lapansi.
Koma kodi mabungwe amitundumitundu apewa kuyika ndalama ku sub-Saharan Africa chifukwa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndizokwera kwambiri? Ngakhale ndalama zogwirira ntchito ku South Africa ndi Mauritius ndizokwera, zomwe zili m'maiko ena am'derali ndizochepa kwambiri malinga ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zotsika. Tengani dziko la Lesotho, lomwe limagulitsa kwambiri zovala kuchokera ku sub-Saharan Africa kupita ku United States. M'mafakitole adziko lino omwe amagwirizana ndi Wal-Mart, ogwira ntchito ambiri achikazi amapeza pafupifupi $54 pamwezi. Izi ndizotsika mtengo waumphawi wa United Nations wa $ 2 patsiku, ndipo zimaphatikizanso nthawi yayitali yokakamiza. Ku Madagascar, dera lachitatu logulitsa zovala ku United States, malipiro ake pamakampani opanga zovala amangokhala masenti 33 pa ola, otsika kuposa aku China komanso otsika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo ku Ramatex Textile, fakitale yayikulu yaku Malaysia ku Namibia, ogwira ntchito amangopeza $100 pamwezi malinga ndi Labor Resource and Research Institute ku Windhoek. Ogwira ntchito ambiri amagawana ndalama zawo zochepa ndi achibale ndi ana, ndipo amayenda mitunda italiitali kupita kuntchito chifukwa sangakwanitse mayendedwe abwino.
Kumbali ina, zomwe zachitika posachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti maiko aku sub-Saharan omwe ali ndi miyezo yabwino yogwirira ntchito amatha kupanga magawo amphamvu opanga zogulitsa kunja. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, Francis Teal wa ku Oxford's Center for the Study of African Economies anayerekeza mafakitale opambana a Mauritius ndi omwe sanachite bwino ku Ghana. Teal anapeza kuti ogwira ntchito ku Mauritius amapeza ndalama zowirikiza kakhumi kuposa za ku Ghana—$384 pamwezi ku Mauritius kusiyana ndi $36 ku Ghana. Makampani opanga nsalu ndi zovala ku Mauritius adakhalabe ampikisano chifukwa ogwira nawo ntchito anali ophunzira bwino komanso opindulitsa kwambiri kuposa aku Ghana. Ngakhale amalipira malipiro aumphawi, mafakitale aku Ghana adasokonekera.
Kristof amadziwa bwino chifukwa chenicheni chomwe mafakitale opanga zovala m'derali akutseka: kutha kwa mgwirizano wa Multifiber Januwale. Mgwirizanowu, womwe udakhazikitsa magawo adziko lonse a zovala ndi nsalu, udateteza mafakitale opanga zovala m'maiko ang'onoang'ono padziko lonse lapansi ku mpikisano wachindunji ndi China. Tsopano dziko la China komanso India, pamlingo wocheperako, likuchotsa anthu opanga zovala. M'nkhani yatsopanoyi, malipiro ochepa okha sangathe kupititsa patsogolo malonda a zovala za kum'mwera kwa Sahara. Olemba mafakitale akuwonetsa kuti kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa kuli ndi zovuta zina zingapo monga opanga zovala, kuphatikiza kukwera mtengo kwa ntchito ndi zoyendera komanso nthawi yayitali yotumiza ku United States. Derali lilinso ndi zokolola zochepa komanso anthu aluso kwambiri kuposa Asia, ndipo lili ndi ulusi wa thonje wocheperako komanso nsalu zotsika mtengo kuposa China ndi India.
Ngati Kristof ali wofunitsitsa kukulitsa malonda akumwera kwa Sahara, angachite bwino kuyitanitsa mayiko akummwera kwa Sahara kuti apeze mwayi wopezeka m'misika ya Quad - United States, Canada, Japan, ndi Europe. Akatswiri azachuma a Stephen N. Karingi, Romain Perez, ndi Hakim Ben Hammouda akuyerekeza kuti phindu lazachuma lomwe limabwera chifukwa cha msika wopanda malire likhoza kufika $1.2 biliyoni kum'mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa, ndikukomera makamaka ogwira ntchito opanda luso.
Koma bwanji kuumirira kupanga zovala poyambirira? Dziko la Namibia lili ndi chuma chochuluka kuwonjezera pa malo otsika mtengo opangira makina osokera a Nike. Nyuzipepala ya The Economist inanena kuti dziko la Namibia ndi dziko la Namibia lomwe limapanga zinthu ziwiri za mchere: diamondi (dzikolo lili pa nambala 20 pa mtengo wake) ndi uranium (ili pa nambala XNUMX pa voliyumu). Bizinesi ya migodi ndiye maziko a chuma cha Namibia chogulitsa kunja ndipo amawerengera pafupifupi XNUMX% ya GDP ya dzikolo. Koma kusandutsa gawo la migodi kukhala njira yotukula chuma cha dziko kungatanthauze kukumana ndi mabungwe akunja omwe amayang'anira bizinesi ya diamondi, monga South African De Beers Corporation. Imeneyi ndi ntchito yolimba kuposa omenyera ufulu wotsutsa thukuta.
Ntchito Zambiri ndi Zabwino Zaku Africa
Nanga ndichifukwa chiyani mabungwe amitundu yambiri apewa kuyika ndalama ku sub-Saharan Africa? Yankho, malinga ndi kunena kwa katswiri wa zamalonda wapadziko lonse Dani Rodrik, “liri chifukwa cha kukula kwapang’onopang’ono” kwa maiko a kum’mwera kwa Sahara. Rodrik akuti chigawochi chimachita nawo malonda apadziko lonse lapansi momwe tingayembekezere malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza, kukula kwa dziko, komanso malo.
Kuwunika kwa Rodrik kukuwonetsa kuti chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe angachitire antchito osauka ku Africa ndikukweza ngongole zomwe maboma awo ali nazo ndikuthandizira zoyesayesa zawo zomanga chuma chogwira ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuyika ndalama zothandizira anthu ndi zomangamanga, ndikukhazikitsa mfundo zodalirika zachuma chomwe chimayika kukhazikitsa ntchito patsogolo. Koma ndalama izi, monga Rodrik akunenera, zimatenga nthawi.
Pakadali pano, mfundo zapadziko lonse lapansi zokhazikitsa malo operekera malipiro ndi chitetezo kwa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi zingathandize kwambiri achinyamata omwe ali m'mphepete mwa misewu ya Windhoek kusiyana ndi kuwazunza, chifukwa umphawi umapangitsa anthu kukhala okonzeka kulowa nawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. . Ndipo ngati dziko la Namibia likutseka mafakitole ake opangira zovala chifukwa choti ku China kuli kotsika mtengo, kodi sikuli mkangano wofuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ku China, osati kuwatsitsa ku sub-Saharan Africa? Zochita zachipongwe zachuluka m'mafakitole aku China omwe amatumiza kunja, monga momwe National Labor Committee ndi Business Week zalembera. Ogwira ntchito amaika masiku 13 mpaka 16, masiku asanu ndi awiri pa sabata. Sasangalala ndi thanzi komanso chitetezo chilichonse, ndipo malipiro awo opita kunyumba amatsika pang'onopang'ono akalandira chindapusa ndi kuchotsedwa komwe owalemba ntchito nthawi zina amawaletsa.
Kufalitsa nkhanzazi ku sub-Saharan Africa sikungapatse mphamvu ogwira ntchito kumeneko. M'malo mwake zidzatengera mwayi woti iwo ali m'gulu la antchito omwe alibe chidwi kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchepetsa ngongole, miyezo yapantchito yapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuyika ndalama kwa anthu pamaphunziro ndi zomangamanga ndi njira zabwinoko zothanirana ndi umphawi wa ku Africa kuposa zomwe Kristof adapereka.
John Miller amaphunzitsa zachuma ku Wheaton College ndipo ndi membala wa gulu la Dollars & Sense. Silabasi ya maphunziro ake "Sweatshops in the World Economy" ikupezeka pa www.wheatonma.edu/Faculty/JohnMiller.html.
Zochokera: Arthur MacEwan, "Ask Dr. Dollar," Dollars & Sense, Sept–Oct 1998; John Miller, “Chifukwa Chake Akatswiri a Zachuma Akulakwa Pankhani ya Sweatshops ndi Antisweatshop Movement,” Challenge, Jan–Feb 2003; R. Pollin, J. Burns, ndi J. Heintz, “Global Apparel Production and Sweatshop Labor: Kodi Kukweza Mitengo Yogulitsa Ndalama Ndalama Zolipirira Ndalama?” Political Economy Research Institute, Ntchito Paper 19, TSIKU; N. Kristof, “In Praise of the Maligned Sweatshop,” New York Times, June 6, 2006; N. Kristof, “Let them Sweat,” NYT , June 25, 2002; N. Kristof, “Two Cheers for Sweatshops,” NYT , Sept 24, 2000; N. Kristof, "Vuto la ku Asia Likusokoneza Kuyesetsa Kulimbana ndi Vuto la Sweatshops," NYT, June 15, 1998; A. Harrison ndi J. Scorse, “Kuwongolera Mikhalidwe ya Ogwira Ntchito? Malamulo Ochepa a Malipiro Ochepa ndi Kuchita Zotsutsana ndi Sweatshop," Calif. Management Review, Oct 2005; Herbert Jauch, “Makampani a Zovala ndi Zovala za ku Africa: Nkhani ya Ramatex ku Namibia,” mu The Future of the Textile and Clothing Industry in Sub-Saharan Africa, ed. H. Jauch ndi R. Traub-Merz (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2006); Kurt Alan Ver Beek, "Maquiladoras: Kugwiritsa Ntchito kapena Kumasulidwa? Kufotokozera mwachidule za Situation of Maquiladora Workers in Honduras,” World Development, 29(9), 2001; Theodore Moran, Beyond Sweatshops: Investment Direct Direct and Globalization in Maiko Otukuka (Brookings Institution Press, 2002); "Kuyerekeza Kuyerekeza Kwampikisano Wagawo la Zovala ndi Zovala M'maiko Osankhidwa," mu Zovala ndi Zovala: Kuwunika Kupikisana kwa Opereka Ena Akunja ku Msika waku United States, Vol. 1, US International Trade Commission, Jan 2004; SN Karingi, R. Perez, ndi H. Ben Hammouda, “Kodi Zokonda Zowonjezereka Zingapereke Mphotho Yachigawo cha Sub-Saharan Africa Pazokambirana za Doha Round?,” World Economy, 2006; Francis Teal, "N'chifukwa Chiyani Mauritius Ingathe Kutumiza Zopanga Zakunja ndi Ghana Sizingatheke?," The World Economy, 22 (7), 1999; Dani Rodrik, "Ndondomeko Zamalonda ndi Kuchita Zachuma ku Sub-Saharan Africa," Pepala lokonzekera Unduna wa Zakunja ku Sweden, Nov 1997.
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