Gwero: Minim
Purezidenti wosankhidwa Gabriel Boric ndi umboni wa kusintha kwa mafunde ku Chile. Osachitanso mantha, mbadwo watsopano - mothandizidwa ndi akale - unayamba kuyenda m'misewu pa October 19th, 2019 kuti alandirenso ufulu womwe utsogoleri wankhanza wa Pinochet unalanda. Tidacheza ndi Érika Martínez wa ku San Miguel (wa m'tauni) ndi Lorena Olavarría wa ku Melipilla (kumidzi) pa sabata lazaka ziwiri zachiwembucho kuti timve malingaliro awo. Onse ndi achichepere, omwe asankhidwa kumene ku Santiago Metropolitan Region, yomwe ili peresenti 40 chiŵerengero cha anthu onse m’dzikoli mwa anthu 52 komunas, kapena ma municipalities. Mamembala a chipani chimodzi cha ndale monga Boric, Social Convergence, ndipo pambuyo pake mgwirizano womwewo, "Ndikuvomereza Ulemu," malingaliro awo amasonyeza kupitiriza pakati pa kulimbikitsana kwakukulu ndi kukonzanso kwa mabungwe. Madera opanda mantha akulembanso malamulo awo potengera ndale zachikazi komanso kuchulukitsa madera ademokalase.
Francisco Domínguez: Kuti muyambe, mungatiuzeko pang'ono zamayendedwe anu?
Lorena Olavarría: Kwa ine, ndakhala mu Social Convergence (SC) kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa. Mchitidwe wa ndale umene ndinauyamba pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa 2009, ndili ndi zaka 19, unandikhudza kwambiri, ndipo ndinadziuza ndekha kuti, "Pano tiyenera kutenga nawo mbali ndikukhala mbali ya kusintha." Sindinagwirizane nawo kwambiri m'magulu a ophunzira a 2006 ndi 2011 chifukwa cha manyazi, koma, pang'onopang'ono, chikhumbo chimenecho chinafotokozedwa m'gawolo kudzera mu ntchito yanga ya chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. Umu ndi mmene ndinapitirizira kukulitsa kudzipereka kumeneku kupitirira, kukhala gawo la-osati kokha ngati womvetsera, komanso kuika nkhani pa tebulo. Chotero, ndinaona kuti kunali koyenera kuchirikiza ndale, kudzudzula kaya kuba, katangale, kunyalanyazidwa kapena, koposa zonse, kupanda chikondi m’zandale.
Érika Martinez: Chabwino, nkhani yanga ndi yotalikirapo. Ngakhale kuti ndakhala womenyera ufulu kuyambira ndili ndi zaka 19, m’moyo wanga wonse ndakhala ndikulowerera ndale. Mayi anga ndi bambo anga anali ophunzira pa State Technical University. Onse awiri adatuluka pa Seputembara 12 tsiku lotsatira kuukira kwa usilikali, kukhala akaidi andale ku National Stadium. Iwo anazunzidwa ndipo kuyambira pamenepo anayamba kulimbana mobisa ndi ulamuliro wankhanza. Ndili mwana ndimakumbukira kusewera, ndikudutsa m'makonde oyera, koma tsopano ndikudziwa kuti sanali masewera. Amalume anga ankafuula kuti, “Thamangani, thawani! Tiyeni tisewere! Koma ayi, apolice anali kuwaukira Vicariate wa Solidarity. Apa ndi pamene ndinayamba kulowerera ndale komanso zionetsero.
Ndinalowa kuyunivesite ndili ndi chikhulupiriro cholimba chakuti ndikufuna kuchita zambiri. Mu 2002, ndinalowa m’gulu la achinyamata la chipani cha Communist Party (CP), ndipo mu 2004 ndinachita kampeni yanga yoyamba yokhala meya wa mzinda wa San Miguel. Ndinayamba kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mabungwe a zachikhalidwe komanso mabungwe a anthu. M’chaka cha 2008 ndidasankhidwa kukhala ukhansala, nditangotsala pang’ono kupambana, ndipo mu 2012 ndinasankhidwa. Panthawiyi ndinali membala wa chipani cha CP koma mu 2016 ndinayamba kukumana ndi mavuto ndi chipanichi chifukwa chakuzika mizu kwa chipanichi. Chaka chomwecho ndinasankhidwa kukhala khonsolo, ndikusiya CP kumayambiriro kwa chaka chotsatira. Zimenezo zinali zovuta, chifukwa ndine wa Marxist; Ine ndimadzitcha ndekha ndine wa Marxist. Nditachoka kwa nthawi ndithu kuchokera ku zigawenga za ndale, ndinayamba kukambirana ndi a Congressikazi Gael Yeomans, wochokera ku Libertarian Left, mmodzi wa zipani zomwe zimapanga SC. Anandipempha kuti ndikakhale nawo pa ntchito yomanga phwando latsopano lomwe lidzakhala chida chothandizira kusintha anthu. Pa anthu asanu ndi atatu amene ankafuna kukhala meya, ndinali mkazi ndekha. Ndipo ndinasankhidwa pansi pa SC.
FD: Ndikuganiza kuti aliyense amene amatiwerenga, kulikonse komwe angakhale, adzamva za zionetsero zazikulu za Chile chifukwa cha Las Tesis ndi ziwonetsero zina. Kodi chipembedzo chachikazi chakupangani bwanji inuyo panokha, ndipo chikusintha bwanji dziko la Chile?
LO: Uzimayi unayambitsa chidziwitso chosayembekezereka mwa ine. Nthawi zonse ndinali ndi ma compañera omwe anali odzipereka, omwe anali ndi moto wamkati, koma ngakhale zinali choncho, chikhalidwe cha akazi chinandigwedeza ngati chivomezi. Munthu amalowa m’njira ya mafunso osatha a momwe amachitira kapena samachita zinthu. Ndikukhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe cha akazi chalimbitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu - malo ophunzitsira, ogwirizana, okhwima komanso ozindikira. Zikutanthauzanso kufuna kutenga nawo mbali m'malo andale omwe akhalapo kale makina, yachimuna, yoyima komanso yachiwawa. Kutsegula zitseko zimenezo kwatenga zaka zambiri. Ndife amene, potsirizira pake, tikugwiritsira ntchito zimene ma compañera ena ambiri akhala akupanga kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Chimodzi mwazolinga za SC ndikutenga gawo lalikulu pamikangano yamalo awa omwe, monga omenyera ufulu wachikazi, tikufuna.
FD: M'malingaliro anu, ndani adatenga nawo mbali pazigawenga za 2019, ndipo zidakuchitikirani bwanji?
MU: Mu 2019, china chake chomwe chakhala chikukula kwa nthawi yayitali chimaphulika. Ulamuliro wankhanza utatha, boma la mgwirizano linayamba kulamulira lomwe linasokoneza ndi ufulu ndikusiya zinthu zambiri zomangidwa, pakati pawo, machitidwe a binomial. Zinatenga zaka zambiri kuti zithetse Concertación, kupambana kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 2008. Magulu odziwika bwino, maphwando a ndale otsalira kwambiri adatha kupeza mwayi wopita ku Congress ku 2011. Oimira monga Giorgio Jackson, Camila Vallejo, Karol Cariola ndi Gabriel Boric anapereka ndondomeko ya ndale ku zofuna za anthu. . Komabe, njira zenizeni zothetsera mikangano yambirimbiri m’dzikoli sizinapezeke. Maphunziro si aulere; pali chisamaliro chaumoyo kwa olemera ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo kwa osauka; palibe ufulu ku mzindawu ulipo.
Kupambana kwa gulu lachikazi kumatifikitsa pa Okutobala 19, pomwe nzika zimakwiya. Boma limawaopseza mwa kukweza mitengo ya sitima zapansi panthaka, akumatsutsa kuti, “Ingodzukani msanga; zoyamba, zotsika mtengo.” Kudzikuza kumeneku kwa akuluakulu a boma kumabweretsa zipolowe. Tsiku limenelo ndimayambira kunyumba n’kukathera kupolisiko ndikuteteza ma compañera, ena mwa ana aang’ono, amene amazunzidwa kumeneko. Ndinali mboni pamlanduwo, ndipo monga a municipality tinakhala nawo pamlanduwo. Zowonadi, ndimayenera kukhala m'chipinda chapolisi ndikuteteza omwe adamangidwa.
LO: Masabata awiri tsiku limenelo lisanafike, monga Érika ananenera, panali kukwera kwa mapeso 30 m'mayendedwe apagulu. Ophunzira akusekondale adalumpha mozungulira, njira yolembera m'mbuyo ndi pambuyo pake. Poganizira mbiri yakale ya kulimbana, ndikukhulupirira kuti kayendetsedwe ka akazi, ophunzira ndi chilengedwe ndi omwe anali okhudzidwa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti panthawi ya kusintha kwademokalase kunali kutsalira kosasunthika, nthawi zonse kunali kutsalira kofunikira kuyembekezera chisangalalo cholonjezedwacho. Cholowa cha chikhalidwe ndi ndale choterocho chinaperekedwa kwa mibadwo yatsopano m'njira zingapo. Tikuwona mu 2006, Revolution ya Penguin; mu 2011, ophunzira ziwonetsero; mu 2018, Feminist May, kumene mayunivesite anali otanganidwa pambuyo milandu nkhanza, kuzunzidwa ndi madandaulo osawerengeka anapangidwa poyera. Chifukwa chake, zochitika izi ndi chizindikiro ndipo chomaliza chimakhala ngati chiyambi cha kuwukirako.
Ngakhale kuti ndinachita nawo zionetserozo—kudzera m’makambitsirano ndi kupanga mgwirizano ndi mabungwe oteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe—ndinali wosamala kwambiri. Mwina ndikhoza kutsutsidwa, koma zomwe zinkachitika zinkamveka zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zinandipangitsa kuti ndidziteteze. Ndinachita nawo maguba ena, koma ndinalumikizana kwambiri mkati, ndikudzibwereza ndekha kuti, "Chinthu chachikulu chikubwera." Ndinasamalira mphamvuzo, ndipo, mogwira mtima, ndizomwe zidachitika.
FD: Patatsala sabata imodzi kuti zipolowe zichitike, panali msonkhano quilpue zomwe zinakamba za kufunika kwa zaka zana za cabildos m'moyo wa anthu, ndiye izi zinayambiranso. Kodi ma cabilds agwira ntchito yotani?
MU: Chigonjetso changa pamasankho chikuyankha, ndikukhulupirira, kuti pambuyo pa Okutobala 18 ndidachita gawo lalikulu lolumikizana mu San Miguel's Territorial Assembly, ndipo chifukwa chake tidapanga ma cabildos ang'onoang'ono. Anthu ambiri adasonkhana m'mabwalo kuti alankhule, apereke malingaliro awo, kapena kuwonetsa kukwiyitsidwa kwawo, kukwiya komanso kupanda mphamvu pazandale. Inali njira yodabwitsa, chifukwa anansi adatuluka mnyumba zawo kudzalankhula ndi kumvetserana wina ndi mzake m'zaka zomwe zimakhala zovuta kumvetsetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndikuchita mgwirizano. Cabildos adakwaniritsa izi mochuluka kuchokera mumsewu ndi mtima, kuchokera ku mkwiyo ndi kufunikira kwa kusintha. Mliriwu udapha njirazi, koma adapitilizabe kugwira ntchito kudzera pa Zoom ndi mawayilesi. Panthaŵi ina, tinalipo ambiri a ife amene tinali kufuna kutengamo mbali pa msonkhanowo kotero kuti tinaugaŵa m’magawo asanu ndi limodzi, amene onse pamodzi analinganiza misonkhano yawoyawo.
LO: Odzipangira okha cabildos adawuka mkati mwa chimango cha kupanduka kotchuka, kupanga mipata yokambirana za momwe tingachitire ndi zomwe timamva komanso kuganiza. Tikuwona kuti zonse nzolakwika, sizikugwira ntchito kapena zimangogwira ntchito kwa kagulu kakang'ono. Mavuto a thanzi, maphunziro ndi nyumba akupitirizabe, kuwonjezera pa zonyansa zonse za kuponderezedwa - kunena mosapita m'mbali, zipolopolo zowombera m'maso, kudulidwa, nkhanza. Zonse zomwe zidalowetsedwa mu cabildos m'njira zabwino, kuthana ndi mavuto ndi mutu ndi njira zodutsamo; mwachitsanzo, mu gulu la dissident cabildo, lomwe linasonkhanitsa magulu a LGBTQ +.
Ndi ntchito yovuta. Kwa zaka zambiri tinali ku mbali imodzi yokha ya mpanda, tikumadzudzula kuti, “Izi n’zamwano. Taonani mmene akuwonongera ndalama zathu!” Koma kukhala mgululi tsopano kumatanthauza kulowererapo mwanzeru: “Bwanji timachita?" Apa ndipamene mphamvu za demokalase yachindunji zimayamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo, ngakhale zidatayika panthawiyo, zidabwezeretsedwa ndipo siziyenera kuloledwanso.
FD: Kodi mphamvu za m'misewu ndi ma cabilds zidamasulira bwanji pabokosi lovota?
LO: Choncho, tachita kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pokhudzana ndi zipolowe. Pali kusamveka bwino pakutanthauzira kokhudzana ndi kuvomerezedwa/kukanidwa, kutanthauza kuti, pakati pa omwe amafuna kuti lamulo ladziko latsopano likhazikike ndi omwe sanafune. Kuphatikiza apo, kampeni yamantha yomwe ikugwirabe ntchito, n'zosavuta kuona kuti omwe akuwopa kutaya mwayi wawo akuyamba kuthedwa nzeru. Ngakhale zili choncho, mawa, pa 25 Okutobala, ndi tsiku lokumbukira chaka chimodzi cha chigamulo chomwe chidavomereza kwambiri kulembedwa kwa Constitution yatsopano kudzera mumsonkhano wosankhidwa. Mfundo yakuti ndondomekoyi ikutsogoleredwa ndi mkazi wa Mapuche iyenera kugogomezedwa-sikuyenera kutamandidwa kokha, komanso kuchitapo kanthu.
Érika mwina adakumanapo ndi izi, koma sindimadziwa ngati tipambana zisankho zathu kapena ayi, popeza zowunikira masankho zisanachitike zipolowe zidatha. Zofanana ndi izi zichitika ndi zisankho za Purezidenti. Kutenga nawo gawo kwachinyamata komwe kunali kokulirapo ndi komwe kudapangitsa kuti pakhale chisankho chambiri komanso zisankho zamdera. Vuto ndiloti titha kulimbitsa chidalirochi.
Tsogolo la Chile komanso Latin America lili pachiwopsezo pa Constitutional Convention. Mosakayikira, gulu la ndale likulimbikitsidwa pano pachigawo chachigawo chomwe chinali chitayamba kale ku Ecuador ndi kwina kulikonse. Udindo wathu pamlingo wa ma municipalities ndikuthandizira mabwalo okambilana omwe amakambirana nkhani zambiri, kuti Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko Latsopano akhale okhudzidwa.
FD: Érika, popeza mudagawana nafe kale kuti mudachoka ku CP ndikulowa ku SC, mukuganiza kuti zikuti chiyani za anthu aku Chile omwe adasiyidwa ndi Jadue ndi Boric omwe adasankhidwa kuti akhale oyang'anira ma municipalities?
MU: Zandale zadziko lathu ndizovuta kwambiri. Boma silingathe kuchita zinthu zambiri zomwe ma municipalities angachite, monga kupanga malonda, ndipo Daniel Jadue mochenjera amapeza ming'alu imeneyo; mwachitsanzo, ma pharmacies otchuka, malo owoneka bwino ndi magulu ogulitsa nyumba m'dera la Recoleta, komwe amatumikira monga meya. Kuphatikiza apo, timagwiritsa ntchito china chake chopangidwa ndi utsogoleri wankhanza komanso Concertación yotchedwa ma municipalities corporations, kuti tigwiritse ntchito ndalama zapadera. M'mbiri, ndalama zamatauni zidabedwa kudzera munjira iyi, koma, popeza ndi mabungwe azamalamulo, titha - popanda kuba ndalama - kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti zithandizire anthu. Jadue ndi wanzeru kwambiri kuchita izi. Amadziyika ngati meya yemwe angapititse patsogolo njira zosinthira boma malinga ndi mfundo za boma motsogozedwa ndi ma municipalities.
Ife a Broad Front timamvetsetsa kuti pali gulu lamanzere lomwe likufuna kuti tigwirizane ndi zipani zina zotsalira kuti tipambane zisankho zadziko. Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wa "Ndivomereza Ulemu", tidamvetsetsa kuti mgwirizano pakati pa Broad Front ndi Chile Digno uyenera kudutsa pulaimale pomwe wopambana akuyembekezeka kukhala Daniel Jadue (wa omaliza). Komabe zinthu ziwiri zomwe zidakomera Gabriel Boric: Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu chili ndi (1) mbiri yoyipa komanso (2) kusamvera kwina mkati mwa chiphunzitso chake chamkati. Jadue amagonjetsa kutsutsa CP, koma pochita izi akupanga umunthu wozungulira yekha ndi mawu olamulira-chinthu chomwe Boric amachiphwanya. M'malo mwake, akupereka njira yopingasa komanso njira zambiri zademokalase, kudziyika yekha m'manja mwa mawonekedwe osintha andale - mgwirizano wandale. Umu ndi momwe Boric amapambana.
FD: Tsopano popeza mwalamulira, mumathetsa bwanji vuto lomwe lilipo pakati pa atsogoleri ndi atsogoleri?
LO: Ndakumanapo ndi izi kwambiri ku Melipilla: Anthu sanazolowere kutsogozedwa ndi akazi. Mlingo wa kugonana ndipo 'mansplaining' ndi zodabwitsa. Bungwe la Melipilla Municipal Council limapangidwa ndi amuna okhawo, amuna asanu ndi atatu. Ndipo onse akufuna kukhala mameya. Mkangano wokhazikika wa mphamvu womwe umatha.
Masomphenya athu a ulamuliro wa matauni ndi achikazi, ndiko kunena kuti, kuperekezana. Pamapeto pake, ndife anthu ogwira ntchito yotumikira anthu tsiku lonse, tsiku lililonse. Ndipo ngati udindo wandale-woyang'anira uli woyima, zonse zimagwera pa meya. Ineyo ndine amene ndili ndi udindo wochita zinazake kapena ayi; osati gulu, osati mkulu wa dipatimenti, osati wotsogolera, koma ine. Chifukwa chake, kusandutsa dongosolo lolimbali kukhala limodzi la zokambirana, kutenga nawo mbali komanso kuwonekera kuli ngati kugwiritsa ntchito WD-40. Zimatenga nthawi, koma ndikukhulupirira kuti mpaka pano zatsegula, ndipo anthu ammudzi akufotokoza izi. Inu mukuzimva izo. Tsopano ndimapita ndipo amandithandiza, amathetsa mavuto. Iwo amamvetsera.
Tikamayendera madera akumidzi kapena akumidzi, zimakhala ngati meya sanabwereko. Kumeneko timapanga mphamvu zamtundu komanso zoyembekeza zodekha. Zomwe tikufuna kusintha sizititengera tsiku limodzi, zitenga zaka. M'miyezi inayi sitidzathetsa zomwe sanachite m'zaka 30, koma manja ang'onoang'ono awa ndi chiyambi. Kusintha kukufesedwa.
MU: Zomwezo zandichitikira, koma kuti m'bwalo langa muli amuna atatu mwa asanu ndi atatu; ambiri ndi akazi, osachepera. Koma amunawo akufunabe kukhala meya.
FD: Mukuwona ubale wotani pakati pa nkhani zachitetezo ndi kusalingana kwa madera?
MU: Tawonani, kusagwirizana kwa madera ku Chile ndikowopsa, makamaka pamlingo wamatauni, komanso mkati mwa Greater Santiago momwemo. Tengani gulu langa mwachitsanzo. Ndi maphunziro ndi ndalama zowononga thanzi, zimawononga pafupifupi 160,000 pesos pa munthu aliyense (kapena 190 USD). Pomwe ku Las Condes kapena Vitacura, madera olemera kwambiri ku Chile, amaika ndalama pafupifupi 1,200,000 pesos pa munthu aliyense, kuchuluka kwa 7.5. Kum'mwera, Graneros ali ndi 53,000 pesos pa munthu aliyense.
LO: Popeza chigawo changa chimatchedwa 'Kumidzi,' tili ndi pafupifupi mapeso 8,400 pa munthu aliyense pantchito zachipatala, zomwe ndi zochepa kwambiri.
MU: Gabriel Boric akuganiza kuti bajeti ya munthu aliyense iyenera kukhala osachepera 300,000 pesos, chifukwa apo ayi masepala sangathe kugwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, masepala alibe zida zokwanira pa chilichonse chomwe akuyenera kuchita. Iyenera kufunsira ndalama za boma kuti igwiritse ntchito ndalamazo kwina kulikonse, ndipo ngati ilibe ndalama zogwirira ntchito, silingathe kulemba akatswiri kuti alembetse ndalamazo poyamba. Mwachiwonekere, ku Vitacura akhoza kukhala ndi magalimoto 60 otetezera anthu, chifukwa bajeti ingakwanitse kugula. Koma madera ena, monga anga, alibe ndalama zogulira chitetezo cha anthu ammudzi.
Lamulo likuwonekeratu: Carabineros ali ndi udindo wachitetezo. Komabe, carabineros sizokwanira kapena kugawidwa mofanana pakati pa anthu, m'malo mwake amakonda kukhazikika m'magulu olemera kwambiri. Kusafanana kumakula mpaka pomwe anthu amagawanika, ndikupanga magawo oyamba, achiwiri kapena achitatu kutengera njira yopusa yomwe imawulula ndalama zomwe dera lanu limalandira. Kutali kuti zosowa za nzika zikhale zofunika kwambiri, ma communes amapatsidwa ndalama molingana ndi kuchuluka komwe angapeze kuchokera kuzinthu zawo. Chile ili ndi ma communes 352, iliyonse ili ndi zake zake. Ndizosalungama kuti nzika iliyonse mdera lililonse ladziko ili ndi ufulu wocheperako komanso kusungitsa ndalama kwa anthu okhala mu commune A kapena commune B.
LO: Mwamtheradi. Chilungamo pazandalama zamatauni chimakanidwa, zomwe zimakhudzanso chitetezo. Tiyenera kuganiziranso momwe timawonera chitetezo. Njira yathu imakhazikika pachitetezo chaumunthu, chifukwa timakhulupirira kuti chitetezo ndichokwanira. Ngati muli ndi chithandizo chamankhwala cholemekezeka, komwe mumapeza chisamaliro chabwino komanso chachangu, ndiyenso chitetezo. Malingana ngati mukuona kuti mudzalandira ulemu pa ntchito iliyonse ya boma, mudzakhala otetezeka. Ngati nditha kuphunzira kapena kugwira ntchito popanda kuda nkhawa kuti, "Damn, ndiyenera kukhala ndi ma intaneti kapena ndalama," ndikhala wotetezeka.
FD: Pafupifupi zokambirana zathu zonse zinali za nzika, kapena kutchuka, ulamuliro. Tisanatseke, kodi munganenepo za anthu amdera lanu omwe alibe nzika zaku Chile, makamaka omwe amasalidwa kwambiri?
LO: Kwa zaka zingapo ndinagwira nawo ntchito m’gulu la Melipilla Migrant Working Group, lopangidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana aboma. Izi zidatayika pakapita nthawi koma ndichinthu chomwe tikuyambiranso. Chaka chamawa tikufuna kukhazikitsa Pulogalamu Yosamuka ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa kulolerana ndi ulemu, kutsindika chikhalidwe chamitundumitundu. Pakuti malire ankakokedwa ndi anthu okonda ulamuliro kuti atsekereze ufulu wa anthu ena. Nkhani zonse zokhudzana ndi kusamuka, chitetezo ndi kusalingana-zomwe titha kuzitcha chilungamo cha dera-zili m'gulu la zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Iwo ndi ufulu waumunthu.
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