Tsopano pakhala makope anayi a Kuchokera ku Chilolezo mpaka Kukakamizika: Kupitiriza Kumenya Ntchito (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2023), yoyamba kuyambira 1985, ndipo iyenera kuonedwa ngati ntchito yomwe ikuchitika yomwe ikufuna kudziwitsa ndi kulimbikitsa zovuta za ogwira ntchito ku Canada. Tsoka ilo, Leo Panitch sanakhale ndi moyo kuti awone kusindikizidwa kwa kope laposachedwa, pomwe wolemba mnzake woyambirira Donald Swartz akuphatikizidwa ndi Bryan Evans ndi Carlo Fanelli, kapena kukhala gawo la kuyesa kuyesa kwake.
Bukhuli likuwona kulephera kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito kukana kukakamizidwa ndi boma komwe adakumana nako mzaka makumi angapo za neoliberal. Imathetsa zofooka zazikulu mkati mwa migwirizano ndikufufuza maziko a njira zogwirira ntchito zolimbana. Izi zikuphatikizapo kufufuza mozama kwa zaka makumi ambiri za kuukira kwa ogwira ntchito omwe kwa zaka zambiri ndipo mfundo zake zandale zimachokera ku nkhani yodabwitsa ya kukakamiza boma.
Kupambana ndi Kukhazikika
Mutu woyamba umayamba ndi chitukuko chodziwika bwino. "Nthawi yokambirana mwaulere idayamba ndi 1944 Order-in-Council PC 1003 ya boma la federal" (tsamba 1). Izi zinapangitsa kuti ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe azing'ono azikambirana pamodzi ndikunyanyala ndikukhazikitsa zilango kwa olemba anzawo ntchito omwe akana kuthana ndi mabungwe. Olembawo akuwonetsa kuti muyeso uwu ndi lamulo la Industrial Relations and Disputes Investigation Act la 1948 lomwe linatsatira "mfundo yomwe Canada idakulitsa demokalase kuti iphatikizepo mgwirizano waulere" (p. 1).
Ena angaganize kuti "kupita patsogolo ngati pang'onopang'ono kufikitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwaufulu kwa ogwira ntchito" (tsamba 2) kunali kotsimikizika. Komabe, chidaliro choterocho chinayikidwa molakwika ndipo motero mutu wa za nkhanza zotsutsana ndi maufulu a mabungwe a zamalonda ku Canada ndi maboma onse a federal ndi zigawo za ndale zilizonse” (p. 2).
Boma la Canada mwalamulo linakhazikitsa “ufulu wademokalase waufulu” kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, ngakhale pamene linkachita mwaukali ufulu wa ogwira ntchito” (p. 2/3). Chofunikira kwambiri mwa njirazi chinali lamulo la 1982 Public Sector Compensation Restraint Act lomwe likuwonjezera malipiro ochepa komanso "kupondereza kwathunthu ufulu wochita malonda ndi kunyalanya ntchito kwa onse ogwira ntchito m'boma omwe ali ndi malamulowo." Maboma akuzigawo adatsata izi, ndikuyika ziletso zawo (tsamba 3). Miyezo ya "zadzidzidzi" yotereyi idakhala gawo lachitsanzo chomwe tsopano chimatenga zaka makumi ambiri chomwe chimadziwika bwino kuti ndi "zachilendo zosatha" (tsamba 4).
Mutu wachiwiri, ukulondolera mizu ya ubale wa ogwira ntchito ku Canada ndikuganizira za nthawi ya pambuyo pa nkhondo yomwe idabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu. Ngakhale pambuyo pa Lamulo la Trade Unions Act la 1872, "linamasula zoletsa zina zamalamulo ... abwana ndi boma” (tsamba 26-27).
Oimira mwanzeru kwambiri agulu la capitalist adayembekezera kufunikira kwa njira zopewera. Dipatimenti ya federal of Labor inakhazikitsidwa mu 1900 ndipo lamulo la Industrial Disputes Investigation Act (IDIA) linatsatira mu 1907. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wamtsogolo, Mackenzie King, analemba za "kuopsa kwa gulu lonseli kutembenuzidwa ku socialism ngati olemba ntchito alephera kuwatengera m'gulu la anthu. mtundu wa mgwirizano kudzera m'mapangano ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka” (tsamba 28).
Kufunika kofikira malo otere kudakhala kokulirapo poyang'anizana ndi "mafunde omwe anali asanakhalepo akulimbikitsa anthu ogwira ntchito mokhazikika komanso mozama komanso ndale m'zaka za m'ma 1940" (p. 29). Munthawi imeneyi, Windsor Ford Strike ya 1945 idapanga Rand Formula yodziwika bwino, yopereka zolipira zokakamiza kumabungwe. Lamulo lazantchito lomwe latchulidwa kale linatsatira, ndipo ufulu wa ogwira ntchito mwadongosolo unakula kwambiri.
Miyezo iyi, muchilankhulo cha Rand, "idakonzedwa kuti isinthe, kukulitsa mgwirizano, zokomera ndalama, ntchito ndi anthu" (p. 32). Pobwezera maufulu amgwirizano, komabe, "zoletsa zambiri (zinayikidwa) pazochita zophatikizidwa ndi mabungwe, omwe adakhazikitsa ku Canada njira yoletsa komanso yovomerezeka kwambiri pakukambirana pamodzi mu demokalase iliyonse ya capitalist." Izi zinaphatikizapo "kuletsa kunyalanyazidwa panthawi ya mgwirizano wamagulu" (tsamba 32).
Kukhazikikaku "kunali kusintha komwe kunapangidwa kuti zisawononge koma kuteteza ndikusunga pansi pamikhalidwe yatsopano 'nthawi yayitali ... udindo waukulu'" (tsamba 32) komanso gawo lamphamvu lodziyimira pawokha kumbali ya mabungwe ndi gawo la mgwirizanowu. . "Zomwe zidayamba kuoneka ngati udindo wa mapiri tsopano zidayamba kutsatiridwa ndi lamulo lomwe mabungwe amadzipangira okha nthawi zambiri" (tsamba 33).
Olembawo akugogomezera kuti "Zotsatira zowononga zamalamulo ndi malingaliro zinali zowopsa. Mgwirizano wamalonda womwe udayamba ku Canada unali ndi zizindikiro zonse zaukonde wa zoletsa zamalamulo zomwe zidaphimba. Mchitidwe wake ndi kuzindikira kwake zinali zovomerezeka kwambiri ndi malamulo, choncho mphamvu zake zonse zinali zochepa” (tsamba 38). Katundu uyu wa ‘m’badwo wa golidi’ ananyamulidwa m’nyengo yovuta kwambiri ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zoopsa.
Kutembenukira ku Kukakamiza
Bukuli likuwonetsa kusintha kokakamiza komwe boma likuchita ndi mabungwe azamalonda ndipo limayang'ana zaka khumi zosinthika za 1970s. "Kuchuluka kwa zigawenga zamakampani zomwe zidayamba chapakati pazaka za m'ma 1960 zidapitilira mpaka chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za makumi asanu ndi awiri, kufikira pachimake pomwe ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe omwe adangogwirizana kumene nthawi zambiri amatsogolera potsutsa kuukira kwa anthu ogwira ntchito" (tsamba 40). .
Kukaniza kumeneku kudachitika panthawi yomwe maziko azachuma ankhondo yamagulu adasintha. Nkhondo yapambuyo pa nkhondo inali itatha ndipo "Zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zinali zodziwika ndi 'stagflation': ziŵerengero za kukula, kukwera pansi pa mlingo wofunikira pa ntchito yonse, kuphatikizapo zizoloŵezi zakukwera kwambiri. M'mikhalidwe yotereyi, malire a zilolezo zopezera chilolezo cha ogwira ntchito analibenso; Zoonadi, "likulu linkafunikanso kuloledwa" (tsamba 41).
Pamene boma lidapereka zilolezozi, chida chosankha chinali malamulo obwerera kuntchito kuchokera ku maboma onse azigawo ndi feduro. “M’zaka 15 zoyambirira pambuyo pa 1950, panali zochitika zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha za malamulo obwerera kuntchito pamodzi; pazaka khumi ndi theka zotsatira zinalipo 51, ndipo theka la izi kuyambira 1975 mpaka 1979 mokha” (tsamba 42). "Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo obwerera kuntchito kumakhudza kwambiri ogwira ntchito m'maboma ngakhale kuti malamulo oyendetsera ndalama a federal Anti-Inflation Programme a 1975-78 adayimitsa mgwirizano waulere kwa ogwira ntchito onse" (tsamba 43). Lamuloli linaphatikizapo chindapusa chosawerengeka komanso kukhala m'ndende mpaka zaka zisanu. Kenako Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau adadzitama kuti "Tidzayika atsogoleri angapo a mgwirizano m'ndende kwa zaka zitatu ndipo ena adzalandira uthenga" (tsamba 43).
Kukonzekera kwa boma kuti achitepo kanthu kunawoneka posamalira antchito a positi. Mu 1978, ufulu wochita malonda unachotsedwa ku Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW) ndipo mfundo za mgwirizano wam'mbuyomu zidaperekedwa kwa iwo. Purezidenti wa CUPW a J.C. Parrot anaimbidwa mlandu wokana kuyitanitsa pagulu kuti lamuloli litsatidwe ndipo adangopatsidwa belo pokhapokha atauza mamembala ake zomwe lamulo limafuna kwa iwo (tsamba 43).
M'zaka za m'ma 1980, boma la Mulroney "silinangochita nkhanza kwa ogwira ntchito m'boma mpaka misinkhu yomwe sinachitikepo koma inapereka 'chitsanzo' kwa mabungwe apadera ndi maboma a zigawo" (p. 58). Komabe, zaka khumi zinawona kutsutsa kwa ogwira ntchito ndi kupambana kwina pa 'malipiro achilungamo', "chotuluka cha kulimbana kwachikazi mkati ndi kunja kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito" (p. 67). Nkhondo zophulika zamagulu zidatulukira mu BC ndipo kulimbana ndi kufotokozera njira ya neoliberal ya 'malonda aulere' idatengedwa.
"Kukula kwa dongosolo la neoliberal, kukwera kwachuma chandalama komanso kufalikira kwa zinthu m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu kunapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kwambiri pazantchito zadongosolo mpaka zaka za m'ma 1990" (tsamba 80). M'zaka khumi izi, kumenyedwa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kunakula kwambiri ndipo kukonzanso kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, kuti apangitse kukhala pachiopsezo chowonjezereka, kunapititsidwa patsogolo (tsamba 81).
Pamlingo wa feduro, maboma a Liberal adachitapo kanthu pakukhazikitsa zovuta ndipo, ku Ontario, boma la NDP lidavomereza kuwukira kwa ufulu wamabungwe. Chokumana nacho chowawachi chinatsatiridwa ndi boma la Tory lomwe lidayambitsa kukana kwamphamvu kwa ogwira ntchito koma zomwe zidabweretsa zovuta m'mabungwe, malingaliro ndi njira zomwe bukuli limalingalira.
Mutuwu umamaliza pa cholemba chochititsa chidwi, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimanyalanyazidwa. "Zochitika mu demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zigawo zonse mpaka zaka za m'ma 1990 zidasokoneza ndondomeko yayikulu ya gulu la ogwira ntchito posankha maboma a NDP… NDP sinangolephera potengera kuchuluka kwa kusintha komwe kumayembekezeredwa ndi mabungwe, koma idasokoneza mgwirizano. mphamvu” (tsamba 99-100).
Zowukira Zopitilira
Pamene zaka za zana latsopano zinatsegulidwa "maboma a mikwingwirima yonse yachigawenga pamapeto pake anachotsa zotsalira za chilolezo, kukulitsa nthawi ya kukakamiza ndi kukakamiza" (p. 103). Pachifukwa ichi, chipani cha Conservative Party chokonzedwanso, chokhala ndi Stephen Harper pa helm, chinali chokonzeka kupereka chitsogozo chobwerera. Idavomereza kukhazikika kwanthawi zonse ndikuchepetsanso maufulu a mabungwe ogwira ntchito (tsamba 108).
Chiwopsezo chokakamiza chinapitilirabe pazigawo, ndikuwukira ogwira ntchito m'maboma kumapereka chitsogozo kwa olemba anzawo ntchito m'mabungwe apadera. Mobwerezabwereza, tikuwona kubuka kwa kusamverana koma kulephera kwa mabungwe kusiya machitidwe a kusagwirizana kwamagulu kunapitilirabe. Chiyembekezo chakuti mavuto azachuma a 2008 abweretsa njira yolumikizirana kwambiri adathetsedwa. Kuwononga ndalama zolimbikitsira kwakanthawi kochepa kunayambanso kuchulukirachulukira pomwe capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi idakhazikika (tsamba 130).
Umboni wa Justin Trudeau wa 'kupita patsogolo' ngakhale kuti, sipanakhalepo khama lalikulu kwa maboma ake kuti achepetse kuukira kwa neoliberal ndipo wakhala wokonzeka "kugwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza pamene chilolezo chinalephera kukwaniritsa zotsatira zake" (p. 134). Izi zinawonekeratu pamene ogwira ntchito positi adakakamizika kubwerera kuntchito ku 2018 (p. 133).
Zotsatira za mliriwu zidapangitsa kusokonekera kwakukulu kuposa kugwa kwakukulu kwachuma. Apanso, njira zolimbikitsira zomwe zidakonzedwa mwachangu zidangotsatiridwa mpaka pamlingo wofunikira "kuwonetsetsa kuti neoliberal capitalism imakhalabe" (p. 138). Nkhondo yolimbana ndi migwirizano idapitilira pafupifupi popanda kusiya ku federal komanso zigawo.
Kuchokera ku Consent to Coercion amatembenukira ku njira yokhazikika yomwe mabungwe achita pothana ndi zigawenga za boma. "Kwa zaka 40, mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku Canada adalira njira zovomerezeka - kubwereranso kumalamulo ndi makhoti - kuti apititse patsogolo ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu ndi ufulu wawo" (p. 168). Izi zatsamira pa Charter of Rights and Freedoms ya 1982 yomwe "inachotsedwa ku mikhalidwe yomwe ilipo ya ubale wamagulu ndi kulimbana kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, chizindikiro cha chidziwitso, ndi zodzikongoletsera, chikhalidwe cha chitsimikizo choyambirira choterocho. ufulu wosonkhana” (tsamba 169).
Olembawo amatsata zoyesayesa zomasulira zitsimikiziro zosamveka izi kukhala chitetezo chenicheni kwa ogwira ntchito. Iwo amamaliza kuti "Pafupifupi milandu yonseyi, achita zochepa kuti apereke ufulu kwa ogwira ntchito omwe sali ogwirizana, osasiyapo kuti athandize kuti ntchito ikhale yotsitsimula komanso yodalirika" (p. 192). Kuyimirira pa ndondomeko yonseyi kwakhala "chosankha cha nyukiliya" cha chigamulo chomwe chimathandiza maboma kuthawa udindo wa malamulo (tsamba 193).
Njira Zatsopano
Mutu womaliza ukulimbana ndi vuto lomwe "gulu la ogwira ntchito silinathe kulimbikitsa zotsutsa zilizonse, zomwe zimawoneka zosokoneza malingaliro komanso mwanzeru" (tsamba 198). Mabungwe nawonso ataya mphamvu zawo pazandale kwambiri. "Demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu inasinthika pamene ikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za neoliberal capital" (p. 208). Anthu amene amati ndi mbali ya ndale ya gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito limodzi nawonso anaukira antchito.
Potsutsa za kusintha kwa njira, olembawo amatengera lingaliro la Marx lakuti mabungwe "ayenera tsopano kuphunzira kuchita dala monga malo okonzekera gulu la ogwira ntchito pofuna kumasulidwa kotheratu. Ayenera kuthandiza gulu lililonse lazachikhalidwe komanso ndale zomwe zikuyenda mwanjira imeneyi. ” Kuti izi zipite patsogolo, bukhuli likufotokoza momveka bwino kuti payenera kukhala "kugwirizanitsa (kwa) kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ndi socialism monga gawo la ndale zadziko lonse lapansi" (p. 212). Internationalism ndi yofunikanso ku polojekitiyi koma sichingakhale chizindikiro. "Strategic international coordination imadalira mphamvu za kayendetsedwe ka dziko" (p. 214).
Olembawo amatsutsa kuti chipani chatsopano cha sosholisti chikufunika komanso amatsutsa "gulu linalake lomwe lingakambirane ndikukhazikitsa njira yayikulu yolumikizirana ndi anthu." Iwo amaganiza kuti 'kayendetsedwe kamangidwe' kamene sikadzatsutsana ndi kumanga mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi nkhani koma kudzakhala maziko ochulukirapo opititsa patsogolo malingaliro a socialist (p. 219). Iwo amati "mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe ena akuyenera kuganiza za momwe angakhazikitsire boma kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali pademokalase ndi kuwongolera" (tsamba 216).
Zosintha zomwe olembawo amalimbikitsa zimafuna "kukhazikitsa demokalase ya momwe mabungwe amagwirira ntchito." Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wa pambuyo pa nkhondo, mkati mwa dongosolo lazokambirana motsatizana ndi malamulo, "[e]kuwonjezera kutukuka m'mabungwe." Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mabungwe ndi kuthekera kwawo kukulitsa njira zopambana poyang'anizana ndi neoliberalism ndi kukakamiza boma kumafuna "kutengapo gawo kwa mamembala ndikuwongolera osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa" (p. 221).
Ndime yomaliza ikuwonetsa kuti "Njira ya neoliberalism yasokoneza kwambiri zomwe zatsalira zankhondo zamagulu ankhondo." Poyang'anizana ndi zovuta izi, "Kutsitsimutsa lonjezo la ndale la ndale za anthu ogwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi kukakamiza kwa boma ndi olemba anzawo ntchito ndi kukwaniritsa dziko labwino lomwe likufika ku muzu wa vuto - capitalism" (tsamba 225) ).
Chofunika Chothandizira
M'mawu ake oyamba, Sam Gindin akulemba kuti: "Chomwe chimapangitsa buku loyambirira ndi zosintha zake zonse kukhala ntchito yotsimikizika ndi kafukufuku wake waluso komanso njira yowunikira yomwe idaphatikiza mbiri, chuma chandale, mikangano yamagulu, ndi udindo wa boma, zonse popanda kunyalanyaza makamaka ku Canada. Ndi ophunzira koma ofikirika, ndiwosachita manyazi mopanda tsankho pothandizira migwirizano popanda kuchotsera migwirizano pakuwona kwake movutikira” (p. xivi). Uku ndikuwunika kotsimikizika kwa tanthauzo la bukhuli.
Iwo omwe akufuna kukhazikitsanso nkhondo yapambuyo pa nkhondo ya Keynesian 'm'badwo wagolide' adzakhumudwitsidwa. Bukhuli ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa iwo amene akufuna kuti kulimbana kwamagulu kumenyedwe mofanana. Idzagwirizana kwathunthu ndi omwe akufuna kuti kulimbanako kutengedwere kumagulu a kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi socialism.
Pazifukwa zomwezi, n’zosapeŵeka komanso zathanzi kuti bukhuli lisakhale gwero lachidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa kokha, komanso loyambitsa mkangano. Pachifukwa ichi, kutsutsa kuwiri kwa nkhani yomwe olemba adalemba akhoza kufotokozedwa. Mabungwe abungwe labuocratic ndi zolepheretsa zawo zikufotokozedwa m'bukuli. Komabe, pofunafuna chithandizo, olembawo satenga zinthu monga momwe amafunira pophunzira.
Iwo omwe adakonza zothetsa nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondoyo adamvetsetsa kufunikira kwa atsogoleri a mabungwe "olemekezeka" komanso kuchepetsedwa kwa zigawenga. Mabungwe a Union apanga omwe ali omasuka ndi njira zogonjetsera. Zikuoneka kuti kubwezeretsedwa kwa mgwirizanowu kudzakumana ndi kutsutsa kolimba kuposa momwe olemba amaganizira. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchitoyi ingafunike kufunikira kokulirapo komanso zovuta zamafayilo kuposa momwe amaganizira.
Kachiwiri, pamene tikukambirana za ndondomeko ya Socialist, palibe kukayika kuti kusagwirizana kwina kwakukulu pa chikhalidwe cha capitalist kuyenera kukhala gawo la ndondomekoyi. Ndine m'modzi mwa omwe ali pa socialist omwe atsala omwe sakhulupirira kuti boma likhoza kugwidwa, demokalase kapena kusinthidwa momwe olemba amayembekezera. Popanda kufufuza zotsatira za kusagwirizanaku, ndingonena kuti, ngakhale bukhuli likupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la 'mkati ndi kutsutsana ndi dziko,' limapereka umboni wochititsa chidwi wochirikiza lingaliro lakuti dziko lachikapitalist ndi chida chosawomboledwa. lamulirani kuti, monga Margaret Thatcher, 'si wotembenukira.'
Kudzudzula koteroko sikumasokoneza chikhulupiriro changa chakuti bukhuli limapereka chithandizo chofunikira komanso kufunikira kokambirana nkhani zanzeru izi pamene tikulimbana. Kuchokera ku Consent to Coercion amafotokoza za neoliberal strategy yomwe tataya maziko ake ndipo ikupereka chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali pazifukwa zomwe zimachititsa kuti mabungwe asamayende bwino. Zimadzutsanso mafunso omwe tiyenera kuwaganizira ngati tikufuna kupanga njira zogwira mtima. Bukuli liyenera kuphunziridwa ndi onse amene akufuna kumanga mabungwe omenyera nkhondo. •
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