Anthu ogwira ntchito mwadongosolo komanso kayendedwe ka nyengo, omwe nthawi zambiri amawasonyeza kuti ndi otsutsa, ayambitsa bwino kwambiri mgwirizano pa sitiraka ya ogwira ntchito za galimoto. UAW, eschewing blandishments Trumpian kuti aukire kusintha kwa magalimoto amagetsi (EVs), m'malo mwake avomereza kusintha kwa magalimoto ndi magalimoto otetezedwa ndi nyengo. Mabungwe zana a nyengo, akukana kunyozedwa kwa ogwirizana ndi makampani opanga magalimoto kuti malipiro ochepa ku South non-union apangitsa ma EV kukhala otsika mtengo motero amathandizira kuthana ndi kutentha kwa dziko, m'malo mwake adasaina kalata yogwirizana ndi ogwira ntchito ku UAW ndipo akukonzekera kuthandizira mizere ya migwirizano. .[1] Cholinga cha Ndemanga iyi ndi kufotokoza zochitika za kugwirizanitsa uku ndikuwonetsa zinthu za "kusintha koyenera" kwa makampani oyendetsa galimoto omwe angapereke pulogalamu yogwirizana ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi nyengo.
Mbiri Yakale
Nkhani zantchito ndi nyengo zakhala zikuphatikizidwa mumakampani amagalimoto aku US kuyambira kalekale anthu asanazindikire kutentha kwa dziko. Kugunda kwakukulu kwa magalimoto atatu kumalumikizidwa ndi njira zamabizinesi ndi ndale zamakampani opanga magalimoto, kuyankha kwake pamavuto anyengo, kusintha kwa maboma a federal ndi maboma, komanso kuwonongeka ndi kusintha kwa UAW.
Lipoti lofufuza ndi Zithunzi za E&E mu 2020 adapeza kuti asayansi amakampani adachenjeza akuluakulu a General Motors ndi Ford m'ma 1960 kuti mpweya wochokera m'magalimoto ndi magalimoto awo umapangitsa kuti nyengo yapadziko lapansi ikhale yofunda. Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto limeneli, makampani opanga magalimoto mobisa anapereka ndalama zokwana madola masauzande ambiri kwa mabungwe amene amatsutsa zoti dziko likutentha. Pamodzi ndi mafakitale amafuta ndi US National Association of Manufacturers adapanga Global Climate Coalition kuti atsutse zochita zilizonse zovomerezeka kuthana ndi kutentha kwa dziko; idawononga ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri potsatsa malonda otsutsana ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa nyengo ndi malamulo a dziko.[2] Makampani opanga magalimoto adakulitsa ndalama zawo m'magalimoto otulutsa mpweya wambiri komanso ma SUV. Iwo anatsutsa miyezo yapamwamba ya mafuta ochuluka ndi mpweya wa carbon. Mpaka 1996 Atatu Akuluakulu sanapange galimoto imodzi yamagetsi yamalonda - kulola Tesla kukona msika ndi EVs zake.[3] Masiku ano utsi wotuluka m’mipope ya magalimoto ndi magalimoto ndiwo gwero lalikulu la kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko ku United States.
Mu 2008, kukwera kwa mitengo ya gasi ndi Kutsika Kwakukulu kwachuma kudawononga msika wa Big Three wolimidwa mosamala wa ogula gasi. GM ndi Chrysler adalowa mu bankirapuse ndipo ndalama zokwana $81 biliyoni zidasiya boma la US kukhala eni ake ambiri a GM ndi UAW ndi Fiat ngati eni ake akulu a Chrysler.
Makampani opanga magalimoto ku US adamangidwanso motsatira ndondomeko ya Purezidenti Barak Obama yobwezeretsa chuma. Mabungwe a Auto corporation ndi UAW adagwirizana kuti pakhale kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mphamvu zochepetsera mpweya wa carbon. Mabungwe oyendetsa galimoto adagwirizana kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira zochepetsera mpweya chifukwa kuti kukhala ndi moyo kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe anthu amapeza pamakampani opanga magalimoto. Izi zinaphatikizapo kukonzekera mgwirizano kuti akonzenso makampani, thandizo lalikulu la federal pakupanga ukadaulo watsopano, komanso kuyika ndalama zambiri zapagulu kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yamakono ndi mpweya wochepa. Zotsatira zake zinali kutsika kwachulukidwe kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto, komanso kutha kwavuto lomwe lidawopseza kutsala pang'ono kuthetsa kupanga magalimoto - ndi ntchito pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu - ku United States.
Poyang'anizana ndi kugwa kwa mafakitale a magalimoto ndi kutaya kwa mamiliyoni a ntchito, UAW inalibe chochita koma kuvomereza zololeza zazikulu. Makontrakitala ake adaphatikiza malipiro a magawo awiri pomwe omwe adalembedwa ntchito mpaka chaka cha 2007 akupanga pafupifupi $33 pa ola pomwe omwe adalembedwa pambuyo pa 2007 tsopano akupanga $17 pa ola kapena kuchepera. Ogwira ntchito zamagulu apansi amalandira mapindu ochepa azaumoyo ndipo samapatsidwa ndalama zapenshoni kapena chithandizo chamankhwala opuma pantchito. Ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto anataya kusintha kwa mtengo wa moyo (COLA) komwe kunawapatsa chitetezo ku kukwera kwa mitengo. Ngakhale zinali choncho, iwo anapita kwa zaka zambiri popanda kuonjezera malipiro. Anatayanso ndondomeko ya chitetezo cha ntchito ya "mabanki a ntchito" yomwe imapatsa antchito ochotsedwa malipiro ndi zopindulitsa ngati ntchito italowetsedwa pansi pa mlingo wotchulidwa kale.[4]
Ngakhale zololezazo zidawonetsedwa ngati njira kwakanthawi yothana ndi zovuta zamagalimoto, sizinasinthidwe m'makontrakitala otsatira, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa ntchito zamagalimoto kukupitilirabe mpaka pano. Pakadali pano, makampani oyendetsa magalimoto apitiliza kutsutsa mfundo zoteteza nyengo komanso kulimbikitsa magalimoto owonongeka kwambiri, otsika mtunda komanso ma SUV. Zowonadi, posachedwapa mu Julayi 2023 bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lamakampani opanga magalimoto lidatsutsana ndi lamulo lomwe boma la Biden likufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti magawo awiri mwa atatu a magalimoto onyamula anthu omwe amagulitsidwa ku United States ndi magetsi pofika chaka cha 2032.[5]
Kuthandizira Kusintha kwa Makampani Agalimoto - Pamtengo Waogwira Ntchito Magalimoto ndi Nyengo?
Ndale zanyengo ndi ntchito zidasinthidwa mu 2019 ndi lingaliro - loyambitsidwa ndi nyengo ya achinyamata Sunrise Movement ndi Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez - pa Green New Deal. Iwo adapempha kuti pakhale zaka khumi zolimbikitsa anthu onse aku America kuti apange mphamvu zoyera ndi zongowonjezera 100%, kutsimikizira ntchito zamalipiro kwa aliyense amene akufunika, komanso kusintha koyenera kwa ogwira ntchito komanso madera akutsogolo. Green New Deal idakonzanso ndale zaku America ndi malingaliro ake oyambira: kukonza kusowa kwa ntchito ndi kusalingana poyika anthu kuti azigwira ntchito zabwino kukonza nyengo.
Kampeni yapurezidenti ya Joe Biden idapanga komiti yokhala ndi oyimira Green New Deal ngati Ocasio-Cortez ndi Bernie Sanders. Anapanga malingaliro awo kukhala maziko a ndondomeko yake ya kampeni. Dongosolo la Biden's Build Back Better liphatikiza malingaliro ochokera ku Green New Deal ndi malingaliro a "ndondomeko yamakampani" - zoyesayesa zaboma kuti zikhazikitse chuma pothandizira mafakitale, mabizinesi, kapena zochitika zachuma - zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali ndi mabungwe azachuma komanso ndale omwe akupita patsogolo. Ambiri mwa malingalirowa adaphatikizidwa m'mabilu atatu akulu azachuma a Biden, American Rescue Plan, Bipartisan Infrastructure, ndi Inflation Reduction Act, zomwe zimapereka madola mabiliyoni ambiri pazaka khumi zikubwerazi kuti zilimbikitse ntchito zapakhomo m'mafakitale omwe akuyembekezeredwa, makamaka makampani opanga magalimoto. Mosiyana ndi kumangidwanso kwamakampani amagalimoto motsogozedwa ndi boma motsogozedwa ndi a Obama, komabe, dongosolo lamasiku ano la federal limangokhala ndikupereka thandizo kumakampani amagalimoto kuti akulitse kupanga kwa EV, m'malo mokonzanso makampaniwo. Nyumbayo itapereka mtundu wake wa Inflation Reduction Act mu 2021, idaphatikizanso ngongole ina yamisonkho ya $ 4,500 kwa ogula ma EV omwe amamangidwa makamaka ndi ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe, koma Senator wa Democratic, Joe Manchin waku West Virginia adakwanitsa kuchotsa chigamulochi ngati njira yolola IRA. kupita ku Senate.[6]
Makampani amagalimoto akhala okondwa kuvomera thandizo la feduroli, koma ali okondwanso kupeŵa zolinga zawo. Makampani opanga magalimoto apereka kutsata kwapamwamba kukakamiza boma kuti lichepetse kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, koma kwenikweni akupitiliza kulimbikitsa ma SUV opindulitsa kwambiri koma okhala ndi mpweya wambiri komanso magalimoto opepuka ndikukokera mapazi awo posamukira ku ma EV. Ndipo akugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la feduro kusuntha ntchito zawo kumadera amalipiro ochepa, omwe si a mgwirizano kumwera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano ndi makampani agalimoto akunja kuti apewe mgwirizano.
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 gawo la Kumwera la ntchito zamakampani a magalimoto lakula kuchoka pa 15 kufika pa 30 peresenti pamene gawo la Midwest latsika kuchoka pa 60% kufika pa 45%.[7] Makampani opanga magalimoto tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoperekedwa ndi mfundo zamakampani a Biden kuti apititse patsogolo kusamukaku. M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi makampani akuluakulu amagalimoto alengeza ndalama zokwana $90 biliyoni zogulira mbewu za EV, malinga ndi Center for Automotive Research. Othandizira awo akugulitsa mabiliyoni ena. Brookings Metro yati ndalama zonse zabizinesi pazopanga za EV pansi pa Biden zafika pafupifupi $140 biliyoni.[8]
Brookings Metro idawerengera kuti Kumwera kwakopa 55 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zabizinesi zamagalimoto amagetsi ndi mabatire pansi pa Biden, kuwirikiza kawiri zomwe zapita ku Midwest. Zogulitsa zotere za EV ndi mabatire akuphatikiza Hyundai ndi Rivian ku Georgia, Toyota ku North Carolina, Tesla ku Texas, BMW ku South Carolina, Mercedes-Benz ku Alabama., General Motors ku Tennessee, ndi Ford ku Tennessee ndi Kentucky. Mandalama a EV ku South akuyembekezeka kupanga ntchito zosachepera 65,000.
Kuti apititse patsogolo kukana kwawo ku zofuna za ogwira ntchito, makampani opanga magalimoto akupanga mabatire awo a EV ngati mgwirizano ndi makampani akunja. Chifukwa chake sakhala pansi pa mapangano akuluakulu omwe amakhudza Atatu Akuluakulu, kotero kuti UAW iyenera kukambirana mapangano osiyanasiyana amitengo yomwe ikupereka kale malipiro omwe ali pansi pa mapangano apamwamba.
"Kukonzanso" uku kumawoneka ngati kuli bwino ndi oyang'anira Biden. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June Mlembi wa Energy Jennifer Grandholm adauza gulu lazamalonda kuti olamulira anali "agnostic" pomwe makampani amasankha kuyika ndalama zawo zopanda mphamvu.[9] Pambuyo pake mwezi womwewo dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi idavomereza ngongole zoposa $ 9 biliyoni kwa Ford ndi kampani yaku Korea kuti amange mabatire a EV ku Kentucky ndi Tennessee.[10] Thandizoli silinaganizire za malipiro, mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito, ufulu wa mabungwe, kapena chitetezo cha anthu akapuma pantchito. Tsiku lotsatira pulezidenti wa UAW, Shawn Fain, adapereka mawu omwe amawerengedwa kuti:
Kusintha kwa ntchito za injini yamagetsi, kupanga mabatire ndi kupanga zina za EV sikungakhale mpikisano wotsikira pansi. Sikuti boma la feduro siligwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kuti lisinthe - likulipira mwachangu mpikisanowu ndi mabiliyoni ambiri m'ndalama zaboma. Chifukwa chiyani oyang'anira a Joe Biden akuthandizira umbombo wamakampani ndi ndalama za okhometsa msonkho?
M'zaka zisanu zapitazi, ogwira ntchito omwe amamanga zinthu za GM ku Lordstown Ohio, akhala akusintha miyoyo yawo pamene anakakamizika kusiya ntchito, kusiya kapena kuchotsa mabanja awo ndikusuntha ku United States pamene GM anatseka zomera zawo ngakhale kuti anali ndi phindu lalikulu. Ntchito zawo zidasinthidwa m'malo atsopano a batire a GM ndi ntchito zomwe zimalipira theka la zomwe antchito adapanga pafakitale ya Lordstown yapitayi.
Osati kokha kuti White House ikukana kukonza cholakwika ichi, ikupereka Ford $ 9.2 biliyoni kuti ipange ntchito zotsika zomwezo ku Kentucky ndi Tennessee.
Nthawi yomaliza yomwe boma la feduro linapereka mabiliyoni atatu a madola mabiliyoni atatu, makampaniwo anachita chimodzimodzi: kuchepetsa malipiro, kuchepetsa ntchito, ndi kuwononga makampani omwe kwa mibadwomibadwo adapanga ntchito zabwino kwambiri za mabanja ogwira ntchito m'dziko lino. Ogwira ntchito pagalimoto ndi mabanja athu adachita chidwi kwambiri mu 2009 m'dzina lopulumutsa makampani. Sitinakhale amphumphu, ndipo ndi zamanyazi kwambiri kuona boma lina la demokalase likuchulukirachulukira pa zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi okhometsa msonkho.[11]
Poyang'anizana ndi kutsutsidwa kotereku koyambirira kwa kumenyedwa kwa magalimoto komwe kukubwera, ndipo mwina kuwerengera anthu ogwira ntchito m'boma lomwe likufunika zisankho zapurezidenti wa 2024, boma la Biden lidalengeza kumapeto kwa Ogasiti kuti dipatimenti yamagetsi ipereka ndalama zokwana $ 2 biliyoni ndi $ 10. mabiliyoni otsimikizira ngongole pansi pa Inflation Reduction Act, kuphatikiza $3.5 biliyoni yandalama pansi pa lamulo la zomangamanga, kuthandiza makampani kusintha mafakitale omwe alipo kuti apange ma EV ndi mabatire. Granholm yemwe kale anali "agnostic" adalengeza zachipembedzo chake chatsopano kuti: "Tikuyang'ana kwambiri ntchito zopezera ndalama zomwe zakhala zikugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azigwira ntchito kale pamalipiro, mapulojekiti omwe amapititsa patsogolo mapangano ogwirizana, omwe amapanga apamwamba- ntchito zolipira, zokhalitsa.”[12]
Purezidenti wa UAW Fain adayamika chigamulocho.
UAW imathandizira ndipo ndiyokonzeka kusintha kupita kumakampani oyera amagalimoto. Koma kusintha kwa EV kuyenera kukhala koyenera komwe kumawonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto ali ndi malo azachuma chatsopano. Chilengezo cha lero kuchokera ku dipatimenti ya zamagetsi chikufanana ndi kuyitanitsa kwa UAW kwa miyezo yamphamvu yantchito yolumikizidwa ndi ndalama zonse za okhometsa msonkho zomwe zimapita kumakampani opanga magalimoto ndi opanga. Ndondomeko yatsopanoyi ikuwonekera bwino kwa olemba ntchito kuti kusintha kwa EV kuyenera kukhala ndi mgwirizano wolimba wa mgwirizano ndi malipiro apamwamba komanso chitetezo chomwe mibadwo ya mamembala a UAW idamenyera nkhondo ndikupambana.[13]
Kusintha kwa oyang'anira a Biden - kwakanthawi - kupita kukusintha koyenera kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto omwe akukumana ndi kubiriwira kwamakampani awo kukuwonetsa kutchuka kwandale zakusintha komanso kuchuluka kwamphamvu zomwe zikufunika kuti zitheke. Potengera izi, ndi njira ziti zomwe zingalimbikitse ogwira ntchito komanso kusintha kwanyengo kuti ayambe kuzindikira kusintha koyenera kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto?
Kusintha Kwachangu kwa Ogwira Ntchito Magalimoto
UAW, mabungwe opitilira XNUMX a nyengo ndi ogwirizana, ndi Purezidenti Joe Biden onse avomereza "kusintha" kwa magalimoto amagetsi kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto. Koma kodi kusintha kokha kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto kungatanthauze chiyani? Nazi zina mwa njira zomwe ogwira ntchito, osamalira zachilengedwe, komanso maboma angagwirizane kuti alimbikitse.
Zofuna za Union
Mosiyana ndi zokambirana zam'mbuyomu ndi Big Three, utsogoleri waposachedwa wa UAW wapereka malingaliro ake onse kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto komanso kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza pa malipiro ndi zofuna zina zachuma, pali malingaliro atatu a mgwirizano makamaka omwe ali mbali zofunika za kusintha koyenera.
- Pulogalamu yachitetezo cha mabanja ogwira ntchito: Mpaka 2009 Big Three inali ndi "mabanki a ntchito" pulogalamu yotetezera ntchito. Ngati ntchito itsika pansi pa mlingo womwe munagwirizana, ogwira ntchito ochotsedwa amalandila malipiro ndi mapindu. UAW ikupereka ndondomeko yosinthidwa, "Programme yoteteza mabanja," yomwe ingafune kuti makampani omwe amatseka malo azilipira mamembala a UAW kuti agwire ntchito yothandiza anthu. Zingapatse makampani chilimbikitso champhamvu kuti mbewu zitseguke komanso ogwira ntchito.
- Ufulu womenyera kutsekedwa kwa mbewu. Big Three atseka zomera 65 pazaka 20 zapitazi. Komabe ogwira ntchito ndi madera nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda mphamvu poyang'anizana ndi kuzimitsidwa. Ufulu wonyanyala pa kutsekedwa kwa mafakitale udzapereka chida champhamvu chowalepheretsa komanso kupereka mphamvu kwa ogwira ntchito ndi anthu ammudzi kuti akambirane zoyenera kutseka.
- Kuchotsa tiers. Mu 2008 pamene kugwa kwa mafakitale a magalimoto ku US kunaopseza kuwononga ntchito pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu, UAW inavomera kuvomereza kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo kulekanitsa antchito kukhala "magawo" omwe amapereka malipiro otsika kwambiri komanso mikhalidwe yoipa kwa ogwira ntchito omwe adangolembedwa kumene. Makampani agwiritsa ntchito izi kugawa anthu ogwira nawo ntchito ndikuchepetsa malipiro a anthu omwe akucheperachepera. Malingana ngati ndondomekoyi ikupitirirabe, makampani adzatha kusankhana ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito. Kuchotsa ma tiers ndi gawo lofunikira pakusintha koyenera chifukwa makampani amatha kuwagwiritsa ntchito kuthamangitsa anthu omwe amapanga magalimoto amagetsi. Magulu a Teamsters atha posachedwa ku UPS.
Federal Policy
- Zofunikira za Transition mu federal auto subsidies. Poyambirira ndalama zomwe zili pansi pa Inflation Reduction Act ndi mapulogalamu ena a federal omwe amapereka ndalama zothandizira kusintha kwa mafakitale otetezedwa ndi nyengo sanachitepo kanthu kuti awone kuti ntchito zomwe zapangidwa zikanakhala ntchito zabwino, osasiya ntchito zamagulu. Zotsatira zake, makampani amagalimoto akhala akutenga zithandizozi ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito kutseka ntchito zolipira bwino ku Midwest ndikutsegula ntchito zatsopano, zosagwirizana ndi malipiro ochepa komanso thanzi ndi chitetezo chowopsa m'maboma akumwera omwe ali ndi anti-labour "kumanja. -to-ntchito” malamulo.
UAW itachita zionetsero, olamulira a Biden adasintha njira ndikupereka ndalama zokwana madola 15.5 biliyoni ndi ngongole zomwe zidangoyang'ananso pakukonzanso mafakitale omwe analipo kuti asinthe ma EVs. Phukusili likuphatikizapo zofunikira zothandizira ndalama ndi ngongole zomwe, ngati zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku mabungwe onse a EV, zingathandize kwambiri kusintha kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto.
Mu Domestic Conversion Grant Programme ya $2 mabiliyoni, zochulukirapo zidzaperekedwa ku "ma projekiti omwe atha kusunga mapangano ogwirizana ndi/kapena omwe ali ndi antchito apamwamba kwambiri, omwe amalipidwa kwambiri pa ola limodzi, monga ofunsira omwe amalipira pakadali pano. malipiro apamwamba kwambiri m'makampani awo. " Pulogalamuyi "ikufuna kuthandizira kusintha koyenera kwa ogwira ntchito ndi madera omwe akusintha kupita kumayendedwe amagetsi," makamaka makamaka "madera omwe amathandizira malo omwe ali ndi mbiri yayitali pakupanga magalimoto." Zokonda zidzaperekedwa ku mapulojekiti omwe "amadzipereka kulipira malipiro apamwamba kwa ogwira ntchito yopanga ndi kusunga mapangano ogwirizana."
Ngongole yaposachedwa ya dipatimenti ya Mphamvu ya $ 10 biliyoni pansi pa Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Programme yama projekiti osintha opanga magalimoto imayang'aniridwa ndi ntchito zosinthira kupanga magalimoto omwe "amasungabe ntchito zapamwamba m'madera omwe pano akukhala ndi malo opangira." Zitsanzo za njira ndi monga "kusunga malipiro okwera ndi zopindulitsa, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa kuntchito, kapena kudzipereka monga kusunga malo omwe alipo mpaka malo atsopano atha, ngati ntchito yosintha malo."[14]
Mapulogalamuwa adalandiridwa ndi Purezidenti wa UAW Shawn Fain. Zomwe akonza zipangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti makampani a magalimoto atenge ndalamazo ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito kutseka mabungwe omwe alipo kale ndikutsegula malo atsopano osagwira ntchito m'madera omwe amalandila malipiro ochepa.
Pakadali pano, izi zikugwira ntchito pa kagawo kakang'ono ka madola mabiliyoni mazana ambiri omwe boma likukonzekera kupereka kapena kukopa ena kuti agwiritse ntchito posinthira magalimoto amagetsi. Pakali pano sakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zina zothandizira ndi ngongole. Ndipo sizikugwira ntchito pazithandizo zazikulu zochulukirapo zomwe zidzaperekedwa kudzera pamisonkho. Mwachitsanzo, Ngongole ya Misonkho Yopanga Patsogolo, mwachitsanzo, imafuna kuti zinthu zapakhomo zizichepera, kulipidwa kwamalipiro omwe alipo, komanso maphunziro otengera kuphunzira. Koma silinena chilichonse chokhudza malo kapena ufulu wa ogwira ntchito woimira mabungwe kapena kukambirana momasuka.
Njira yofunika kwambiri pakusintha koyenera kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto ingakhale kuphatikiza zofunikira pazantchito m'mabungwe onse a EV ofanana ndi omwe ali mgulu laposachedwa la ndalama ndi ngongole. Kuphatikizidwa kwawo m'mapulogalamu okhazikitsidwa kale kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kuti ndizovomerezeka komanso zoyenera.
- Mapulani opindulitsa mdera. Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ikufuna mapulani a Community Benefits Plans pazolengeza za mwayi wandalama ndi pempho la ngongole pansi pa Bipartisan Infrastructure and Inflation Reduction Act. Mapulani ake a Community Benefits akhazikitsidwa pa mfundo zinayi zofunika kwambiri: kuyika ndalama kwa ogwira ntchito aku America; kugwirizanitsa madera ndi ntchito; kupititsa patsogolo kusiyana, kufanana, kuphatikizidwa ndi kupezeka; ndi kukwaniritsa chilungamo 40.[15]Cholinga chachikulu cha mapulani a Community Benefit Plans ndi "kuchita nawo madera ndi ntchito." Ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto ndi madera angagwiritse ntchito izi ngati mwayi wofuna kuti mapulani otere akwaniritse zosowa za ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto omwe alipo komanso madera. Mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ndi nyengo ungafunike kuti pasakhalenso kuchotsedwa kwa ogwira ntchito omwe alipo m'malo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi ngongole.
- Ngongole Zosungira Ogwira Ntchito. Lamulo la 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) limapereka ngongole ya msonkho yosungitsa antchito kuti ilimbikitse olemba anzawo ntchito kuti azilipira malipiro awo ngakhale akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma okhudzana ndi COVID-19.[16] Zina kapena ndalama zonse zamisonkho zomwe zaperekedwa pakusintha kupita ku ma EV zitha kukonzedwanso kuti zilimbikitsenso makampani amagalimoto kuti asunge antchito omwe ali pano.
Ndondomeko ya boma
- Mapulogalamu a Just Transition: Malamulo omwe aperekedwa posachedwapa ku nyumba yamalamulo ku Michigan akonza pulogalamu ya boma yongosintha, yopangidwa ndi gawo la malamulo osintha omwe akugwira ntchito ku Colorado. Mtundu wakale wa bilu yaku Michigan umakhazikitsa komiti yopereka upangiri yokhazikika kuti ikonzekere dongosolo la kusintha kwachuma kwa anthu ammudzi ndi ogwira ntchito. Idzakhazikitsa phindu losiyanitsidwa ndi malipiro kwa ogwira ntchito omwe akhudzidwa, kupereka maphunziro kwa ogwira ntchito omwe achotsedwa, ndikupanga ndondomeko yothandizira anthu omwe akusintha.[17]
- Zofunikira pa Ntchito mu Ma Subsidies a Boma. Mapulogalamu ambiri aboma amatha kuphatikizira njira ngati zomwe zasonyezedwa pamwambapa pamapulogalamu aboma. Mwachitsanzo, thandizo lachitukuko pazachuma litha kukhala lolunjika pazachuma m'madera omwe alipo kale kuti alimbikitse kusintha kwa zomera zomwe zilipo kale komanso/kapena kumanga zomera zatsopano kuti apange ma EV.
- State Employee Retention Credits. Kukambitsirana kuli mkati mwa nyumba zamalamulo m'chigawo chapakati chakumadzulo kuti akhazikitse ziwongola dzanja zosunga anthu ogwira ntchito m'boma motsatira zomwe zili mu lamulo la federal CARES.
Mapulogalamu aboma atha kukhala othandiza kwambiri ngati atalumikizidwa pakati pa zigawo za Midwest auto region.
Malingaliro osintha awa si "pie mumlengalenga." Amakula kuchokera pamapulogalamu omwe alipo komanso malingaliro a UAW, kayendetsedwe ka nyengo, mabungwe aboma, ndi oyimira boma. Monga momwe Purezidenti Biden adasankha kulowa nawo pamzere wa UAW akuwonetsa, amabwera panthawi yomwe boma ndi makampani amagalimoto ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokakamizidwa kuti achite zoyenera. Iwo paokha sangatembenuzire zomera zamagalimoto kukhala utopia. Koma atha kutengapo gawo lalikulu pakuyimitsa komanso kubweza mpikisanowo mpaka pansi womwe ukuchitika kale m'makampani opanga magalimoto. Atha kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha nyengo komanso tsogolo labwino kwa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto. Ndipo atha kupereka pulogalamu yomwe ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto, oteteza nyengo, komanso olimbikitsa chidwi cha anthu angagwirizane.
[1]"Kalata Yotseguka kwa Akuluakulu Akuluakulu 3 Agalimoto: Kuyenda Kwanyengo Kuyima ndi UAW!" https://www.labor4sustainability.org/uaw-solidarity-letter/
[2] Ross Gelbspan, Kutentha Kwawotha (1997) Perseus. https://www.biblio.com/the-heat-is-on-by-gelbspan-ross/work/85007
[3] Maxine Joselow, "GM, Ford ankadziwa za kusintha kwa nyengo zaka 50 zapitazo," Climate Waya, October 26, 2020. https://www.eenews.net/articles/exclusive-gm-ford-knew-about-climate-change-50-years-ago/
[4] Anne Marie Lee, "Chifukwa chiyani UAW ili pa Strike? Izi ndi zofuna zawo za kontrakitala pamene akukambirana ndi Big Three, " CBS News, September 19, 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uaw-demands-2023-strike-why-contract-negotiations/
[5] Coral Davenport, "Auto Industry Group Assails Biden's Plan to Electrify America's Cars," New York Times, July 7, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/28/climate/epa-electric-cars-auto-industry-criticism.html
[6] Stephen Edelstein, "bonasi yopangidwa ndi mgwirizano pamalingaliro amisonkho ya EV yapita, Manchin akutsimikizira," Malipoti a Green Car, June 23, 2022. https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1136269_union-made-bonus-for-ev-tax-credit-proposal-is-gone-manchin-confirms
[7] Ronald Bronstein, "Nkhani Yeniyeni mu UAW Strike," Portside, September 17, 2023. https://portside.org/2023-09-17/real-issue-uaw-strike Idasindikizidwa koyamba Atlantic, September 15, 2023. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/09/uaw-union-strike-biden-electric-vehicle-investment/675331/#
[8] Glencora Haskins ndi Joseph Parilla, "Molimbikitsidwa ndi malamulo aboma, ndalama zatsopano zamafakitale zafika m'dziko lonselo," Brookings, June 13, 2023.
[9] Gulu la Utsogoleri wa Silicon Valley, "Powering Progress," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrJNKgq3KEA
[10] LPO Yalengeza Kudzipereka Pangongole Yangongole ku BlueOval SK Kuti Iwonjezere Mphamvu Yopanga Ma Battery aku US," Ofesi ya Dipatimenti Yopereka Ngongole Zamagetsi, June 22,2023. https://www.energy.gov/lpo/articles/lpo-announces-conditional-commitment-loan-blueoval-sk-further-expand-us-ev-battery
[11] "Mawu ochokera kwa Purezidenti wa UAW Shawn Fain pa Boma la Federal Kupereka Ngongole ya Ford $9.2 Biliyoni Yopanda Zingwe Zolumikizidwa,” UAW, June 23, 2023. https://uaw.org/statement-uaw-president-shawn-fain-federal-government-giving-ford-9-2-billion-loan-no-strings-attached/
[12] Maria Gallucci, "DOE ikupereka $ 15.5 biliyoni kuti ikonzenso zomera zamagalimoto zomwe zilipo za EVs," Canary Media, September 1, 2023. https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-manufacturing/doe-offers-15-5-billion-to-retool-existing-auto-plants-for-evs
[13] "Mawu ochokera kwa Purezidenti wa UAW a Shawn Fain pa Dipatimenti Yamagetsi ya US Kulengeza $ 15.5 Biliyoni mu Ndalama Zatsopano ndi Ngongole Zothandizira Kusintha Kwake Kumagalimoto Amagetsi, Nkhani zochokera ku UAW, Ogasiti 31, 2023. https://uaw-newsroom.prgloo.com/press-release/statement-by-uaw-president-shawn-fain-on-the-u-s-department-of-energy-announcing-usd-15-5-billion-in-new-grants-and-loans-to-support-a-just-transition-to-electric-vehicles
[14] "Biden-Harris Administration Yalengeza $ 5.5 Biliyoni Kuti Ithandizire Kusintha Kwamphamvu Ndi Kungopita Ku Magalimoto Amagetsi, Kukonzanso Zomera Zomwe Zilipo, ndikulembanso Ogwira Ntchito," Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi, August 31, 2023. https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-155-billion-support-strong-and-just-transition
[15] "Pafupi ndi Mapulani Othandizira Anthu," Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi. https://www.energy.gov/infrastructure/about-community-benefits-plans
[16] "Zogwirizana ndi Covid-19 Zosungira Ogwira Ntchito: Mwachidule," Utumiki Wopezeka M'zinthu. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/covid-19-related-employee-retention-credits-overview#:~:text=The%20Coronavirus%20Aid%2C%20Relief%2C%20and,hardship%20related%20to%20COVID%2D19.
[17] "Senate Bill No. 519, September 20, 2023, Yoyambitsidwa ndi Senators SINGH, MCCANN, HERTEL, MCDONALD RIVET, GEISS, MCMORROW ndi SHINK ndipo adatumizidwa ku Komiti Yogwira Ntchito," September 20, 2023.
https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2023-2024/billintroduced/Senate/pdf/2023-SIB-0519.pdf Kuti muwone mwachidule mapulogalamu akusintha, onani Jeremy Brecher, "Momwe Mungatetezere Ogwira Ntchito Poteteza Nyengo," Labor Network for Sustainability, July 15, 2021. https://www.labor4sustainability.org/just-transition/how-to-protect-workers-while-protecting-the-climate/ Pamapulogalamu osintha boma, onani Jeremy Brecher, “Kuteteza Ogwira Ntchito ndi Madera Pansi Pa Gawo 2: Payenera Kukhala Lamulo,” Labor Network for Sustainability, May 15, 2023. https://www.labor4sustainability.org/strike/protecting-workers-and-communities-from-below-part-2-there-ought-to-be-a-law/
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