Chidziwitso cha Mkonzi: Mayina ena ndi tsatanetsatane m'nkhaniyi asinthidwa kuti ateteze chitetezo cha magwero. 

Aatakumana ndi kukwiya komanso kukakamizidwa kwa milungu ingapo, olamulira a Purezidenti Trump adavomera kuyimitsa mchitidwe wolekanitsa ana ndi makolo awo kumalire a US-Mexico, yomwe ili gawo la mfundo zake "zolekerera zero". Chigamulochi chikuyikira malire pa chimodzi mwazinthu zankhanza kwambiri za malamulo olowa ndi anthu aku US. Ngakhale kuti izi zinali zotulukapo zopatsa chiyembekezo, panali zii zingapo zovutitsa m’makambirano apagulu okhudza kulekana kwa ubwana. Mabungwe okakamiza anthu olowa ndi kulowa, mwachitsanzo, anali ndi nthawi yayitali akhala akulekanitsa mabanja pomwe akukakamiza kuthamangitsidwa - mbiri yomwe idasiyidwa m'maakaunti ambiri azama TV avuto lalikulu pamalire mu Meyi ndi Juni.

Ngakhale pamakhala mikangano yayikulu, dipatimenti yoona zachitetezo cham'dziko (DHS) nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ufulu wambiri wochitira anthu osaloledwa ngati zigawenga, zotsatira za Trumpian zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali. Monga Gawo I za mndandanda wolembedwa, mfundo za anthu olowa ndi anthu osamukira kudziko lina pansi pa Trump zakulitsa ndikukulitsa kuphwanya malamulo kwa anthu osaloledwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu omwe akhala zaka zambiri ku United States athamangitsidwe popanda zigawenga zina kupatula zolakwa zawo. Alejandra Contreras, wazaka 45 waku Honduran yemwe amakhala ku Michigan, anali m'modzi mwa oterowo. Pambuyo pa zaka 13 ali ku United States, anakakamizika kubwerera ku Honduras ndi ana ake aang’ono aŵiri, nzika za United States, kwinaku akusiya mwana wake wamwamuna wazaka 25 ndi zidzukulu zitatu.

Pothamangitsa Alejandra, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) idakana zotsatira za chisankho chake, monga zowawa zomwe ana a Alejandra adakumana nazo. nkhawa yofunika anadzutsidwa m’mikangano yolekanitsa mabanja m’malire. Zida zogwirira ntchito za ICE zidalepheranso kuthana ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Honduras, kuphatikiza osati zomwe "kubwerera" ku Honduras kungatanthauze kwa Alejandra ndi ana ake aakazi, komanso zotsatira za kuthamangitsa anthu ambiri mdzikolo komanso kuti dzikolo lili ndi boma lopondereza, lakumanja lothandizidwa ndi United States.

Kuchita khungu kotereku kumakhudzanso zida zonse zokakamiza anthu osamukira kumayiko ena, kupitilira malire a United States, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri ku Mexico ndi Central America ku Northern Triangle ya Honduras, Guatemala, ndi El Salvador. M'mayikowa, ndondomeko za anthu othawa kwawo ku US zikupitirizabe kusiya zizindikiro zosawerengeka kwa onse othawa kwawo komanso omwe amathamangitsidwa, komanso kulimbikitsa njira zankhondo, zachitetezo cha dziko zomwe zimatsogolera ndondomeko za US m'deralo. Ulendo wa Alejandra wopita ku United States komanso kubwezeredwa ku Honduras nthawi zonse umakhudzidwa ndi mfundo zachitetezo cha anthu osamukira ku US.

Pakati pa Honduras ndi United States

Wnkhuku ICE inalamula kuti Alejandra athamangitsidwe, anam'patsa masiku asanu ndi limodzi kuti achoke m'dzikolo. Panthawi imeneyo, mu September wa 2017, kayendetsedwe ka Trump adalengeza chisankho chake kuti tisakonzenso Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), chigamulo chomwe chakhazikitsidwa. m’makhoti. Mwana wamkulu wa Alejandra, Felipe, ndi wolandira DACA. Ngakhale adakwatiwa ndi nzika yaku US ndipo ali ndi ana ake anayi, komabe amadalira DACA kwa maufulu ena ofunikira, kuphatikizapo chilolezo chogwira ntchito.

Nthaŵi ya Alejandra ku United States inali kutha momvetsa chisoni. Adzatengera ana ake aakazi kupita ku Honduras, pomwe mwana wake wamwamuna ndi adzukulu ake akukumana ndi tsogolo losatsimikizika komanso lovuta kwambiri ku Michigan. Kwa Felipe, kuthamangitsidwa kumeneku kunasokoneza banja lake, chifukwa Alejandra anali atapereka chithandizo chofunika kwambiri chosamalira ana ndiponso ndalama.

Kulekanitsidwa kwa banja la Alejandra mwa kuthamangitsidwa kwawo kunasokoneza ntchito imene Alejandra anagwira pobwera ku United States. Monga momwe anandiuzira, anasamuka mu 2004 kufunafuna “moyo wabwino” wa Felipe ndi banja lake. Panthawiyo, mwamuna wake, Ignacio, ankakhala kale ku United States, ndipo Alejandra ankafuna kuti banja lake likhale logwirizana. Alejandra anaganiza zogula nyumba ku Honduras, koma chiyembekezo cha ntchito chinali chitachepa, masukulu analibe ndalama zokwanira, ndipo umbanda ndi chiwawa cha m’misewu chinali kukwera.

Kufika ku United States kunali kodula komanso koopsa, makamaka ndi mwana wazaka zisanu ndi zinayi. Alejandra ndi Ignacio anayesetsa kusunga ndalama zokwanira kuti iye ndi Felipe athe kupita kumpoto kwa Honduras, Guatemala, ndi Mexico. Zinawawonongera pafupifupi $10,000 USD, koma zowonongerazo zinkawoneka kuti ndizofunikira. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazi kudzatsimikizira kuti ng'ombe zawo zidzakhala zodalirika komanso kuwathandiza kupewa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri paulendowu. Anayenda m’kagulu kakang’ono ndipo anatha kutero pewani kukwera chirombo (“chilombo”), masitima apamtunda onyamula katundu amene Ignacio anakwerapo m’mbuyomo paulendo wake wakumpoto ndipo ndi odziŵika bwino ndi kugwiririra, kuba, kuba, ndi ngozi, kuchokera ku ziwalo zotayika kufikira imfa.

Pamapeto pake, Alejandra ndi Felipe sanachite zinthu zazikulu paulendo wawo wa masiku 15 wopita kumalire a US ndi Mexico. Ulendo wawo wowoloka unali wodetsa nkhaŵa, komabe, woloŵetsamo usiku wovuta wa kuyenda m’dera lamapiri lachipululu la West Texas. Adawoloka kudera lakutali lomwe lawona kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 pomwe Oyang'anira Border Patrol aku US adalimbitsa madera am'malire ndi "madoko olowera" kuti athe anthu osamukira kumayiko ena kumadera akutali, achinyengo.

Ngakhale palibe amene akudziwa nambala yeniyeni, pakati pa 1990s ndi 2015 penapake Osamuka 5,000 ndi 8,000 adamwalira podutsa malire a US-Mexico. Imfa zomvetsa chisoni zoterozo kupitiriza ndipo ndi gawo ladala la malamulo a US, ngakhale amapangitsa kuti anthu azimvera chisoni. Mwachitsanzo, imfa zoterozo sizinakhale nkhani ya kukambitsirana m’mikangano ya kulekana kwa mabanja.

Komabe zolimbikitsa anthu olowa ndi anthu osamukira kumayiko ena zangokulirakulira komanso zowopsa kuyambira ulendo wa Alejandra wopita ku United States mu 2004. Purezidenti aliyense kuyambira a Ronald Reagan awonjezera ndalama komanso ogwira ntchito m'malire ndi chitetezo cha anthu olowa m'dzikolo. Mu 2017, Federal Immigration Enforcement ndalama zinali $24.3 biliyoni, chiwonjezeko chowirikiza ka 15 kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa ma 1990.

Komabe, kuyang'ana pa kuchuluka kwa anthu olowa m'dziko la United States kumangonena mbali imodzi ya nkhaniyi. Kupitilira malire a US-Mexico, maulamuliro okakamiza anthu osamukira kumayiko ena akulirakulira ku Mexico ndi Central America. Boma la Mexico, mwachitsanzo, mokakamizidwa ndi olamulira a Obama, atero analimbitsa malire ake akumwera ndi Guatemala ndikupangitsa kuyenda kudutsa Mexico kukhala koopsa kwa osamukira, monga NACLA wanena kale. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, malonda ozembetsa anthu omwe anali asanakhalepo zaka za m'ma 1980 asanafike, adakula. kuwonjezeka kwa mgwirizano wa apolisi ku Mexico ndi ku Northern Triangle.

Kumbali yake, Alejandra sanaganize zoyesa kubwerera ku United States kuchokera pamene anathamangitsidwa ku Honduras. Ulendowu ndi wokwera mtengo komanso wowopsa kuposa momwe zinalili mu 2004, njira yayitali yomwe yasintha momwe anthu aku Latin America, makamaka ochokera ku Mexico, amabwera ku United States. Zaka za m'ma 1980 zisanachitike, anthu ambiri aku Latin America osamukira ku United States ankayenda uku ndi uku, njira yomwe nkhondo yamalire idapanga. zosatheka.

Pakadali pano, Alejandra adikirira zaka khumi zomwe saloledwa, monga wothamangitsidwa, kuti asalowenso mdziko muno mwalamulo. Mwana wake wamkazi wamkulu, nzika ya ku United States, adzakhala ndi zaka 21, ndipo adzatha kuthandiza amayi ake kufunsira unzika, malinga ngati pali lamulo loletsa kuthandizidwa ndi mabanja. Imeneyi idzakhala njira yokhayo ya Alejandra, makamaka ngati kusintha komwe Attorney General Jeff Sessions asintha adalengeza, kumene kuthaŵa zigawenga ndi ziwawa zaupandu, kuwonjezera pa nkhanza zachisembwere ndi nkhanza zapakhomo, sizidzakhalanso chifukwa chopezera chitetezo.

Ku Honduras, Kubwerera Koopsa

LMonga anthu ambiri ochokera kumayiko ena, moyo wa Alejandra umadutsa malire, womwe umapangidwa ndi kulumikizana kokhazikika komanso kukakamiza malire. Mwamwayi, kulumikizana kwake ku Honduras kunamuthandiza kuthetsa vutolo atafika. Alejandra ndi ana ake aakazi atatsikira ku Honduras anapita ku La Ceiba, mzinda wa kumpoto kwa nyanja ku Honduras, kumene msuweni wake wa Alejandra anavomera kuti atatuwo akhale ndi banja lake. Alejandra sanathebe kupeza malo akeake.

Poyamba, Alejandra ankayembekezera kuti kugwira ntchito mwalamulo ku United States m’fakitale yokonza ziwiya zamagalimoto ku Mexico kukamuthandiza pofufuza ntchito. Koma ntchito zoterezi zinali zochepa ku La Ceiba. Alejandra anaganizanso zotsegula kabizinesi kakang'ono kogulitsa katundu watsiku ndi tsiku, komabe ndalama zoyambira zinali zokwera mtengo kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa amafunikira kukhala ndi malo ogulitsira ndipo gulu la zigawenga limalipiritsa zomwe zimatchedwa "msonkho wankhondo" pabizinesi yake. Polemba izi, Alejandra akadalibe ntchito.

Anzake ndi achibale ochokera ku United States akhala akutumiza zomwe angathe, koma Alejandra anali wothandiza kwambiri pazachuma ambiri a iwo. Anatumizanso ndalama zovutirapo kwa amayi ake. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Alejandra kunabweretsa mavuto osati pazachuma zake zokha, komanso achibale ndi mabwenzi apamtima ku United States ndi Honduras.

Zotsatira zotere zimaposa momwe zimakhudzira anthu olowa m'dzikolo. Ngati apolisi awa ali opanda umunthu, nawonso amakhala osawona bwino. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri ku Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador ndi Mexico kudzachepetsa kutuluka kwa ndalama zochokera ku United States. Chodabwitsa ichi, kuwonjezera pa zisankho za olamulira a Trump zochotsa Temporary Protected Status (TPS) kwa anthu aku Haiti, El Salvadorans, ndi Honduras, zibweretsa vuto lalikulu. Ndalama 19.5% ya GDP ku Honduras, 18.3% ku El Salvador, ndi 11.5% ku Guatemala. Zoposa 90% za ndalama zomwe zimatumizidwa zimachokera ku United States. Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti kutha kwa TPS ku El Salvador kudzatsogolera ku 2% kuchepetsa mu GDP ya dzikolo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo, zipangitsa kuti Honduras achepetse 1%.

Inde, aka sikakanakhala koyamba kuti kuthamangitsidwa ku United States kuwonongeratu ku Northern Triangle. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa zigawenga kuchokera ku MS-13 ndi Barrio-18 kupita ku El Salvador ndi Guatemala m'ma 1990. chinali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchulukirachulukira kwa magulu awa, kuphatikiza ku Honduras. Mfundo zofunika kwambiri ngati izi za mbiri yakale, komabe, ndi mbali zomwe simunachitepo mkangano waposachedwa wokhudza anthu olowa m'dzikolo.

Kulimbikitsa Anthu Kusamukira ku Honduras ndi Militarization

TTsiku lina, ndondomeko za US ku Honduras ndi mayiko ena aku Northern Triangle funa ku adilesi "Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimachititsa anthu kusamuka, popititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha nzika, kuchepetsa umphawi wadzaoneni, komanso kukonza kayendetsedwe ka boma pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsetsa kuti anthu aziyankha momveka bwino," monga momwe USAID imanenera. Komabe chidwi chokhudza anthu olowa ndi anthu othawa kwawo chikupitilirabe mkati mwazochitika zankhondo komanso kumasula chuma ku Northern Triangle. Izi zachitika motsatira ndondomeko ya US m'derali, posachedwa kudzera ku Alliance for Prosperity yothandizidwa ndi US.

Cholinga chachikulu cha ndondomeko ya US ku Northern Triangle lero ndi "chitetezo cha nzika," kulingalira komwe kumagwirizana ndi momwe United States ndi ogwirizana nawo adamenyera Cold War ndi "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo" m'derali. Mwina sizodabwitsa, chifukwa chake, nkhawa zachitetezo cha nzika zapangitsa kuti boma la US libweze maboma opondereza, akumanja ku Honduras. Izi zidachitika koyamba pakuthandizidwa kwakanthawi kwa Obama kwa a 2009 asilikali kenako mu zisankho za 2017.

Chaka chatha, pulezidenti wa National Party, Juan Orlando Hernández, adasungabe mphamvu pambuyo pa ulamuliro. kubwezeretsa chiletso chalamulo pothamangira ma term otsatira kenako ndikupambana chisankho chachinyengo. Monga mu 2009, mgwirizano wokhazikika wopangidwa ndi magulu ochirikiza bizinesi, atsogoleri ankhondo, ndi zofuna zamphamvu za Katolika ndi evangelical adalanda mphamvu pogwetsa ndondomeko ya demokalase. M’zochitika zonsezi, boma linachitapo zionetsero za m’misewu mwankhanza. M'miyezi iwiri yotsatira chisankho cha November 2017, asilikali ndi apolisi anapha osachepera 30 otsutsa.

Monga mu 2009, olankhulira boma ndi National Party adatsutsa ochita ziwonetsero ngati zigawenga komanso zosokoneza. Atolankhani ambiri - omwe amayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi mabizinesi ochezeka ndi boma - adatsata zomwezo, kuwonetsa zionetserozo monga zochita za zigawenga zosalamulirika, zolumikizidwa ndi zigawenga, ozembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi osiya. Othandizira a Hernández nawonso adayang'ana kwambiri imfa wa wapolisi. Kuyankha kotereku kunachitika pambuyo polemba kuti: Hernández adadziyesa yekha ngati woteteza malamulo ndi dongosolo, kuteteza dziko ku ziwopsezo zakupha.

Malingaliro omwe Hernández ndi National Party adatengera adapeza thandizo mu kayendetsedwe ka Trump. Hernández ndi Trump amagawana malingaliro okonda dziko, mapiko akumanja, komanso okonda bizinesi, ndipo onse ali odzipereka kwambiri ku mayankho ankhondo a "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo" komanso kulimbikitsa anthu olowa m'dzikolo. Pamene zionetserozo zinkachitika, John Kelly, Chief of Staff wa Trump, adayamika Hernández poyera, akukumbukira nthawi yake yogwira ntchito naye kuyambira 2012 mpaka 2016 monga mkulu wa US Southern Command, bungwe loyang'anira ntchito zachitetezo ku Latin America ndi Caribbean. Olamulira a Trump adanenanso kuti Honduras ayenera kulemekeza zotsatira za zisankho ndi ovomerezeka kuti chikhalidwe cha ufulu wa anthu chinali bwino ku Honduras mu 2017.

Thandizo la US linathandiza kwambiri kuti boma la Hernández lichotse ziwonetserozo ndikugonjetsa kutsutsa kwa mayiko. Boma la Honduran ndilololedwa kusonkhanitsa pafupifupi $ 50 miliyoni mu zida zankhondo kuchokera ku United States, pomwe lidalandiranso. pafupifupi $ 105 miliyoni m'chaka chandalama cha 2017 mu thandizo la US, $ 20 miliyoni yomwe yayikidwa kuti ikhale chitetezo. Izi sizikutanthauza Soto Cano Air Base, malo otchedwa Honduran omwe amakhala ndi asitikali aku US 1,200 ndipo ali nawo wakhala likulu la ntchito US ku Central America kuyambira 1980s.

Kumbali yake, boma la Hernández likupitilizabe kumasula magulu achitetezo aku Honduras. Pakhala kuchepa kwaposachedwa, ziwopsezo zaupandu ndi kupha anthu ku Honduras, ngakhale kupha kwawo kudakalipo mwa apamwamba mdziko lapansi. Komabe kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha Honduran ndi zokonda zamabizinesi kwathandiziranso katangale ndikuthandiza kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Omenyera ufulu wa anthu, omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi osamalira zachilengedwe akhala akuwafuna kwambiri - magulu omwewo omwe amatsutsa nsanja ya National Party ya Conservative Social values ​​ndi kufalikira kopanda malire kwa capitalist ndi extractivist.

M'nkhaniyi, zoyesayesa za US kuti achepetse kusamuka kuchokera ku Honduras zidzabwerera. Monga momwe zinalili mu Cold War ndi "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo," kuyang'ana kwambiri pachitetezo ndi kukakamizika kwalimbitsa boma laulamuliro, kutsekereza mwayi wokonzanso, kuwongolera kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, ndikukulitsa kusakhulupirirana ndi mantha. Monga iwo achitira m'mbuyomu, mphamvu zimenezi zachititsa anthu a ku Honduras kuchoka m’dziko lawo—ndipo apitiriza kutero.

Kwa Alejandra ndi ana ake aakazi, zionetsero zowopsa za m'misewu ndi kuphwanya kwa boma kunakhudzanso nthawi yomweyo. Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, adangokhala kunyumba, chifukwa kutuluka kunali kowopsa komanso masukulu anali atatsekedwa. Pambuyo pake, moyo wabwerera ku chizoloŵezi chake. Koma Alejandra amada nkhawabe za umbanda. Amabisanso kuti adabwerako kuchokera ku United States, kuopera kuti anzawo angafune mitundu ya mphatso ndi zinthu zomwe anthu okhala kumpoto amakhala nthawi yayitali. M'malo mwake, Alejandra ndi ana ake aakazi ankabedwa, kuwabera, kapena kuwabera, zomwe ndizochitika zomvetsa chisoni zomwe zimachitikira anthu obwerera kwawo komanso othamangitsidwa. Banja, monga momwe Alejandra akunenera, makamaka limakhala moyo “wotsekeredwa m’nyumba, osakumana ndi aliyense wakunja.”

Akufuna kupewa malo oponderezedwa, mantha, ndi mikangano, momwe boma la Honduran limadalira mphamvu kuti litseke mayendedwe akusintha ndi demokalase, mothandizidwa ndi boma la US. Komabe, sangapeweretu malo amenewa. M'malo mwake, amakhala ndi zotsatira za malamulo okakamiza anthu osamukira kumayiko ena tsiku lililonse, njira zachilango zomwe Alejandra adayesa kusamukira mu 2004.

Kuchokera m'malingaliro ovuta, Alejandra adachita mwayi: kuchuluka kwa omwe akuthamangitsidwa anatumizidwa ku imfa yawo m'manja mwa achifwamba kapena anzawo ankhanza. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, komabe, maukonde okakamiza olowa ndi matupi akukhala amphamvu kwambiri. Kufalikira kwawo kwalimbikitsidwa ndi kudana ndi anthu akunja kwa olamulira a Trump komanso lingaliro lomwe likupitilirabe kuti mayankho ankhondo akuyenera kuyendetsa mayankho obwera ndi chitetezo kuchokera ku Northern Triangle kupita ku United States. Zotsatira zankhanza za kusakaniza koopsa kumeneku zikuwonekera mowonjezereka, monga momwe analekana ndi makolo awo kumalire. Komabe zambiri ziyenera kupangidwa kuti ziwonekere komanso zosapiririka, kuchokera ku maudindo omwe United States ikupitirizabe nawo kuchoka ku mayiko monga Honduras kupita ku zotsatira za ndondomeko za anthu othawa kwawo ku US kwa othamangitsidwa monga Alejandra.

Edward Murphy ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira Mbiri ku Michigan State University komanso wolemba Kupeza Nyumba Yoyenera: Ufulu Wokhala M'mphepete mwa Urban Chile (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015).

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