[Zopereka kwa Reimagining Society Project yolembedwa ndi ZCommunications] 

 

Ehrenreich & Fletcher amauza asocialists kuti apite ndikukonzekera. "Tiyenera kupanga mabungwe, kuphatikiza asosholisti, omwe angathe kulimbikitsa lusoli, kukulitsa utsogoleri ndikupititsa patsogolo zovuta zapagulu."[1] Mibadwo ya amuna ndi akazi olankhula molankhula ndi olimba mtima yatsatira uphungu umenewo ndipo tiri ndi zochepa kwambiri zosonyeza kaamba ka khama limenelo. Kuwuza asosholisti kuti akonzekere ndi upangiri wakutaya mtima chifukwa zaka 150 zokonzekera gulu la ogwira ntchito sizinatifikitse kufupi ndi socialism.

 

"Musalire, konzekerani!" imachirikizidwa ndi nthanthi yowonjezereka ya mmene socialism idzagonjetsere ukapitalist. Socialism imakhala ndi umwini wazinthu zopangira. Kuyanjana kwazinthu zopindulitsa sikungatheke malinga ngati ma capitalist ali gulu lamphamvu kwambiri pagulu. Monga momwe German Social Democratic Party inalengeza zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo kuti: “Ogwira ntchito sangatukule dongosolo lawo lazachuma ndi kumenya nkhondo zake zachuma popanda ufulu wandale. atatenga mphamvu zandale. [2] Mu Manifesto achikominisi Marx ndi Engels anatchula kulimbana kumeneku monga "kupambana nkhondo ya demokalase." [3] M’malingaliro amwambo a Marxist a mkangano wa magulu a mbiriyakale ukuvutitsa mosalekeza magulu a chikapitalist. Ulamuliro wa chikapitalist ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito aliyense akuyesera kukulitsa mphamvu zake pamasewera a ziro pomwe chipani chimodzi chimapeza mphamvu powononga wotsutsa. Pamsewu wopita ku socialism, ogwira ntchito amafunika kupeza mphamvu zambiri kuposa ma capitalist. Cholinga cha gulu la Socialist ndi mphamvu kwa ogwira ntchito.

 

Tsopano, ndithudi, n’zoona kuti chuma cha chikapitalist chikusokonezedwa nthaŵi zonse ndi mkangano wapakati pa antchito ndi owalemba ntchito pa malipiro ndi mikhalidwe ya ntchito—mwachiwonekere kulimbirana ulamuliro. Olemba ntchitowa amafuna mphamvu mokakamiza kuti akhazikitse malipiro ochepa, masiku ambiri ogwirira ntchito, ndi mikhalidwe yoipitsitsa kwa antchito. Nawonso ogwira ntchito amakana zitsenderezozo ndipo amafuna kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo kuti zinthu ziwayendere bwino. [4] Koma izi ndizovuta pakati pa ogwira ntchito yolipidwa ndi eni ndalama. Monga Branko Horvat adatsutsa, ndizovuta mkati capitalism ndipo ayi za capitalism. [5] Muzichitira umboni kufunitsitsa kwa ogwira ntchito kubweza malipiro awo akakumana ndi mavuto akuwopseza ntchito. Mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku US kaŵirikaŵiri akhala akudana kwambiri ndi socialism; ku Ulaya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse isanayambe nthawi zonse ankakoka mapazi awo pamene chipani cha Social-Democratic chinkalimbikitsa njira zopititsira patsogolo chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, chifukwa iwo sanali kulimbana ndi ma capitalist okha komanso kudalira iwo. Ankafunika kuchita bwino pakampeni akanthawi kochepa kuti asungebe kukhulupirika kwa mamembala awo. Anafunikira kukhalabe ndi ubale wabwino ndi owalemba ntchito kuti athe kukambitsirana za malipiro ndi mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito. [6] Ndi kulakwa kusokoneza kulimbirana ulamuliro kumeneko mkati capitalism ndi kupambana chifukwa socialism.

 

Kulimbana pafakitale sikuli kulimbana kwa socialism. Socialism sichipambanidwa mwa kuwina mphamvu pa makapitalist mkati mwa capitalism. “Socialism” kwenikweni ndilo dzina la m’malo mwa ukapitalisti—dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi la zachuma lopanda zilema zoonekeratu za ukapitalisti. Zowonadi, zikuwonekeratu lero, kuti "socialism" ndi mawu otanuka kwambiri. Mikhalidwe ina yodziwika bwino ya sosholizimu imavomerezedwa mofala monga kulamulira kwa demokalase kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama ndi nzika zonse, kapena kuthetsedwa kwa misika yantchito. Pansi pa socialism, ntchito imasiya kukhala chinthu (ngakhale si onse a socialists amavomereza izi). Koma limodzi ndi izi, zazachuma kwambiri, mawu oti "socialism" amatanthauza zoyembekeza zina (zolinga, ziyembekezo, malingaliro?) kwa anthu pambuyo pa kutha kwa capitalism. Socialism ikhoza kutanthauza ntchito zingapo kapena zochepa zomwe zafotokozedwa mosamala komanso zosonkhanitsira malingaliro osalongosoledwa bwino okhudza chitaganya china ndi kusintha kofunikira kuyerekeza chitaganya chabwino chotere.

 

Pakati pa ntchito zachuma ndi, kumbali imodzi, Market Socialism (yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwanso "Economic Democracy") ndipo, kumbali ina, Democratic Planning. Pansi pa Market Socialism malo onse ogwira ntchito ndi ake ndipo amayendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito motero amathetsa kugulitsa ntchito. Likulu, lomwe sililinso laumwini, limagawidwa ndi nthambi zakomweko za banki yazachuma yaboma molingana ndi zomwe anthu amaika patsogolo (kapena, mwachitsanzo, ku United States ndi Congress). [7]

 

Kukonzekera kwa Demokalase kumaganiziranso za malo ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi ogwira ntchito komanso oyang'anira, koma kuwonjezera apo, ali ndi nkhawa zambiri zokhudzana ndi momwe misika ikuyendera. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito misika kuti athe kugawa chuma ndikukonzekera kupanga, imapanga dongosolo lovuta kwambiri lokonzekera kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimayambira m'magulu am'deralo kuti akweze mizinda yonse, chigawo chonse, zigawo, ndi mayiko. Kuonjezera apo, pambali ndi mkangano pamisika, polojekiti ya Democratic Planning ikugogomezera kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu wogwira ntchito yosangalatsa. Zimenezo zikhoza kutheka kokha ngati aliyense achitanso mbali ya gulu lalikulu la ntchito zosasangalatsa zimene ziyenera kuchitidwa m’chitaganya chirichonse. Kukonzekera kwa Demokalase kumaperekanso ntchito zovuta zomwe zimatsimikizira aliyense ntchito yolimbikitsa. [8]

 

Mtundu wachitatu wa socialism umayang'ana chuma chamakampani omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri kuchokera kumabanki apadera azachuma. Zogulitsa m'mabanki awa, sizimagulidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi ndalama koma mumaponi apadera. Pakubadwa nzika iliyonse imalandira unyinji wakutiwakuti wa zimenezi ndipo ali ndi kuyenera kwa gawo la phindu la banki. Mfundozi cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa gulu laling'ono lolamulira lomwe lili ndi chuma cha anthu. "Dongosolo la makuponi ndi njira yopezera anthu gawo la phindu lachuma pa moyo wawo wonse." [9] Ma voucha sangatengedwe cholowa.

 

Socialists amatsutsa capitalism chifukwa imadyera masuku pamutu antchito, chifukwa imafalitsa kupatukana, chifukwa ndi yosalungama. Philipe van Parijs akuwonetsa kuti tikonze zolephera zitatuzo za dongosolo la capitalist popatsa nzika iliyonse yadziko ndalama zochepa. Izi zipangitsa kukhala kotheka kusankha pakati pa ntchito yosafunikira ndi kukhala kunyumba kapena kupita kunyanja. Anthu tsopano ali ndi ufulu wosankha kuvomera ntchito yowasokoneza kapena ayi. Zidzalimbikitsa kupanga zinthu zambiri chifukwa, potsimikiziridwa kuti ndizofunikira, amalonda amaika chiopsezo chochepa ndi ntchito zatsopano. Zopeza zapadziko lonse izi sizimatchedwa "socialism" koma zotsatira zake zitha kukhala ngati kusamutsidwa kwaulamuliro wazinthu zopindulitsa kwa anthu onse. [10]

 

Olemba madongosolo osiyanasiyana azachuma amafotokoza momveka bwino zolinga zawo. Mabizinesi oyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito amathetsa kuchotsera antchito. Kugwira ntchito zamalipiro sikulinso chinthu ngati aliyense sali wantchito komanso mwini wake. Pamene ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zimagawidwa ndi boma, ndipo zofunikira za ndalama zimasankhidwa mwademokalase ndi anthu onse, gulu lolamulira la capitalist lizimiririka pakati pa anthu. Mphamvu zowongolera chuma zimachoka ku gulu laling'ono lolamulira la ma capitalist kupita kwa osankhidwa onse. Kugawa gawo la chuma cha dziko kwa nzika iliyonse kumayang'ana gulu lomwe limathandizira chitukuko cha mamembala onse. Chimenechinso ndi cholinga cha mfundo zovuta kwambiri zogawa ntchito zomwe zaperekedwa ndi Democratic Planning pomwe aliyense ali ndi udindo wochita ntchito yotopetsa kuti athe kugwiranso ntchito yosangalatsa. Universal Basic Incomes imamasula ogwira ntchito ku chiwopsezo cha njala yomwe owalemba ntchito amawagwiritsa ntchito powapangitsa kuvomera ntchito zosafunikira. Ntchito yamalipiro simathetsedwa koma kuponderezana kumachepetsedwa.

 

Socialism ngati projekiti yazachuma imatenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana pazokambiranazi. Zolinga zoperekedwa ndi makonzedwe azachuma awa nawonso sizigwirizana ndi onse. Pali mgwirizano wofala, koma osati wapadziko lonse, kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama ziyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi onse. Sizodziwikiratu kuti akatswiri onse amavomereza za njira zoyendetsera ndalama. Osati onse amalingaliro akufuna kuletsa misika yantchito [11] ngakhale ena amaona kuti izi ndizofunikira ku socialism. Chitukuko cha munthu payekha nthawi zambiri chimatchulidwa ngati cholinga chofunikira cha socialist koma si onse a theorists omwe apanga njira zambiri zogawira ntchito yosangalatsa kwa aliyense. Chofunika kwambiri, makonzedwe azachuma awa ndi mafotokozedwe ang'onoang'ono a socialism-ndipo ena mwa olemba omwe adakambidwa akudziwa bwino izi. [12] Pali zolinga zina zingapo za sosholisti zomwe Market Socialism, kapena Democratic Planning kapena dongosolo la ma voucher a umwini wa banki yadziko lonse lapansi silingakwaniritse palokha koma malingaliro azachuma atha kugwira ntchito monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa ngati zolinga zina zasosholisti. zafikiridwa kale.

 

Makhalidwe awa nthawi zambiri amanenedwa kuti ndi socialism: sosholizimu idzayambitsa anthu kusiyana ndi capitalism yomwe imalimbikitsa kudzikonda kwambiri. [13] Chogwirizana kwambiri ndi gulu la Socialist ili ndi chiyembekezo chakuti gulu la sosholisti lidzadzaza ndi chikhalidwe cha mgwirizano. M’chitaganya cha chikapitalist, dongosolo lazachuma limalimbikitsa kudzikonda. Socialists amatengeka ndi malingaliro a mgwirizano; iwo ali okonzeka kutenga zosoŵa za nzika anzawo monga zofunika kwambiri monga zawo. [14] M'madera omwe alipo kale, anthu nthawi zambiri amaima pambali pamene anzawo akuvulazidwa ndi chiwawa chachinsinsi kapena chaboma kapena nkhanza za msika wa capitalist. M'gulu la Socialist, tikuyembekeza, mgwirizano udzalimbikitsa amuna ndi akazi kuti athandize anzawo omwe akusowa thandizo. [15] Nthawi zambiri, olemba ambiri amadana ndi kuipitsidwa kwamakhalidwe kwa magulu omwe alipo kale achikapitalist. Dongosolo lazachuma limene limakakamiza aliyense wa ife kuika zofuna zake pamwamba pa zofuna za ena, kapena za gulu lonse, zimachititsa kukhala kovuta mopambanitsa kukana chiyeso chopititsa patsogolo chitukuko chathu chaumwini mwa njira zachinyengo. Socialism imachotsa mayeserowo pamlingo waukulu. [16] Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito, m'magulu otukuka bwino a socialist sayenera kukhala otopetsa; tikuyembekezera gulu lomwe "ntchito ndimasewera." [17] Kudzilekanitsa kwafalikira m'magulu a capitalist m'njira zambiri. Mu imodzi mwamawonekedwe awa, kudzipatula kumalepheretsa amuna ndi akazi ambiri kukhala ndi malo omasuka omwe angakhale opanga komanso oganiza bwino momwe angakhalire pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino. Kukulitsa danga limenelo lachidziwitso kwa aliyense ndi cholinga chimodzi cha socialism. [18] Potsirizira pake, ufulu wochuluka ndi chilungamo zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizofotokozera makhalidwe a Socialist societies. [19]

 

"Socialism" imatanthawuza ma projekiti angapo makamaka azachuma, ena opangidwa mwatsatanetsatane momwe ena, komanso odziwika bwino, samafotokoza chiyembekezo, ziyembekezo, zokhumba ndi malingaliro. Ena olemba ma projekiti azachuma, ndikukayikira, akukhulupirira kuti malingaliro awa, omwe tawatchula mwachidule m'ndime yapitayi, akwaniritsidwa pokhapokha misika yazantchito ikathetsedwa komanso/kapena ndalama zogulira ndalama zikugawidwa malinga ndi zofuna za nzika zonse. . Koma n’zoonekeratu kuti zosiyana n’zakuti: kuthetsedwa kwa msika wa ntchito, kukonza zachuma m’misonkhano yodziwika bwino kapena kudzera m’msika wochepa woyang’aniridwa bwino, kudzachulukitsanso mitundu yambiri ya ziphuphu za chikapitalist pokhapokha ngati nzika zitadzipatula kale ku ukapitalist ndipo zili ndi makhalidwe oipa. adatengera chikhalidwe cha mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, pokhapokha ngati pakhala pali kusuntha kwa chikhalidwe chofalikira cha mgwirizano, mpikisano pakati pa makampani omwe ali ndi antchito mu Market Socialism ukhoza kukhala wowononga monga mpikisano wamakampani a capitalist masiku ano. Tilibe chifukwa choganizira kuti mabizinesi omwe ali ndi antchito sangakhale ndi njala yochepera kwa omwe akupikisana nawo komanso okonzeka kuwameza kuposa ma monopolies omwe alipo kale. Ndi chiyani chomwe chidzapangitsa misika ya Market Socialism kukhala yopanda machitidwe a oligopolistic? Pansi pa maboma a capitalist, malamulo odana ndi kukhulupilira ali m'manja mwa ma capitalist; oligopoly amakula mofulumira. Kodi zochita zaboma zodana ndi kudalirana sizikhala zachinyengo kuposa momwe zilili ku US masiku ano? Zachidziwikire, pokhapokha ngati osewera pamsika wa sosholisti ali ndi chidwi ndi anthu kuposa ambuye athu a capitalist.

 

Palibe malo oti tikambirane nkhaniyi mokwanira. David Schweickart amakhulupirira kuti cholinga chamakampani mu demokalase yachuma ndikuwonjezera phindu pa wogwira ntchito / eni ake pomwe, pansi pa capitalism cholinga chakampani ndikuwonjezera phindu la eni ake. Chifukwa chake, makampani a capitalist akufuna kukula - kukula kumalola eni ake ochulukirapo kapena ochepa kudyera masuku pamutu antchito ambiri. Kampaniyo mu demokalase yachuma sichimawonjezera phindu pa wogwira ntchito / mwini wake ikakula chifukwa phindu lonse limagawidwa pakati pa antchito / eni ake. Pachifukwa ichi kukula kuli m'chidwi cha eni ma capitalist, koma osati eni antchito mu gulu la sosholisti. Makampani pansi pa demokalase yachuma, akuganiza kuti, sadzakhala opikisana wina ndi mnzake. Malo amsika adzakhala ochepera a Hobbesian kuposa momwe alili pansi pa capitalism. Koma ngakhale Schweickart akuvomereza kuti "ndizotheka kuti ogwira ntchito ambiri avote kuti asiye anzawo ndikusintha antchito ochepa omwe amalipidwa kwambiri ndi omwe amalipidwa pang'ono. Mgwirizano wachilengedwe wopangidwa ndi demokalase umachepetsa kwambiri khalidwe lotere. " (Zolemba zanga) [20] Zochitika zonse zamakampani akuluakulu - Mondragon, ma co-ops a plywood a Kumpoto chakumadzulo ku US, ma co-ops ku Northern Italy, kibbutzim - adalemba ganyu anthu olipidwa: ogwira ntchito omwe sanali eni ake komanso omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa kuposa eni ake. Mphamvu zachuma zokha sizingapange chuma cha demokalase kukhala chopindulitsa kwa onse; kusintha kwamakhalidwe kuyenera kutsogola kukhazikitsidwa kwa sosholizimu.

 

Mofananamo, tiyenera kukhala okonzeka kupeza kuti ndondomeko ya Democratic Planning ndi yodetsedwa ngati kugawidwa kwa ndalama za msonkho ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa ku US kapena Britain lero, pokhapokha ngati anthu ali ndi anthu ambiri kuposa athu. Ngati anthu a Socialist ali ngati ife - monga Lenin [21] ndi John Roemer [22] amaumirira kuti zikanakhala—kugaŵidwa kwa ndalama zogulira ndalama kukakhala kwachinyengo monga momwe kugaŵira kwakalipo ndalama zogulitsira ndalama kumabanki aakulu ndi mabizinesi a mafakitale. Mwa iwo okha, ntchito za socialism yachuma sizimalonjeza kubweretsa dziko labwinopo. Pokhapokha ngati nzika za Socialist sizikhala zadyera ndi zodzikonda monga momwe tilili masiku ano, kugawidwa kwa ndalama za boma kungawoneke ngati kuperekedwa kwakukulu kwa ndalama za boma ku mabungwe akuluakulu azachuma omwe tikuwona lero.

 

Ntchito imodzi ya Socialists ndikukhazikitsa mabungwe atsopano. Chuma chomwe mabizinesi onse ali ndi eni ake ndikuwongoleredwa ndi antchito ake akuyenera kukonzedwa. Ndondomeko ya dziko lonse yokonzekera zachuma imafuna kukhazikitsa mabungwe oyenerera ndi mabungwe oyang'anira kuti ayendetse ndondomekoyi. Mabanki a National Investment amafunika kukhazikitsidwa. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo kukhazikitsa ena kapena mabungwe onsewa sikokwanira kukhazikitsa gulu labwino lomwe timagwira ntchito ndikuyembekezera; ife tokha tiyenera kusintha. Kukhazikitsa mabungwe atsopano ndi osiyanasiyanawa kumafuna kusintha kwakukulu kwa anthu omwe adzayambitse ndi kusunga mabungwe atsopanowa. Socialism imafuna osati mabungwe atsopano, koma amayi ndi abambo atsopano.

 

Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu komwe kumafunidwa ndi sosholizimu kwatsutsana kuyambira ndi pempho la Wilhelm Reich la "kufufuza mozama komanso mozama pazifukwa zolephereka kosalekeza kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito." [23] Nthawi zambiri akatswiri amati kulephera kumeneku ndi "chidziwitso chabodza" cha ogwira ntchito [24] ndipo tatanthauzira chidziwitso chabodza chimenecho ngati zikhulupiriro zabodza za momwe antchito alili komanso zokonda zawo. Marcuse adapereka chidziwitso chapamwamba kwambiri cha chidziwitso chabodza. Capitalism yasokoneza malingaliro a anthu pa zomwe iwo ali amafunika. Amuna ndi akazi m’chitaganya cha chikapitalist ali ndi malingaliro olakwa a zimene amafunikira kaamba ka moyo wabwino, wa chimene chiridi chamtengo wapatali m’kukhalapo kwa munthu. Izi sizolakwitsa zanzeru; zilakolako za anthu nzolakwika, maganizo a munthu ndi maganizo odziononga.

 

Mawu a Reich ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi a Marcuse koma malingaliro awo ndi ofanana. Reich, nayenso, amayang'ana zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwandale m'moyo wamalingaliro a ogwira ntchito aku Germany. Anthu a ku Germany ankaponderezedwa pogonana. Zofuna zakugonana sizinakwaniritsidwe ndipo zilakolako zakugonana zidawunikiridwa ndikuyikidwa kwambiri ndi liwongo. "Zotsatira zake ndi conservatism, kuopa ufulu, m'mawu ochita kuganiza." [25] Ukapitalizimu sunali kutitsekereza mwa kupotoza zosowa zonse, monga momwe Marcuse ankaganizira, koma popondereza zofuna za kugonana. Onse oganiza amaganiza momveka bwino zomwe Gibson-Graham akuumirira momveka bwino, kuti kulingalira kwathu kumakhazikika m'malingaliro athu, mu umunthu kapena, ngati mungatero, m'chinenero cha Wilhelm Reich, "mapangidwe a khalidwe."[26]

 

Kusintha kwina kofunikira mu umunthu waumunthu kapena "mapangidwe amunthu" akufotokozedwa ndi kafukufuku wochitapo Gibson-Graham adachita ndi anthu okhala mdera la mafakitale amodzi ku Australia malonda atachoka. Kudzimva komwe kunalipo kunali kuthedwa nzeru. Anthu ankamva kuzunzidwa koma, Gibson-Graham anapeza, iwo anali zimayendetsedwa mu kuzunzidwa kwawo ndi kusafuna kapena kulephera kuzipereka. Asanadzilimbikitse kuchita chilichonse, umunthu wawo unayenera kusintha. Osamamatiranso kudziona ngati ozunzidwa, akanatha kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chowonjezereka cha kuthekera kwawo ndi kuthekera kwawo—munthu payekhapayekha komanso monga gulu. [27]

 

Kusintha kwa anthu kofunika kaamba ka chitaganya cha soshosholisti kumapita kutali kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe. Amuna ndi akazi ayenera kusintha malingaliro awo okha komanso malingaliro awo pa zomwe ziri "zachirengedwe" ndi "zomveka." Kwa anthu ambiri aku America, socialism si ntchito yomwe angatenge mozama. Capitalism ndi, kwa iwo, "zachilengedwe." Limafotokoza mmene dziko lilili, mmene anthu alili. Gulu lozikidwa pa mfundo za mgwirizano ndi loto lokongola, koma osatinso. Koma, ndithudi, zomwe zimawoneka ngati "zachilengedwe" kwa anthu zimatha kusintha. Sitikudziwa zambiri za mmene masinthidwe amenewa amachitikira. [28] Tisanabweretse kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ndale, anthu amazindikira zomwe zili zachilengedwe, zomwe zili zenizeni, kapena zomwe zingatheke komanso zomwe chimera wamba chiyenera kusintha.

 

Tawonapo masinthidwe osachepera anayi akunenedwa ngati njira zopitira kudziko losiyana ndi labwinoko. Malingana ndi Reich kuponderezedwa kwa zofuna za kugonana kuli pakati; Marcuse amalankhula za zikhumbo zonse zomwe zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wabwino. Gibson-Graham anatchulanso mbali ina yofunika kwambiri ya umunthu: kuthekera kwa anthu kukhala ndi chiyembekezo. Akufotokozanso kusiyana kwa kamvedwe ka anthu pa zomwe dziko lenileni lingalole, kaya mgwirizano wa sosholisti ndi chinthu chomwe tingayembekezere ndikugwirira ntchito kapena ngati chimasemphana mosapeweka ndi chibadwa cha anthu. Malingaliro awa akhoza kuloza njira yoyenera; amafotokozanso momveka bwino kuti mutuwo umafunikira chisamaliro chambiri. Wina angavomereze kuti sosholizimu idzafuna kusintha m’makhalidwe a anthu koma chimenecho ndi chiyambi chabe. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ndi zosintha ziti zomwe zikufunika. [29]

 

Naomi Scheman amatenganso funso la momwe anthu amasinthira kwambiri. Amafunsa zomwe zinachitikira mzimayi yemwe, pochita nawo gulu lachidziwitso, amadzipeza kuti akukwiyira kwambiri abambo ake, abale ake, mwamuna wake ndi amuna ena enieni, komanso motsutsana ndi mabungwe a makolo, ambiri. Iye anali asanamvepo mkwiyo umenewo; pozindikira amasintha kwambiri. Mkwiyo wotsutsana ndi amuna komanso wotsutsana ndi abambo tsopano ndi wovomerezeka pomwe udali woletsedwa kale. Mkwiyo watsopano wopezekawu ndi wotheka chifukwa lingaliro lake la moyo wabwino likusintha kuchoka pakukhala mayi wabwino wapakhomo ndi mayi ndi thandizo la mwamuna kukumana ndikukhala woyang'anira moyo wake. Pokwiya, amasintha n’kuyamba kuzindikira zinthu zatsopano zimene akanatha kuchita pa moyo wake. Kusintha kumeneku mwa amayi payekha ndikotheka, Scheman akuganiza chifukwa amagawidwa ndi gulu. Kudzitanthauziranso komwe kumamupangitsa kukhala munthu wosiyana kungangochitika mu gulu lamalingaliro ofanana. [30] Mkwiyo wa Azimayi udawonekera komanso kukhala ndi moyo pakukhazikitsidwa kwa mitundu yatsopano ya mabungwe: magulu okulitsa chidziwitso.

 

Utali wa moyo wa ukapitalisti ungakhale wolumikizidwa bwino, mwanjira zofananira, ndi kuthekera kwake kuletsa mkwiyo wodzutsidwa ndi kudyerana masuku pamutu kwa capitalist, kupatukana, kuwononga zachilengedwe komanso kusokonekera kwa moyo wamunthu payekha komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi zovuta zachuma zanthawi ndi nthawi ndi nkhondo za imperialist.

 

Pakalipano Scheman akuwonetsa kusintha kwinanso pamitu yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi olemba ena omwe atchulidwa-pa kusintha zosowa ndi kugonana, ndi kusiya udindo wa wozunzidwa ndi kusasamala, kusintha malingaliro akuluakulu a zomwe zingatheke ndi zomwe zimakhala zomveka kuyembekezera. Nkhani yake ndi yofunika chifukwa akazi anasankha kutenga nawo mbali mu gulu lachikazi. Kusintha kwaumwini kunasankhidwa mwaufulu, ngakhale sikunali kuyembekezera nthawi zonse. Ili ndi lingaliro lofunikira kuti tithane ndi zonena za a Marcuse kuti kusokonekera kwa umunthu kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zopanda umunthu zachuma ndiukadaulo. M'malo mwake, zisankho za munthu aliyense kulowa nawo mu Second Wave Feminist Movement zinathandiza kwambiri pakusintha kwa umunthu wa akazi.

 

Koma Scheman akudzutsa funso lina, komanso lofunika kwambiri: nchiyani chinapangitsa kuti akazi adziwe ndi kufotokoza mkwiyo wawo m'ma 1970 pamene amayi ambiri sakanatha kutero? Mkhalidwe wofunikira pakusintha kwamunthu uku kunali kukula kwamphamvu kwa chikazi chachiwiri. [31] Koma ndi chiyani chinapangitsa kuti izi zichitike? Nawa malingaliro odziwikiratu: Azimayi omwe adamanga ndege ndi zombo ndikupanga mfuti ndi zipolopolo kuti US ithetse WWII mopambana adapita kwawo kumapeto kwa nkhondo azimayi osiyanasiyana. Pamene anadzipeza eni monga okonza nyumba ku Levittown, makamaka m’gulu la makanda ndi ana aang’ono, chitsenderezo cha kusintha chinakhala champhamvu. Sizikudziwika ngati malingaliro awa, ngakhale akuwonekeratu, ndi olondola kapena momwe munthu angapezere omwe ali.

 

Zowona za Scheman, komabe, ndizofunikira kwambiri: zosintha zamunthu zimatheka pokhapokha ngati mbiri yakonzeka kuwathandiza. Reich, Marcuse, Gibson-Graham ndi ena alingalira njira zimene umunthu waumunthu ungasinthire. Koma Scheman akutikumbutsa kuti zochitika zakale ziyenera kukhala zabwino. Tsopano Marx, ndithudi, ankakhulupirira kuti nayenso koma mikhalidwe ya mbiri yakale yomwe ankaiona kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri inali kugwa kwa dongosolo la chikapitalist. M'mbiri yakale yomwe Scheman akutchulanso ndi kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe chachikazi chachiwiri - kusintha kwa malingaliro ofala okhudza chilungamo, zomwe akazi ndi amuna amayenera. Chofunika kwambiri n'chakuti mbiri yofunikira inali kusintha kwakukulu kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kusintha kwa umunthu waumunthu komwe kungapangitse kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma kutheka kokha panthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe ndi malingaliro a anthu ambiri.

 

Zomwe Scheman adaziwona komanso za Gibson-Graham zimachokera ku zochitika za kayendetsedwe ka amayi ndi kusintha kwakukulu komwe kwabweretsa pakati pa anthu. Komanso si zochitika zapaderazi. Munthawi yomweyi, udindo wa anthu akuda m'dera la US wasintha kwambiri zomwe sizinathe. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yomweyi, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali mkhalidwe wochititsa manyazi kubisidwa m’njira iliyonse. Masiku ano ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ngakhale akutsutsidwa kwambiri, ukuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Akafunsidwa maganizo awo ponena za ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, achinyamata ambiri amayankha kuti "vuto ndi chiyani?" Mfundo zomwe zimasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali zimasintha mwadzidzidzi; mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amasinthidwa.

 

Gibson-Graham akuwonetsa kuti masinthidwe akalewa sanakonzedwe kapena kukonzedwa pakati. Timawachitira umboni popanda kumvetsetsa bwino chiyambi chawo. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe omwe anthu amagawana nawo pa nkhani ya kusiyana mitundu, kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ndi zisankho zosiyanasiyana zakugonana sizowonekera konse. Munthu akhoza kulemba mbiri ya kusintha kumeneku popanda kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zimayambitsa zisankhozo. Kuzindikira kumeneku kuli ndi mfundo zingapo zofunika. Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumachitika, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha khama la anthu osiyanasiyana. Koma sizikudziwikiratu chifukwa chake zoyesayesa izi zikuyenda bwino pakadali pano. Anthu akuda akhala akupandukira ukapolo kuyambira pamene anaponda magombe amenewa. Kodi nchifukwa ninji iwo anafunikira kuyembekezera kufikira pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II kuti apite patsogolo kwenikweni m’nkhondo yomenyera ufulu? Mafunso omwewa amagwiranso ntchito kwa amayi komanso kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi chiyani chokhudza zoyesayesa zomaliza zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala opambana kuposa ma kampeni onse omwe adawatsogolera. Choncho n’kovuta kwambiri, kapena kuti n’kosatheka, kulosera zimene zingasinthe m’tsogolo mwathu kapena kutsimikizira zimene tiyenera kuchita kuti tisinthe mmene tikufunira. [32] Ogwira ntchito akhala akulimbana ndi kudyeredwa masuku pamutu ndi kuwapatula kwa zaka mazana angapo. N’chifukwa chiyani sanapambane? Poganizira zomenyera ufulu zomwe zabala zipatso ndi zomwe zidatha-mpaka pano-pakugonja tiyenera kuvomereza kuti timamvetsetsa kusinthaku mochepera kuposa momwe timaganizira. Marx ndi Engels ananena molimba mtima kuti amamvetsetsa ndipo, kumlingo wina, amadziŵa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Masiku ano zonena zawo zikuoneka kuti n’zopambanitsa ndipo zimatsutsidwa ndi zochitika zakale. Timabwerera m'mbuyo pa kaimidwe kakang'ono kwambiri mbiri yakale yomwe, timavomereza, timaimvetsa mopanda ungwiro. Kuyesetsa kukonzanso dziko lapansi ndikubweza nkhanza za makonzedwe azachuma a capitalist ndizofunikira monga kale, koma titha kukhala osatsimikiza pasadakhale zomwe zidzapambana kapena liti.

 

Mfundo imeneyi ikuwoneka yosakhutiritsa kwambiri; tikufunabe kudziwa Zoyenera kuchita. Koma tiyenera kusiya mkhalidwe wamwambo wa Marxist “wasayansi” amene amadziŵa kuti ukapitalist ndi sosholizimu n’chiyani ndi chimene munthu ayenera kuchita kuti apite ku chimzake. Ganiziraninso, gulu lachiwiri lomenyera ufulu wachikazi. Osati kokha kuti sizinakonzedwe ndi kutsogozedwa ndi atsogoleri amphamvu. Sizikudziwika kuti zolingazo zinali zotani. Palibe chomwe chinali ngati "socialization of njira zopangira" kuti agwire cholinga m'mawu amodzi. Azimayi osiyanasiyana amakana kugonana komwe anali komanso komwe kumapweteka makamaka. Iwo analibe malamulo okhudza mmene angamasulire akazi; anadzimasula okha m’malo osiyanasiyana ndiponso m’njira zosiyanasiyana. M’menemo moyo wa akazi unasintha, momwemonso akazi ndi amuna. Sikuti kulimbana konse kunabala zipatso koma gulu lonse linatero. Mofananamo, socialists ayenera kusiya kuyesa "kumanga sosholizimu." Ayenera, m'malo mwake, kukana capitalism komwe ali, m'njira zotseguka kwa iwo, komanso pomwe kukana kumawoneka ngati kosapeweka chifukwa kuvulalako sikungatheke. Pochita izi, kuyesa ndi mabungwe atsopano, ndi njira zatsopano zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kungathe kubala zipatso, ndipo gulu la Socialist, malinga ndi mawu a Marx ndi Engels, "angapambane pochotsa zonyansa zonse za m'badwo ndikukhala oyenerera kupeza. gulu latsopano." [33]

 

Sitikudziwa kuti socialism ndi chiyani komanso momwe iyenera kumangidwe. Ntchito yathu ndiyofalikira kwambiri, yosokoneza komanso yosatsimikizika: kukana capitalism komwe tingathe, kudzimasula tokha mwanjira iliyonse yomwe tingathe, kuyesa mabungwe atsopano ndikusunga chikhulupiriro, kukana mayesero otaya chiyembekezo.

 

 

 

zolemba

 

 

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