Jennifer Loewenstein watha zaka zitatu zapitazi (2000-2002) akugwira ntchito ngati mtolankhani komanso mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Lebanon ndi Occupied Territories. Anali ku Jenin, Ramallah, ndi East Jerusalem pamene รขโฌหOperation Defensive Shieldรขโฌโข idakali mkati mwa West Bank mu April 2002, ndipo pambuyo pake adawona bomba la Gaza City pa July 22, 2002. Iye ndi wothandizira bukuli. รขโฌหThe New Intifadaรขโฌโข yolembedwa ndi Roane Carey. Zolemba zake ndi malipoti zimawonetsedwa pa Znet.
Kodi mudawonapo chiyani ku Jenin?
Ndinafika ku msasa wa othaลตa kwawo wa Jenin patangopita tsiku limodzi Aisrayeli atachoka ndipo ndinakhala kumeneko masiku aลตiri usana ndi usiku. Zinali ngati kuyendera imodzi mwamabwalo apansi a gehena ya Dante zambiri zomwe zimatsutsana ndi mawu. Sikuti msasa wambiri wawonongeka. Pitani ku mzinda uliwonse kapena tawuni ku Palestine ndipo mudzapeza chiwonongeko chosaneneka: ku Rafah, Khan Yunis, Ramallah, Bethlehem, Hebroni, Nablus, Gaza Cityรขโฌยฆ mndandanda umapitilirabe komanso ndikayang'ana zithunzi zanga kuchokera kumalo awa. Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kukumbukira kuti ndi malo ati. Nyumba zophulitsidwa ndi zipolopolo, zophulitsidwa ndi mabomba, zophulitsidwa ndi zipolopolo, zophulitsidwa ndi zida zonse zimayamba kufanana pakapita nthawi. Ku Jenin chiwonongekocho chinafika pamlingo wina, komabe. Anthu oyandikana nawo onse adasowa osawawona ndipo simunadziwe komwe misewu idakhala komanso komwe nyumba zidayambira. Munali kuyenda padziko lapansi ndipo dziko lapansi linali denga lakale la nyumba ya nsanjika zitatu, yotsalayo inawonongeka kotheratu kwakuti panalibe chilichonse chosonyeza kuti nyumbayo inalipo mpaka kukumba kunayamba ndi zidutswa za anthu. Miyoyo inayamba kuonekera kuchokera m'maenje akuya pansi: matiresi, zovala, mipando yophwanyidwa, zotengera zakukhitchini, mabuku, zinthu zosazindikirika zomwe kale zinali mbali ya chipinda chochezera cha wina. Kukula kwa chigawengacho kumandikhudza mobwerezabwereza ndikakumbukira nthawi yoyipayi ndipo ndipamene upandu wokulirapo ukuwonekera kwambiri kuposa kale: mlandu womwe Israeli ndi United States ndi United Nations adachita limodzi pomwe adachita. adachotsa zomwe zidachitikadi kwa Jenin m'mbiri.
Mu June ndinakamba nkhani ya Jenin ku Madison, Wisconsin. Ndidawonetsa zithunzi zanga kwa anthu pafupifupi 100, ambiri ali okhumudwa kuti ndimatsutsana ndi mbiri yovomerezeka polankhula zomwe ndidawona. Jenin anali รขโฌลchisa cha zigawengaรขโฌanthu anandikuwa; Israeli anali kudziteteza. Pamene ndinasonyeza chithunzi cha mnyamata wa ku Palestine atagwada pamwamba pa matupi aลตiri atagonekedwa kuseri kwa chipatala cha msasa wosweka, mkazi wina kuseri kwa chipinda chimene ndinali kulankhulamo anathirira ndemanga mokweza รขโฌลizo sizinachitikeรขโฌ. Mapeto a nkhani.
Chabwino zidachitika. Jenin sanaphwanyidwe kukhala bwinja, anaphwanyidwa kukhala fumbi. Anthu 60 anafera kumeneko, pafupifupi makumi anayi a iwo anali anthu wamba. Anafa mโmikhalidwe yowopsya: pamene, mwachitsanzo, asilikali a Israyeli anaphulitsa nyumba zawo pa iwo podziลตa kuti ali mkati; kapena pamene anawawombera chifukwa chowonekera pakhonde kapena pawindo, kapena pamene anafa ndi zipolopolo za thanki zomwe zimawombera mwachindunji m'zipinda zawo zogona ndi kukhitchini. Ena anafa pamene mbali zina za nyumba zowonongeka zinawagwera. Ena anaphedwa. Anthu atatu anandiuza nkhani imodzimodziyo ya gulu la amuna amene anagona pansi mumsewu chafufumimba atawamangiriza manja kumbuyo pamene bulldozer anali kuwakwera.
Anthu amenewa anaphedwa. Inde: anaphedwa. Dikishonale yanga imafotokoza mneni รขโฌลkupha anthuรขโฌ kuti ndi รขโฌลkupha anthu ambiri mosasankha komanso mwankhanza.รขโฌ Ichi chinali chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ndipo anaphedwa mwachisawawa komanso mwankhanza. Ndidakhala pashelefu yamwala kumbuyo kwa chipatala ndi kamera yanga tsiku lomwe a Israeli adachoka ndikuwona gulu limodzi la amuna likukumba matupi a anthu omwe Israeli adawapha kapena kuvulazidwa pakuzingidwa (ambiri mwa ovulala kwambiri adamwalira chifukwa IDF anakana chilolezo kwa magulu azachipatala ndi ma ambulansi kuti alowe ndi kutuluka mumsasa). Iwo anaikidwa mโmanda mopupuluma, osakhalitsa kuti apewe matenda ndipo tsopano anali kukumbidwa kuti akatengedwe kukaikidwa mโmanda moyenera.
Gulu lina la amuna linayika mitembo ya anthu omwe ankabwera nawo kuchokera kumisasa tsiku lomwelo. Omwalirawo anagona mbali ndi mbali pansi atavala zoyera zothimbirira ndi magazi pamene mabwenzi kapena achibale ankabwera kudzawazindikira, ndipo nthaลตi zambiri amanjenjemera ndi chisoni. Panali akazi ndi ana pakati pa matupi amenewa. Anthu 40 mwa akufawo anali, monga ndanenera kale, anthu wamba osati amuna akumenyana ndi mfuti ndi gulu lankhondo lachisanu ndi chimodzi lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ena mwa akufawo anali adakali kunja kwa msasawo, atakwiriridwa mozama kwambiri mโmabwinja a nyumba zawo zakale kwakuti anali asanafikiridwebe. Ndinadutsa mumdima wamdima wa nyumba imodzi momwe matupi atatu adagona pansi pa mapazi anga pansi pa nsapato ya munthu zonse zomwe munthu amatha kuzizindikira pansi. Munkadziwa kuti ali kumeneko chifukwa cha kukumba komanso chifukwa cha fungo la imfa lomwe linali pamalopo. Ana amene anaima pafupi nโkumaonerera ankaphimba mphuno ndi kukamwa ndi manja awo. Ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi okumba anali ndi zobvala zoyera m'munsi mwa nkhope zawo kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yopiririka. Mwamuna wina wochokera ku Palestine Red Crescent Society adalemba mayina a abale atatu omwe adamwalira omwe anali kumenyana ndi Israeli. Mโchigawo china cha msasawo, mkazi wina wosachita kanthu pankhope yake anaima pafupi ndi mwamuna wina amene anamasulira kwa ine: anataya ana ake aamuna onse anayi tsopano, aลตiri omalizira mโkuzingidwa kwa Jenin.
Pafupifupi makumi awiri mwa akufawo anali "zigawenga zokhala ndi zida" zomwe zimamenyana ndi Israeli. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti Israeli anali kumenyera moyo wake motsutsana ndi zigawenga zotere; kuti anali kuchita mchitidwe wodzitetezera. Timakakamizika kutchula chiwerengero chachikulu cha asilikali a Israeli omwe adamwalira ku Jenin akulimbana ndi zigawengazi. Iyi ndi nkhondo, anthu ena adandikumbutsa.
Ayi, ichi chinali chiwembu chosaloledwa ndi msilikali wolanda mphamvu motsutsana ndi anthu omwe, pansi pa malamulo a mayiko, anali ndi ufulu wokana kuzingidwa kwa nyumba yawo. Iwo anali ndipo akupitiriza kukhala ndi ufulu umenewu wokana. Werengani United Nations General Assembly Resolution 42/159 ya December 7th, 1987, chigamulo chotsutsa uchigawenga wapadziko lonse koma chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi ufulu wa anthu wolimbana ndi kulanda malo awo. รขโฌลรขโฌยฆPalibe chomwe chili mu chigamulo chomwe chilipo chomwe chingasokoneze mwa njira iliyonse ufulu wodzilamulira, ufulu ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, womwe umachokera ku Tchata cha United Nations, wa anthu omwe analandidwa ufuluwo mokakamizaรขโฌยฆ, makamaka anthu omwe anali pansi pa atsamunda. ndi maulamuliro atsankho ndi kukhala mโmaiko akunja kapena mitundu ina ya ulamuliro wa atsamunda, kapenaรขโฌยฆ ufulu wa anthuwa kulimbana ndi cholinga chimenechi ndi kufunafuna ndi kulandira chithandizo [mogwirizana ndi Tchata ndi mfundo zina za malamulo a mayiko].รขโฌ
Zosokoneza zonse, nthano zonse, mabodza onse omwe amapangidwa ndi boma lathu ndi boma la Israeli ndi zofalitsa zathu zonse pankhaniyi sizichotsa ufuluwu wokana.
Ndani anaganiza kuti ndewu inali yachilungamo pokhapokha mbali imodzi yalanda zida? Ndi malingaliro opusa bwanji omwe amapatsa mayiko ovutitsa monga athu komanso ngati Israeli, ndi zida zawo zazikulu zowonongera, ufulu wofuna kuti mayiko ofooka atembenukire zida zawo, atsegule zipata zawo "kuwunika", kusiya malonda awo ochepa a zida, pomwe mayiko maulamuliro amphamvu amapitirizabe kukhala ndi zida zatsopano ndi zooneka ngati zosatheka, nthawi yonseyi akunena kuti ali ndi ufulu wopha popanda kutsutsidwa?
Kukamba za mtendere sikumayamba ndi nkhani yochotsera zida zofooka koma kuchotsera zida zamphamvu. Kukana kwapangโonopangโono nโkopanda phindu ngati zopinga zodziletsa zadulidwa ngati mapesi a tirigu. Zimene zinachitika ku Jenin sizinali mbali ya nkhondo yaikulu pakati pa anthu aลตiri; inali mbali ya kupha anthu opanda mphamvu, ambiri omwe anali kulandidwa zida zozingidwa kosalekeza. Ngati tikufuna kuti zigawenga zisiye, tiyenera kusiya zigawenga zomwe zili pampando wa boma. Ngati tikufuna kuti mabomba odzipha athe, tiyenera kuthetsa mikhalidwe imene imachititsa anthu kubwezera. Yadutsa nthawi yoti Israeli atuluke ku Palestine. Ndipo ichi ndi chiyambi chabe. Jenin ndi chizindikiro chabe cha mkangano wonse komanso kumene ukulowera pokhapokha ngati pali mkangano wapadziko lonse wotsutsana nawo womwe umayambira kuno ku United States.
Israel imayamikiridwa ngati "demokalase yokhayo ku Middle East". Akatswiri ena akumadzulo amayankha lingaliro (lomwe lasiyidwa ndi pafupifupi aliyense) kuti pakhale dziko limodzi, lachiyanjano, lademokalase ku Israeli / Palestine ndikuti palibe mayiko a Chiarabu omwe ali ndi demokalase. Pali pafupifupi tanthauzo la tsankho pamenepo, kuti Arabu sangathe kupanga demokalase kuti igwire ntchito. Mukuganiza bwanji za ganizoli?
Nthawi zonse ndikamva mawu akuti Israeli ndiye "demokalase yokha ku Middle East" ndimadabwitsidwanso ndi mphamvu ya nthano komanso kusaphunzira. Pali kumvetsetsa pang'ono kwa liwu loti "demokalase" m'chikhalidwe chathu (tikuwona kufunikira kwa izi kutizungulira kulikonse masiku ano) ndipo, monga momwe mudanenera molondola, pali chinthu china chosankhana mitundu pamalingaliro akuti anthu azungu aku Europe okha. amatha kupanga mabizinesi a "demokalase". Chodabwitsa apa ndi chodabwitsa: Zikuwonetsa momwe anthu ochepa pano akudziwira mbiri ya demokalase ku Ulaya, makamaka Central ndi Eastern Europe, kumene mabungwe a demokalase, m'malo ambiri, ali ndi zaka zosachepera theka la zaka. Mabwenzi athu ku England ndi ku France onse ali ndi mbiri yokhetsa magazi, yoyipa, komanso yowopsa yademokalase (mpaka lero), mfundo ndi yakuti ndi nthawi yayitali, yovuta, kulimbana kosatha kukwaniritsa ndi kusunga mabungwe ademokalase okha. Malingaliro anga ndikuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa Boma lamakono kumapangitsa kuti nkhondoyi ikhale yovuta kwambiri, koma uwu ndi mutu wanthawi ina.
Israeli ndi, mwa kutanthauzira, dziko lachiyuda. Choncho, sizingakhale nthawi imodzi yademokalase. Silo dziko โlolamulidwa ndi anthuโ popeza gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a anthu ake siali Myuda ndipo motero amaletsedwa ndi lamulo kukhala nzika zonse. Palinso mfundo yowonjezereka yoti Israeli ikulamulira anthu oposa 4 miliyoni a Palestine ku West Bank, Gaza Strip, ndi ku East Jerusalem. Mfundo yakuti anthuwa amakanidwa ngakhale zotsalira za boma la demokalase nโzosatsutsika.
Pali zitsanzo zambiri za kusagwirizana kwa malamulo a Israeli, kuphatikizapo kuletsa umwini wa malo kwa omwe si Ayuda, kapena kuthamangira maudindo a ndale ngati muli ndi maganizo ena monga kuti Israeli ayenera kukhala wademokalase pokhala dziko lonse. nzika. Pali chochititsa chidwi komanso chodziwikiratu kuti midzi 700 yachiarabu ku Israeli (osati Magawo Olandidwa) sadziwika ndi boma. Chotsatira chake, anthu okhala m'midziyi alibe ntchito zamatauni, sakuphatikizidwa m'kalembera wa boma, ndipo mwatsoka, saloledwa kuvota. Komabe, ayenera kulipira misonkho. Kuti midzi iyi ili m'gulu la madera osauka kwambiri komanso obwerera m'mbuyo m'dzikoli (mokhudzana ndi kuwerenga ndi kubadwa / imfa, ndi zina zotero) zikhoza kuganiziridwa mosavuta.
Kusalidwa kofala kwa Arabu kulipo m'maudindo onse komanso m'magulu onse a anthu. Arabu saimiriridwa pangโono mโmasukulu, mโzamankhwala, mโmalamulo, mโndale, ndi mโzamalonda. Aarabu achi Israeli ndi ena mwa anthu osauka kwambiri mdzikolo. Amakanidwa zopindulitsa zazikulu, monga "kupuma pantchito" kofanana chifukwa sagwira ntchito zankhondo m'dzikolo - amaletsedwa kutero.
Tsankho la chikhalidwe ndi zachuma, ndithudi, ndilotsutsana ndi demokalase, koma m'mbali imodzi ndizovuta kwambiri. Tikudziwa kuchokera m'mbiri yathu momwe anthu akuda aku America adachitiridwa - komanso mokulira - amachitiridwa, osatchula mitundu ina, zipembedzo, ndi ndale m'dera lathu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, pali ndipo panali njira zosinthira mkati. Kusamvera Kwachiลตeniลตeni Nโkotheka mu Israyeli, pamlingo wina. Pulogalamu yamtundu wa Affirmative-Action imapezekanso ku Israeli kwa Aarabu achi Israeli, komabe, bola ngati boma likadali "lachiyuda" kupambana kwa pulogalamu yotere kumakhala kochepa. Kodi chidzachitike ndi chiyani, monga momwe ziwerengero za anthu zikusonyezera, chiwerengero cha Aluya - osati ku Israeli kokha komanso m'madera Olandidwa - ayamba kuchulukirachulukira Ayuda? Ngati malingaliro adziko la Israeli akapitilira, zotsatira za ma Israeli achiarabu ndi ma Palestine pakusintha kwachilengedweku zitha kukhala zowopsa. Ena anganene kuti ndemanga yoteroyo ndi yowopsa; omwe amadziwa bwino ndondomeko zamakono komanso za nthawi yaitali m'madera komanso mu Israeli amamvetsetsa bwino kuti mapulogalamu monga "Transfer" momwe anthu amtundu wa Arabu amathamangitsidwa m'derali sizovuta kapena zosatheka.
Lingaliro losandutsa Israeli kukhala dziko limodzi, lachiwiri, lademokalase, monga mudanenera, lasiyidwa ndi aliyense. Mwa zina zimenezi zili chifukwa cha kusafuna kuvomereza boma lademokalase yeniyeni, ndipo mwa zina zimenezi zili chifukwa cha kusafuna kuvomereza boma ladziko. Israeli, monga tanenera kale, ndi dziko lachiyuda. Kwa ena, mawuwa akadali mawu achipembedzo. Kwa ambiri, komabe, ndi liwu lachiphunzitso la mafuko lomwe limalepheretsa kuvomereza "chikhalidwe chogwirizana" cha Palestina komanso, chofunika kwambiri, ulamuliro wa Ayuda-Palestine. (Kwa ine, mawu akuti "zadziko" ndi "demokalase" ali pafupifupi ofanana; ndikuzindikira kuti ena angatsutse mwanjira ina.)
Mwa zina, komabe, kusiya njira yothetsera "boma limodzi" ndi zotsatira za chikhulupiliro cha tsankho kuti Aarabu sangathe kupanga demokalase kugwira ntchito. Kulozera ku mapu a dziko la Aarabu ndi "kutsimikizira" izi polemba, m'modzim'modzi, maboma achinyengo, aulamuliro, ndi ankhanza kuyambira ku Morocco kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa kupita ku Saudi Arabia ndi Kuwait kum'mawa sikungovumbulanso. , kusadziwa, makamaka, mbiri yamakono ya ku Middle East kwa wokamba nkhani. Palinso chizolowezi pakati pa akatswiri athu ndi akatswiri kunena za "Arab World" ngati gulu limodzi, monolithic. Mmodzi amangofunika kuthera nthawi yochepa ku Middle East kuti asiye lingaliro ili. Zowona zosiyana kwambiri za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma pakati pa mwachitsanzo Saudi Arabia ndi Syria, kapena pakati pa Algeria ndi Kuwait, kutchulapo zochepa chabe, sizikudziwika, ngakhale pamlingo wapamwamba, ndi anthu omwe amati amvetsetsa dera. Ichi ndi chochititsa mantha komanso chochititsa mantha.
Komabe, Aarabu ambiri, kuphatikizapo Aarabu aku Palestine, asiyanso - kapena anangokana - lingaliro la "dziko limodzi" yankho. (Ena, kuphatikizapo Chomsky, angatsutse kuti sichinatengedwe mozama poyamba.) Ndi kuwuka kwa Chisilamu cha ndale ndi mphamvu yokulirakulira ya magulu achisilamu a โfundamentalistโ ku Iran, Saudia Arabia, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Sudan, Turkey, ndi kwina kulikonse, zikhalidwe za demokalase zikutayidwa chifukwa cha "Islamic" (authoritarian). (Ndiyenera kuyika mawu akuti "Chisilamu" m'mawu chifukwa pali ambiri mkati ndi kunja kwa dziko la Muslim omwe amaumirira kuti "Chisilamu" ngati mphamvu yandale sichikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi Chisilamu ngati chikhulupiriro.)
Ndaona kusadalira, ndi kunyozedwa, mabungwe a demokalase m'kukhala kwanga ku Beirut, Lebanon; Gaza Strip, ndi West Bank. Mamembala a Hamas (the Islamic Resistance Movement) ndi Islamic Jihad in the Occupied Territories amadzudzula poyera ndikuchotsa mabungwe amtundu wa "Western". Ena amanena kuti mabungwe monga United Nations, International Criminal Court (ndi omwe adalipo kale), European Union, ndi ena otero, akuwonetsa kuti mabungwewa sanagwire ntchito poyang'anizana ndi chipwirikiti cha US champhamvu kwambiri. kutsogola kwankhondo ndiukadaulo. Mchitidwe wandale wotsutsana ndi demokalase wakunja waku United States wachita zambiri kuletsa omwe angatembenuke ku lingaliro la demokalase yadziko kuposa malingaliro aliwonse odana ndi demokalase. Izi ndi zomwe Achimereka angapindule pakumvetsetsa; Zikuwoneka kwa ine, komabe, tili kutali kwambiri ndi kumvetsetsa izi kuposa kale, makamaka pamene tikukonzekeretsa gulu lathu lankhondo lamakono kuti tiphe anthu aku Iraq.
Ndipo tikuwoneka kuti sitingathe kuzindikira kuti "avareji" a Palestine, kapena Lebanon, kapena Syria, kapena Aigupto, amamvetsa bwino zomwe zimalimbikitsa ndi kuyendetsa ndondomeko za US kunja kwa nyanja. Tikuwoneka kuti sitikudziwa momwe kampeni yathu yolimbana ndi "uchigawenga" yakhala nayo kwa anthu akumayiko achiarabu ndi Asilamu omwe amawona mwakulankhula komanso kupepesa zankhondo yathu yaposachedwa yachifumu. Sindingathe kuwerengera nthawi zomwe ana omwe ali m'misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo ku Beirut, Gaza, ndi West Bank abwera kwa ine, ndipo, atazindikira kuti ndine waku America, adayamba kufuula kuti "mukuganiza kuti tonse ndife zigawenga" kapena kuti โBush akufuna kutiphaโ. Sindidzaiwala kuyendayenda m'mabwinja a nyumba yomwe idaphulitsidwa Julayi watha ku Gaza City. Cholinga chake chinali a Salah Shehadeh, mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo la Hamas, koma ana 11 ndi akuluakulu 5 adamwaliranso pachiwembucho. Dera lonse lidawonongeka kwambiri kotero kuti mabanja ambiri adafunafuna nyumba zatsopano ndipo ena ambiri adataya chuma chawo kapena mabizinesi awonso chifukwa chowonongeka ndi bomba lolemera mapaundi 2000 lomwe lagwetsedwa ndi F-16 pakati pausiku. Pamene ndinkayangโana mโzigwazo, kujambula zithunzi ndi kufunsa mafunso, gulu la anyamata linayamba kunditsatira. Amene ankatsogolera ankanyamula basiketi yodzaza ndi zidutswa za mizinga zomwe ankandigwedeza nthawi iliyonse ndikatembenukira kwa iye. "Made in America," iye anapitiriza kubwereza.
Chokhumudwitsa kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi momwe zimabwerezedwa kaลตirikaลตiri m'madera onse ogwidwa: kuphulika kwa mabomba, kuwomberana, kuwonongedwa kwa nyumba za anthu wamba ndi mabizinesi, kupha ana ndi akulu mosasankha, malo ochezera ponseponse omwe amaletsa kuyenda konse, makoma. "kupatukana", mipanda yamawaya amagetsi, nkhondo yausiku kunja kwa mazenera a nyumba za anthu, nthawi yofikira panyumba ya maola 24, kuzimitsa magetsi kosatha, kusowa kwa madzi, kusowa kwa chakudya, kudalira kwambiri thandizo lazakudya padziko lonse lapansi. chuma chikusokonekera, pamene umphawi ukufika pa 80% ndipo ulova umapikisana nawo. Chodabwitsa kwa ine ndi momwe mfundo za demokalase zimakulirakulirabe ndipo zikufunidwa mwachangu, komanso kulimba mtima komwe anthu pamlingo waukulu, ngati wosakonzekera, akupitilizabe kukana milanduyi.
Kodi mukugwirizana bwanji ndi kulimbana kumeneku ngati munthu yemwe ndi Myuda?
Ndimagwirizana ndi kulimbana uku makamaka monga munthu. Ndimadana ndi magawano achipembedzo, mafuko, ndi mayiko omwe pamapeto pake akutilepheretsa kumva ululu wa anthu ena. Sindikumvetsa kufunika kokakamira ku magawowa kuti ndikhale ndi chidziwitso. Kudzizindikiritsa koteroko kwa ine kumakhala kolakwika ndipo kungapangidwe kukhala kolimbikitsa pokhapokha ngati anthu amitundu yosiyana amatha kuthetsa kusiyana kwawo m'malo mobisala kumbuyo (zosiyana zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zongopeka kuposa zenizeni).
Ndithudi chinali chiyambi changa monga Myuda chimene chinanditsogolera ine kufufuza mkangano wa Israeli / Palestine mwatsatanetsatane kuti ndiyambe. Ndinkafuna kumvetsa zomwe zinkachitika komanso kuti ndithe kuteteza zochita za Israeli mwanzeru. Monga mukuwonera, zaka zakufufuza zanditsogolera m'malo mwake kunena kuti zomwe Israeli adachita motsutsana ndi Palestine ndizosavomerezeka komanso kukhala, pamapeto pake, kudziwononga kotheratu. Ngakhale ndikuganiza kuti pali zizindikiro za chiyembekezo pakati pa Ayuda a ku America komanso anthu a ku America, ndikukhulupirira kuti pali ntchito yochuluka yomwe ikufunika kuchitidwa - komanso kuti ntchitoyi ikufunika tsopano, mwamsanga.
Ofalitsa nkhani akugogomezera kuukira kwa zida kwa anthu aku Palestine komanso, makamaka zakupha mabomba. Koma pali mitundu ina yotsutsa yomwe ikuchitika ku Palestine. Munawona chiyani?
Pali zambiri zomwe ndimaona kuti รขโฌหkukana kukanaรขโฌโข koma sindinganene kuti ndikukaniza mwadongosolo. Zomwe ndikutanthauza ndikuti simukuwona zochita zachindunji (kukhala-ins, kusamvera anthu, ndi zina zotero) motsutsana ndi Israeli, ndipo pazifukwa zomveka: Anthu ambiri a Palestine amayamikira miyoyo yawo.
Chakumapeto kwa March chaka chatha ndinali kubwerera ku Gaza City kuchokera ku msasa wa othawa kwawo wa Rafah kumene wantchito mnzanga anandiitana kuti ndikakhale ndi banja lake kumapeto kwa sabata. Munthu amayenera kuwoloka poyang'ana Deir al-Balah kuti achite izi. Uku ndiye cheke chachikulu chomwe chimagawaniza Gaza Strip pawiri ndikupanga moyo wabwinobwino kwa aliyense wopita kusukulu, kuntchito, kapena kukaona abale ndi abwenzi kudutsa Mzerewu pafupi ndi zosatheka. Simudziwa ngati chekecho chidzatsegulidwa tsiku lomwe laperekedwa. Simudziwa, ngati itsegula, kaya ikhale yotsegula kwa theka la ola kapena maola asanu ndi atatu. Mutha kukhala m'galimoto yanu kapena taxi kumpoto / kumwera kugawikana ndikudikirira mphindi makumi awiri kapena kutalika kwa maola 72 akuluakulu a Israeli asanasankhe kukulolani kudutsa. Pazifukwa izi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazana a taxi, magalimoto, magalimoto onyamula ndi magalimoto ena omwe amangoyang'ana pamalo ochezera, anthu amangokhalira kunjenjemera panja, otentha kwambiri kuti azikhala m'magalimoto, amavunda padzuwa (nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza nyama zamoyo zomwe ndidadikirirapo kale. kwa maola 11 ndikuyang'ana, ola ndi ola, munthu wina yemwe ankayendetsa galimoto yodzaza ndi nkhuku, poyamba anayesa รขโฌลkuthiriraรขโฌ, kenaka nโkuyamba kuzitaya zakufazo mumsewu womwe unali mโmunsi chifukwa zinkafa chifukwa cha kutentha. kuchepa madzi m'thupi).
Chokumana nacho changa choyamba pamalowa chinali chodziลตika chifukwa tinali tikuyembekezera pafupifupi theka la ola kuti tidutse ndipo sindinkamvetsa chimene chinali kutichititsa. Ndinayendayenda kutsogolo kwa khamu la anthu ndi magalimoto ndipo ndinawona akasinja awiri, iliyonse ili ndi msilikali wokhala ndi zida atakhala pamwamba pake, รขโฌลakuyendetsaรขโฌ khamulo. Palibe amene akanatha kunena chifukwa chake malo ochezerawo sanatsegulidwe; kwenikweni, ndikafunsa (mu Chiarabu) nthawi zambiri ndimamwetulira ochezeka koma odzichepetsa. "Ndi watsopano ku izi mwachiwonekere," kumwetulira kumatero, ndipo yankho lapakamwa nthawi zonse limakhala "sitikudziwa" kapena "tikukhumba tikadakuuzani." Nthawi zina. Ndikapeza yankho lachibwanabwana ponena kuti, รขโฌหumu ndi momwe amakonda kusewera nafe; kutipangitsa kukhala opengaรขโฌโข.
Ndinabwerera kwa mnzanga atayima kunja kwa taxi yathu ndikugwedeza mapewa anga. Anandipeza ndikuseketsa, ndikutsimikiza. Ndinatembenuka ndikuyang'ananso kutsogolo kwa gululo, osatha kuwona zambiri. Apa mโpamene ndinamva kulira kwa mfuti ndipo ndinaona anthu mazanamazana atagwa pansi. Tinali kuomberedwa ndi zipolopolo zamoto. Nanenso ndinadzipeza nditagwada pansi, ndikuyangโana fumbi kumvetsera pamene kulira kwamfuti kumamveka mโmwamba. Kenako inayima ndipo anthu ananyamuka pang'onopang'ono. Chochitikachi chinabwerezanso mphindi zingapo pambuyo pake. Mnzangayo anaganiza zondichotsa kumeneko kotero kuti tinayenda kubwerera theka la kilomita kupita ku tauni komwe tikakhale pansi ndikupeza chakumwa. Tonse tinali ndi mafoni athu am'manja ndipo posakhalitsa zinadziwika kuti anthu atatu adavulala; kuti palibe chomwe chinayambitsa kuwombera; kuti chipatala chapafupi chinali kutumiza ambulansi. Ndinatenga kamera yanga ndikubwerera kumalo ochezera ndikupeza chithunzi cha ma ambulansi omwe akuyesera kufikira ovulala. Sanaloledwe kukwera kutsogolo kwa cheke kotero magulu awo azachipatala adatenga machira ndikuyenda kuti abweze amuna ovulalawo. Ndikukumbukira mantha anga pa zonsezi ndipo ndinaimbira foni mnzanga ku Gaza City yemwe ankagwira ntchito ku Ramattan News Agency. Anakhala wosaleza mtima pamene ndinafuula pafoni zomwe zinkachitika. รขโฌลJennifer,รขโฌadati, รขโฌลLero ndatanganidwa kwambiri moti sindingathe kulankhulaรขโฌรขโฌลKomaรขโฌยฆ!รขโฌ Ndinayamba kubwereza nkhaniyo ndipo adandiduladula. mwaulemu momwe ndingathere. "Zinthu zamtunduwu zimachitika tsiku lililonse, Jennifer. Si nkhani.รขโฌ
Ndikuwuza nkhaniyi tsopano kuti ndiwonetsere zomwe anthu ochepa omwe sanapiteko kumalo ochezera amamvetsetsa: palibe chifukwa chokwiyitsa poyera kuti abweretse mkwiyo wa asilikali kumeneko. Asilikali a IDF adzawombera gulu la anthu kuti รขโฌลkuwadziwitsa bwana wa ndaniรขโฌ; chifukwa ali ndi mfuti ndipo iwo amatopa; chifukwa chakutentha komanso amakwiya. Palibe chifukwa chomveka. Pafupifupi miyezi isanu yomwe ndinakhala ku Gaza kapena kuyenda ku West Bank, zochitika zofanana ndi zomwe ndangofotokozazi zinachitika mobwerezabwereza: anthu anafufuzidwa mwachidule kapena kuvula; anthu adagwidwa ndi kutembereredwa; kuwombera mfuti kunali kuwombera m'mwamba kapena mwachindunji pagulu la anthu. Kanthawi kochepa komwe ndimalankhula ndi asitikali pamalo okwerera magalimoto (nthawi zambiri pa malo osendera a Qalandia popita ku Ramallah) ndinawapeza otopa, onyoza, komanso amwano. Zinali zodziwikiratu kuti msilikali akamachita mwaulemu ndi chinthu chomwe mumachiganizira mwapadera; zinali zosiyana.
Anthu ambiri amandifunsa chifukwa chake anthu aku Palestine alibe gulu losagwirizana ndi gulu. M'malo mwake, pali ziwonetsero zambiri zamtendere komanso kukana kuchita zinthu mwamtendere monga kukolola mbewu zanu ngakhale IDF idakuletsani, kapena kumanganso nyumba yanu popanda chilolezo ngakhale itawonongedwanso kachitatu, kapena kuswa nthawi yofikira kunyumba kuti mupeze chakudya. ngakhale panali akasinja kuzungulira tauniyo ndikulamula kuti asatuluke panja. Koma taganizirani gulu la anthu aku Palestine akuyenda mosasamala, mosamvera malamulo, tinene, poyang'ana Deir al-Balah. Kodi mukuganiza kuti chingachitike ndi chiyani zikakhala zodziwikiratu kuti akufuna kudutsa popanda chilolezo? Adzathamangitsidwa popanda chifundo ndi kuphedwa. Sindikukayika konse za izi. Kusamvera kwapachiweniweni kothandiza kwenikweni kumafuna wotsutsa yemwe sangadutse mzere wina pambuyo pa mfundo inayake mwachitsanzo, osapha popanda kukayikira pamaso pa kukana koteroko. IDF si mdani wotero, monga momwe mbiri ya machitidwe ake pazaka zambiri idzachitira umboni. Izi zimathandizira kufotokozera, mwa zina, kusowa kwa kusagwirizana kwadongosolo kapena kusamvera anthu.
Zomwe anthu akuyenera kuzindikira ndi momwe khalidwe la munthu limatsutsana ndi maulamuliro ogwira ntchito ku West Bank ndi Gaza: momwe anthu akupitiriza kupita kuntchito, kuphunzira, kulankhula, kulemba, kumanga nyumba ndi minda. , kupereka cholowa chawo kwa ana awo, kukhalabe ndi moyo ndi kukana kuchoka mโdziko lawo pambuyo pa zaka 5 za nkhanza ndi kuyesa mobwerezabwereza kuyeretsa fuko lonse. Ndi mbali iyi ya nkhondo ya Palestine yomwe imandipatsa chiyembekezo ngakhale nditabwerera kunyumba ndikuwerenga nkhani zokhumudwitsa tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kodi mphamvu za jenda ndi chiyani ku Palestine? Kodi pali kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi?
Zilipo ndipo palibe chifukwa chopepesa kapena kuzichepetsa. Ku Gaza Strip kuposa West Bank maudindo achimuna / akazi akuwonekera, ndipo sindingafune kukhala mkazi wa Palestina wokhala kumeneko nthawi zonse. Monga mkazi wachilendo, zinthu zinali zosavuta kwa ine. Komabe, anzanga aamuna ndi aakazi nthawi zambiri ankandiuza mwaulemu, mwachitsanzo, kuti ndiyenera kuphimba mutu wanga. (Ndinayesa izi kawiri ndipo ndinatentha kwambiri nditavala chovala kumutu moti ndinkaganiza kuti ndifa. Ndinakana pambuyo pake ndipo ndinangoyenera kupirira zongondiyang'ana komanso kukopana. Komabe, kunena zoona, ndinalibe vuto laling'ono kuti mutu wanga sunali wophimbidwa kapena kuti ndingavale mathalauza.
Mumzinda wa Gaza, ndizovomerezeka kuti akazi achisilamu asamavale mtundu wa Abaya (mkanjo wophimba zovala zake). Zochepa zimawululidwanso, koma izi sizichitikabe. Kumalo ena mumzerewu, mkazi wovumbulutsidwa wazaka zake makumi awiri yemwe sanakwatiwe ndipo amasamalira ana osachepera atatu kapena anayi ndi chodabwitsa chosadziwika. Nthaลตi ina ndinafunsa wantchito mnzanga chifukwa chimene akazi ambiri samatsutsa maudindo awo a kalasi yachiลตiri. Adandiuza zaka zingapo zapitazo pomwe azimayi angapo a payunivesite ya Al-Azhar mumzinda wa Gaza adaganiza zochita ziwonetsero atavala scarf kumutu. Anayamba kuyendayenda popanda izo mpaka utsogoleri wa gulu la Hamas (The Islamic Resistance Movement) unawaukira ngati oipa ndi mahule ndipo analangiza anthu kuti apewe kuchita nawo iwo ndi mabanja awo. Mโdera limene mabanja okulirapo ndiye maziko a anthu, kuti akaziwa apitirize kuchita mwano chonchi zikanakhala zosayembekezereka. Izi ndi zomwe akutsutsana nazo.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amayi ambiri, okwatiwa ndi osakwatiwa, akugwira ntchito (pamene izi zingatheke; kusowa kwa ntchito ku Gaza Strip kuli pa 75% tsopano) ndikupita ku mayunivesite. Maphunziro amayamikiridwa kwa amayi komanso abambo ndipo amuna ndi akazi akulimbikitsidwa kuphunzira, pamene izi ndi zotheka zachuma. Malinga ndi zomwe ndinganene, maudindo ambiri achikhalidwe amapezekabe makamaka pakati pa osauka kwambiri kapena achipembedzo kwambiri.
Kumene ndinkagwira ntchito (Mezan Center for Human Rights) kunali antchito ena aakazi asanu. Mmodzi mwa awa anali ndi udindo wapamwamba, mwachitsanzo, sanali kuchita ntchito ya ulembi. Analinso wosakwatiwa kapena kusamalira ana ngakhale kuti anali ndi zaka 30. Anali wophunzira kwambiri, zomwe mwina zingayambitse kusiyana kwake. Nโzoona kuti ankakhala kunyumba ndipo achibale ake ankamukakamiza kuti akwatiwe.
Lingaliro langa lonse linali lakuti akazi ogwira ntchito akukhala gawo lovomerezeka la anthu ku Gaza. Ku West Bank akazi ambiri ali kale ndi ntchito ndipo amakhala โmiyoyo ya Azunguโ kwambiri: zibwenzi, kuyunivesite, zolimbikitsa, ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, รขโฌลmafashoniรขโฌmafashoni, ndi zina zotero pakati pa Asilamu komanso Akhristu. Apanso, ndi m'midzi ndi m'madera osauka kumene ndinapeza kuti izi ndizochepa.
Pali anthu ambiri othawa kwawo aku Palestine ku Lebanon. Mwakhala nthawi yayitali ku Lebanon komanso ku Palestine Yokhazikika. Kodi mukuganiza bwanji za momwe zinthu zilili kwa anthu aku Palestine ku Lebanon poyerekeza ndi anthu aku Palestine omwe ali m'madera olandidwa?
Ndalemba za izi munkhani yotchedwa รขโฌลBanishment: The Palestinian Refugees of Lebanonรขโฌ yomwe inatuluka mu Roane Carey, ed.รขโฌโขs The New Intifada mu September, 2001 (Verso Press). Ndimalemberabe ophunzira anga angapo ochokera ku msasa wa othawa kwawo wa Bourj al-Barajneh ku South Beirut ndikukonzekera ulendo wobwereza chilimwe chikubwerachi. Makalata omwe ndimalandira kuchokera kwa ena mwa ophunzira anga kumeneko ndi amodzi mwazovuta kwambiri zomwe mungaganizire. Mikhalidwe mโmisasa ya anthu othaลตa kwawo ndi yoipa modabwitsa: makoswe ndi mphemvu zodzala, zipinda zopanda mphepo; zisakasa za malata, madzi odzadza ndi mabakiteriya, palibe ntchito za tauni zotayira zinyalala kapena kuwongolera zimbudzi; zingwe zamagetsi zowopsa; anaphulitsa nyumba za Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni; palibe malo obiriwira kapena malo oti ana aziseweramo nkomwe, m'makalasi odzaza kwambiri (nthawi zina ophunzira awiri kupita ku desiki komwe kuli madesiki nkomwe) okhala ndi zinthu zochepa zapasukulu, aphunzitsi osayenerera komanso omwe amalipidwa pang'ono, mndandandawu ndi wopanda malire.
Kutaya mtima kumene ndinkakumana nako mโmisasa ya ku Lebanon kaลตirikaลตiri kumaposa zimene ndinapeza ku Palestine. Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi zili choncho chifukwa iwo sakukhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi Intifada choncho alibe ngakhale kulimbana kuti apitirize. Anthu aku Palestine ku Lebanon ndi ocheperapo nzika zachiwiri pamaso pa boma. Ndi anthu opanda dziko opanda ma passport. Sali olandiridwa mโmadera ambiri a dzikolo ndipo sangapeze ntchito kunja kwa misasa, kupatulapo ntchito zomanga zotsika kapena ntchito za mโmisewu. Amaletsedwa ku ntchito zosachepera 70 kotero kuti, mwachitsanzo, dokotala waku Palestine atha kugwira ntchito m'zipatala zapamisasa zachisoni zomwe chuma chawo chili chochepa kwambiri komanso komwe malipiro a $200 pamwezi amakhala. Ndidaphunzitsa Chingerezi kwa madotolo pachipatala cha Haifa ku Bourj al-Barajneh m'chilimwe cha 2000 ndipo ndimatha kunena kuti zipatalazi ndizovuta kwambiri. Pali luso lochepa; pali kuzima kwa magetsi kosalekeza mโmisasa ndi mโchipatala; odwala ayenera kudalira mabanja awo kuti awabweretsere zovala zatsopano ndi chakudya. Zipinda ndi zazing'ono komanso zotentha kwambiri; kulibe zipinda zodikirira kapena olandira alendo. Theka la odwala omwe amawonekera pa tsiku loperekedwa sangathe kulipira chithandizo chawo chamankhwala. Ndipo zachipatala za Bourj al-Barajneh (ndi zina) ndizabwinoko kuposa za m'misasa ina yambiri, monga Ein al-Hilweh kumwera komwe anthu ake 70,000 adatsekeredwa m'malo pafupifupi ma kilomita awiri, ndi Chatila yapafupi. .
Moyo mโmisasa imeneyi ndi wovuta ndipo nthawi zambiri umakhala wopanda chiyembekezo pokhapokha ngati munthu ali ndi mwayi wachilendo. Pafupifupi aliyense amene ali ndi ndalama amachoka mwamsanga pamene kungatheke nthawi zambiri kusiya ufulu wawo wobwerera kumisasa ya anthu othawa kwawo ngakhale kukacheza akangotero. Lamulo lomwe linaperekedwa m'chilimwe cha 2001 limaletsa anthu othawa kwawo ku Palestina ku Lebanon kuti asagule nyumba kunja kwa misasa ndikuletsa anthu a Palestina omwe anali ndi mwayi wotuluka m'misasa m'mbuyomu kuti asadutse nyumba zawo, nyumba zawo, kapena malo kwa ana awo. Ambiri mwa mazana masauzande othawa kwawo m'misasa sanawasiye chifukwa amadziona kuti (moyenera) ngati osafunidwa m'magulu ambiri a ku Lebanon. Munthu angangoganizira momwe moyo wawo ulili wovuta komanso wopondereza m'misasa komanso momwe othawa kwawo ambiri alili, chifukwa cha kumangidwa kwawo, sakugwira ntchito bwino m'magulu ambiri.
Mofanana ndi chikhalidwe chilichonse, pali zosiyana. Anthu ena a ku Palestina akwanitsa kuphatikizika ndi anthu a ku Lebanoni (mkazi wa ku Palestina amene amakwatiwa ndi mwamuna wa ku Lebanon amamasulidwa ku ukapolo wa m'misasa; mkazi wa ku Lebanoni yemwe amakwatiwa ndi mwamuna wa ku Palestina amataya mwayi wake wakale ndipo ana ake amaonedwa kuti ndi a Palestine). Komabe, mbali zambiri, nkhani ya othawa kwawo makamaka ku Lebanon ikufunika chisamaliro chachikulu. Ndi anthu ochepa okha amene amazindikira mmene zinthu zilili mโmisasa imeneyi.
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