Ozunzidwa ndi Genocide, 2005

Lingaliro la UN, lolengezedwa Lolemba, loti asatsatire US ndikuyika zomwe zikuchitika ku Darfur ngati 'kupha anthu' kukuwonetsa chenjezo lokhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi pakugwiritsira ntchito mawuwa, bola ngati kuzindikira kupha anthu kukutanthauza ufulu - ngakhale ntchitoyo - kulowererapo mwankhondo kuti aletse. Chifukwa ngati zomwe zikuchitika ku Darfur ndi kupha fuko, ndiye kuti tiyenera kuvomereza kuti pali zipolowe zambiri kuposa momwe timafunira kuvomereza. Alex de Waal, m'modzi mwa akatswiri otsogola padziko lonse lapansi pazovuta zaku Sudan, akuwona mkangano wa mawu ovuta kwambiri pazandale zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi kutsimikiza kwa boma la US kuti nkhanza za ku Darfur zikuyenera kukhala 'kupha anthu' ndi chithunzi cholondola cha zoopsa za nkhondo ndi njala imeneyo? Kapena kodi ndikuwonjezera kwachipongwe kwa 'kuphedwa kwa fuko' ku zida zankhondo zaku America za hegemonic interventionism - makamaka chifukwa cha ma Arabu? Yankho ndi onse. Zomwe zapezedwa ndi zolondola malinga ndi kalata yalamulo.

Koma sikuthandiza kumvetsa zimene zikuchitika ku Darfur, kapena kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli. Ndipo kufotokozera uku kumagwira ntchito bwino zolinga za philanthropic alibi ku US kuwonetsera mphamvu.

Nkhondo ya ku Darfur ndi yosokoneza kwambiri. Ambiri mwa omwe akulamulira mbali zonse ziwiri sadziwa chifukwa chake akumenyera nkhondo - mkanganowu watsekeredwa m'njira yomwe ikukulirakulira.

Gulu la alimi omwe anasanduka zigawenga litatuluka m’malo obisalamo a m’mapiri n’kukaukira polisi ku Golo m’chigawo chapakati cha Darfur, cholinga chawo chinali kulanda zida. Kwa miyezi ndi zaka zapitazo, gulu lankhondo la Popular Defence Forces lakhala likulanda mfuti kwa anthu wamba, kusiya magulu ena ali ndi zida. Loya wachinyamata wina dzina lake Abdel Wahid Nur anali atachita zipolowe m’tauni ya Zalingei chifukwa chochita zionetsero. Akulu a m’mudzimo anasankha Abdel Wahid kukhala owalankhulira pa ndale.

Ndi ana ena ophunzira a m'midzi, adalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lankhondo la Sudan Liberation Army. Darfur inali itayamba kale kugwedezeka chifukwa cha mikangano, yomwe inalimbikitsidwa ndi zaka 20 zopanda boma, komanso zachifwamba zachiwembu. Manifesto ya SLA idadzudzula boma ku Khartoum chifukwa chonyalanyaza, tsankho komanso njira zogawanitsa ndi kulamulira. M'masabata ochepa okha, omenyana ndi SLA anali kuthamanga mphete kuzungulira magulu ankhondo odetsedwa komanso osaperekedwa; mpaka anaukira likulu la chigawocho, El Fasher, kuwononga ndege zisanu ndi imodzi zankhondo ndi kulanda mkulu wa asilikali.

Ma PDF a ku Darfur anali zigawenga za ku Darfur zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa kuukira kwa gulu lankhondo la Sudan People's Liberation Army lomwe lili kum'mwera kwa Sudan mu 1991. Kwa nthawi ndithu iwo ankaimira anthu ambiri, koma chipani cholamula cha National Congress chitatha kugawanika mu 1999, chitetezo cabal chomwe chimayang'anira boma chinayamba kulowetsa utsogoleri. Anabweretsa anthu okhulupilika, makamaka ma Arabu a Darfurian ochokera m'magulu omwewo monga mkulu wa asilikali a ndege ku Bungwe la Pulezidenti, Abdalla Safi el Nur.

Makamaka anyamata ochokera m’mabanja osauka, ochokera m’mabanja oweta ngamila amene anataya ziweto zawo m’chilala cha m’ma 1970 ndi m’ma 1980, anali olimba mtima ndi owawa. Chotsatira chakukulira kwa nkhondo chinali pamene boma lidapereka mayunitsi a PDF awa kuti atsogolere pothana ndi zigawenga. Pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zomwe kale zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magulu ankhondo a Chadian Arab - janjawiid - asilikaliwa adziwika bwino chifukwa cha nkhanza zawo.

Apha, kuwotcha, kugwiririra ndi njala podutsa lamba wapakati wa Darfur. Pochita zimenezi, apha anthu masauzande ambiri ndipo aphera dala ena masauzande ambiri ndi njala. Iwo akwanitsanso kuletsa zigawenga zothawa zigawenga zomwe zinkalanda dera lonselo mofulumira.

Posakhalitsa, ena mwa Asilamu a Darfur, omwe adachotsedwa m'boma pambuyo pa 1999, adapanga gulu lawo lotsutsa, Justice and Equality Movement. Zochepa koma zothandizidwa bwino ndi ndalama, JEM yadzutsa mkangano m'boma kuti anzawo akale akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito Darfur ngati njira yopezera mphamvu.

Nkhondo ya ku Darfur yayamba chifukwa cha kusokonekera kosawerengeka, nthawi iliyonse kumadzetsa kuzunzika kwa anthu ndi mavuto andale kuposa mavuto oyambawo. Zokambirana zamtendere sizimalimbana ndi zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondoyi, m'malo mwake zimangoyang'ana zoopsa zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha kuphana kwa PDF, mavuto azaumphawi komanso kuchuluka kwa malonjezo aboma.

Pa 9 September 2004, Mlembi wa boma la US Colin Powell adalengeza kuti 'kuphedwa kwa mafuko kwachitika ku Darfur ndi boma la Sudan ndi udindo wa janjawiid - ndipo kuphedwa kwa mafuko kungakhale kukuchitikabe.' Izi ndi mbiri yakale: ndi nthawi yoyamba kuti boma la US lilengeze za 'kupha anthu' pomwe zochitika zidakali m'sitima.

Powell akulondola mulamulo. Malinga ndi mfundo zomwe zimadziwika komanso lamulo lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa mu 1948 Genocide Convention, kupha anthu, kusamutsidwa komanso kugwiriridwa ku Darfur kumadziwika kuti ndi 'kupha anthu'. Koma kupeza kwake kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pazandale. Kufuna kupha fuko ndikukulitsa kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa m'nkhani zandale zapadziko lonse lapansi - ndipo mosakayikira, m'malamulo achikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi. Ndizochitikanso zandale mumthunzi wa kulanda kwa US ku Iraq ndi (mis-) mawonekedwe ankhondo ya ku Darfur pakati pa 'Aarabu' ndi 'Afirika'.

Malinga ndi kalata ya lamulo, ndi kupha fuko ku Darfur. Mfundo za Msonkhano wa 1948, monga momwe Khoti Lalikulu la Dziko Lapansi la Rwanda linamasulira, zimatipatsa mlandu wokwanira. Tiyeni tione zotsutsazo.

Kodi ndizoyipa mokwanira? Kodi mtundu ndi kukula kwa upanduwo ndi zoyenera kupha anthu? Kupatula apo, otsutsa adzanena kuti pakati pa anthu opitilira 3 miliyoni a Darfurian omwe si Aarabu, kuyerekeza kwabwino ndi kwa anthu 70,000, makamaka chifukwa cha njala ndi matenda, osati chiwawa. Palinso zochitika zina zambiri zamakono kapena zaposachedwa - kuphatikiza zingapo zankhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sudan - zokhala ndi ziwopsezo zambiri zakufa, komanso umboni womveka bwino wokondera mafuko.

Komabe, kuti chochitika chiwoneke ngati kupha anthu sikuyenera kuphatikizira kuthetsa magulu onse. Ndikokwanira kuti avulazidwe mwadala - kumenyedwa, kuthamangitsidwa m'dziko lawo kapena kuonongeka pamodzi mwanjira ina. Pali umboni wokwanira wa ziwawa zotsata mafuko kudera lonselo kuti zikwaniritse muyeso. Ndipo ku Sudan, mawu oti 'kufa ndi njala' amangosintha - anthu akufa ndi njala, ndichifukwa choti wina wawabweretsera dala. Masiku ano njala ya ku Darfur ndi mlandu.

Kodi tingazindikire zolinga za olakwawo? Mosiyana ndi Holocaust kapena Rwanda, panalibe dongosolo la anthu osinthika, otha kupha fuko, palibe chikhumbo chachikulu chamalingaliro. Zachidziwikire, kampeni yakuphayo idadziwitsidwa, mwa zina, ndi maloto a dziko la Aarabu kudutsa Sahelian Africa. Mamembala akale a gulu la Islamic Legion la Mtsamunda Gaddafi, lomwe linathetsedwa kwa zaka zopitirira khumi, angakhale akupitirizabe kukulitsa malotowo. Koma mwa iwo okha sakhala ndi dongosolo lalikulu.

Njira yomwe ikupitilira komanso yankhanza kwambiri yosintha anthu ku Sudan, yomwe idatsogola kale boma lomwe lilipo, zingaphatikizeponso masomphenya olakwika a dziko lachi Arab-Chisilamu. Panthawi ina m'zaka za m'ma 1990, boma lidakondwera ndi zikhumbo zotere - ndipo adathandizira mwachindunji kuyesa kupha anthu a Nuba - koma izi zinali pachimake cha masomphenya ake okonzanso anthu onse a ku Sudan mu nkhungu ya Islamist.

Ambiri mwa malingaliro omwe adalimbikitsa malotowo (makamaka Hassan al Turabi) tsopano akutsutsa, ndipo ena amagwirizana ndi gulu limodzi lotsutsa Darfurian, Justice and Equality Movement. Amene akukhalabe m’boma tsopano akungofuna kupitirizabe kulamulira.

Komabe, ngakhale kusakhalapo kwa schema ndi malingaliro osintha ndikofunikira kwa akazembe ndi akatswiri akupha anthu, sizitanthauza kusowa kwa chiwongola dzanja. Malowa ndi otsika. Izi zitha kuganiziridwa kuchokera ku mlandu wopambana wa ICTR wa a Jean-Paul Akayesu, pomwe adapezeka kuti cholinga chake chikhoza kutsatiridwa kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo zomwe zimaganiziridwa, kuphatikizirapo momwe anthu adawonongera mwadala. gulu lachindunji.

Pankhani ya Darfur, mfundo yakuti boma silinakonzekere kupha anthu n’kosathandiza. Linalinganiza zolimbana ndi zigawenga ndipo linapatsa maofesala ake ufulu wonse wochita nkhanza, zomwe nthawi zonse akhala akuchita pamlingo wokulirapo komanso wamitundu. Uku kunali kulimbana ndi zigawenga zopanda makhalidwe, zomwe zinafika poipa kwambiri.

Chotsutsa chochititsa chidwi ndi chovuta kwambiri ndi chakuti gulu lomwe likukhudzidwa silingathe kufotokozedwa mokwanira. Ku Darfur, mawu akuti 'waku Africa' ndi zabodza m'mbiri, mafuko komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndi posachedwapa ideological kumanga, amene zambiri kenako. Koma munthu akhoza kuzindikira magulu subjectively, kuphatikizapo chinenero. Nkhani yosiyanitsa Ahutu ndi Atutsi ku Rwanda inali yovuta kwambiri, koma ICTR inagonjetsa vutoli. Ilo linagogomezera zimene amakhulupirira m’maganizo mwa anthu amene amachita zinthuzo.

Lingaliro lodziwika bwino la tsankho kapena lofunikira lingakhale lonyozedwa ndi akatswiri, koma mkangano waukatswiriwu sungaperekedwe kuti afotokoze zilembo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso cholinga chopha mwa kusankha, kutengera zilembozo. ICTR idagwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo loti 'gulu lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika, lomwe umembala wawo umatanthauzidwa kwambiri ndi kubadwa'. Izi zikugwirizana ndi mafuko ovuta a Darfur.

Chobisidwa mkati mwa zotsutsa za 'mtundu wosagwirizana' ndi mtsutso winanso: kunena kuti kuphedwa kumene kumayambitsa kugawanikana ndi kukhazikika kwa magulu amitundu ndi mafuko. Izi ndizofunikira: mkangano ukangofotokozedwa m'mawu awa, kuphatikizika kapena kusinthasintha kumasindikizidwa mu mawonekedwe osavuta a bipolar. Kaŵirikaŵiri, kulembedwa kosavuta kwa mafuko kumatsogolera kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti anthu akunja adzitchule za kupha fuko. Koma ku Darfur, izi sizingakhale choncho: kunali kugawanika kwa Arabu-osakhala Arabu, koma linali funso lachidziwitso ngati lidzapambana zizindikiro zina kuphatikizapo 'Darfurian' ndi 'Muslim'.

Fuko ku Darfur ndilovuta kwambiri; kuti amvetsetse, munthu ayenera kutaya malingaliro onse omwe adatengera kusanthula Africa yonse, kuphatikiza dziko lonse la Sudan. M'mbiri, Darfur anali wodziyimira pawokha. Inali ndi dongosolo lofanana ndi la mayiko angapo kudutsa mu Africa ya Sudan. Pakatikati pake panali gulu lolamulira (fuko la Keira la Fur), lomwe lidatengera Chisilamu ndikugwiritsa ntchito Chiarabu monga chilankhulo cha malamulo. Chikhalidwe ichi chinakula, ndikujambula m'magulu oyandikana nawo.

Zowonadi, gawo lalikulu la Ubweya limadziwika kuti 'Kunjara', kutanthauza 'kusonkhana pamodzi'. Kupitilira izi kunali magulu amilandu, kuphatikiza ma Bedouin olankhula Chiarabu (ophatikizidwa kwambiri m'boma, chifukwa adayendetsa ngamila zakudutsa Sahara zomwe Sultanate idadalira ndalama zake), ndi ena angapo - osalankhula Chiarabu ndi Chiarabu- kuyankhula abusa a ng'ombe. Chakum’mwera kwenikweni kunali anthu a m’madera akumidzi, anthu okhala m’nkhalango amene ankawaukira kuti akhale akapolo. M'chilankhulo cha Fur, mawu ophatikiza a anthuwa anali 'Fertit', ndipo pali magulu ophatikizana kumadzulo kwa Southern Sudan omwe adakali ndi zilembo izi.

Ma Arabu a ku Darfur ndi akuda, amwenye, Asilamu ndi Achiafirika monga anansi awo omwe si Aarabu. Kulankhula za African-Arab dichotomy ndi mbiri yakale komanso zamkhutu. Koma dziko la Sudan latengera kusiyana kotereku pakati pa olamulira achiarabu ochokera kumpoto kwenikweni ndi akumwera, makamaka omwe si Asilamu, omwe akhala akumenyera kupatukana kapena kukhala ofanana kuyambira pomwe dziko la Sudan lidalandira ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1956.

Dzikoli nthawi zambiri limawonedwa ngati 'mlatho' pakati pa maiko aku Africa ndi Arabu, kapena kuphatikiza kwa miyambo iwiriyi. Mkati mwake, zikuwonekeratu kuti akummwera ndi a mtengo wa 'Afirika' ndipo olamulira amtundu wa 'Arabu'. (Ziribe kanthu kuti limodzi mwa mafuko atatu a anthu osankhika olamulira ndi a Nubian-izi ndizovuta zodziwika bwino kwa katswiri wa ndale.) Kusiyana kwa mbiri yakale ku Darfur kukanakhala 'Ubweya' pamtengo umodzi ndi 'Fertit' pa mzake. . Koma, atalowetsedwa m'dziko la Sudan, ndikukakamizika kuvomereza zokamba za dziko lonselo, Darfur idasinthidwa kukhala nkhungu yachilendo.

Oyamba kulandira chizindikiro chamtundu womangidwa kunja anali ena mwa Arabu Bedouin a Darfur, omwe amakhala ku Libya ndipo amagwira ntchito mu 'gulu lachi Islam' la Gaddafi. Adapeza kuti mawu akuti 'Arabia' ndi chida chothandiza pazandale, kuwagulira chidziwitso ndi mgwirizano ku Libya komanso ku Khartoum. Poyankha, anyamata ophunzira ochokera ku magulu omwe si a Arabu a Darfur - makamaka Fur, Masalit ndi Zaghawa - adapeza mawu akuti 'African' omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu akummwera makamaka mtsogoleri wa SPLA, John Garang, yemwe adafuna kumanga mgwirizano wosakhala wa Arabu. kudutsa Sudan. Political Arabism ndichifukwa chake chaposachedwa kwambiri ku Darfur, ndipo ndale zachi Africa ndizomanga zapamwamba zazaka zochepa chabe. Koma nkhondo, nkhanza komanso kupitilira pa zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi zozungulira izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zilembo izi zikhale mwala. Kale, atsogoleri ammudzi ku Darfur akugwiritsa ntchito zilembo izi pochita zinthu ndi mabungwe othandizira komanso akazembe.

Annihilation

Ngati zomwe zikuchitika ku Darfur ndi kupha fuko, ndiye kuti tiyenera kuvomereza kuti pali zipolowe zambiri kuposa zomwe timakonda kuvomereza. Zosachepera zitatu zam'mbuyomu zankhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sudan ziyenera kuwerengedwa ngati kupha anthu - zigawenga zikuukira ku Bahr el Ghazal m'zaka za m'ma 1980, jihad kumapiri a Nuba koyambirira kwa 1990s, komanso kuloledwa kwamafuta kumapeto kwa 1990s. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri a mafuko ku Democratic Republic of Congo, kuzunzidwa kwa anthu ang’onoang’ono ku Myanmar, ndi unyinji wa anthu ena. Sipadzakhalanso kukayikira za Bosnia, Cambodia ndi kupha anthu aku Armenia.

Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka anthu wamba, komanso mu ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi, 'kupulula mafuko' nthawi zonse kwasungidwa m'malo ovuta kwambiri momwe muli ndondomeko, ndi chiyembekezo chenicheni cha kupambana, kuwonongeratu gulu lomwe mukufuna. M'mbiri yaposachedwa pali zochitika ziwiri zokha za izi, Holocaust ndi Rwanda. Titha kuzitcha 'zigawenga zotheratu' kuti tisiyanitse ndi mndandanda wautali wa milandu ya 'kuphedwa kwapamsonkhano'. Omenyera ufulu ndi akatswiri akhala akukana kupha anthu m'magulu: kutsimikiza kwa US pa Darfur kumawakakamiza kuti achite izi.

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe machitidwe a mayiko - omwe tingatenge ngati malamulo a chikhalidwe cha mayiko - akhala osamala kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito chizindikiro chopha anthu ndi mantha a zotsatira zake. Zikutanthauza ufulu, ndipo mwina udindo, kulowererapo zankhondo. Ngakhale Colin Powell anaumirira kuti ndondomeko ya US ku Sudan idzakhala yosasinthika - potero ikuwoneka kuti ikugonjetsa cholinga choyamba - palibe kukayika kuti kulengeza zakupha kumapanga malo ovomerezeka ndi ndale kuti alowererepo.

Kutsimikiza kwa 9 September ndi nthawi yoyamba kuti Msonkhano wa Genocide wagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira kuphedwa kwa mafuko (m'malo motsutsa), ndipo umakhala ndi zotsatira zoyambitsa kwambiri zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati kupha mafuko m'malamulo achikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi kutsimikiza kwa US kumatanthauza chiyani? Pamlingo wina, izi ndi zotsatira za ndale zachindunji ku Washington DC, momwe magulu achidwi anali kumenyera ulamuliro wa US ku Sudan. Munkhaniyi, kuyitanidwa kuti akhazikitse dipatimenti ya Boma kuti ifufuze ngati ku Darfur kudali kupha anthu ambiri ku Darfur inali njira yanzeru yopangitsa kuti anthu odana ndi Khartoum azizungulira Congress (mgwirizano wosayembekezeka wa atolankhani omasuka ndi omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, komanso achipembedzo. kumanja), ndikugula nthawi kwa omwe ali mu dipatimenti ya Boma adadzipereka kukankhira mgwirizano.

Zinali, m'mawu a Washington, nkhondo yaying'ono yapamadzi komanso ndondomeko yokhazikika: monga Colin Powell adanena atalengeza kutsimikiza, ndondomeko ya US sidzasintha. Atatambasulidwa ku Iraq, Pentagon idangopereka ndege zonyamula anthu monyinyirika kuthandiza bungwe la African Union loyang'anira kutumiza ku Sudan. Dipatimenti ya chitetezo ingavomereze kukhalapo kwa asilikali a US.

Koma pamlingo wina, kutsimikiza kwa kupha fuko kumawulula zambiri za gawo la US padziko lapansi masiku ano, komanso mfundo zosafotokozedwa zomwe mphamvu za US zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mfundozi zimagawidwa ndi ochirikiza ulamuliro wadziko lonse la US ndi otsutsa awo omasuka, ndipo akuwululidwa m'nkhani yodziwika bwino yokhudza kuphedwa kwa mafuko, yomwe imakhala ngati nthano yachipulumutso, ndipo US ikugwira ntchito ya mpulumutsi.

Mawu akuti 'kuphedwa kwa fuko' amapangitsa omanga ake kukhala oipa kwambiri, oposa umunthu ndi ndale. Iwo ndi a Nazi. Pomwe chiwembu chawo choyipa chikufalikira, anthu abwino amalimbikitsa America kuti igwiritse ntchito mphamvu zake kulowererapo. Koma, atagwidwa ndi nkhawa zawozawo, ndi kukodwa mumsampha wa United Nations, atsogoleri aku America ali osalabadira, ndipo amalephera kuchitapo kanthu mpaka nthawi itatha. Chiwonetsero cha melodrama yomvetsa chisoniyi chikuwonetsedwa pachiwonetsero chotsegulira cha US Holocaust Memorial Museum, komwe mlendo akuitanidwa kuti alowe m'gulu la asilikali opambana a US omwe amamasula ndende zozunzirako za Nazi.

Kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, anthu aku America akhala akulota kuwombola kuchedwa kwa mbiri yakale, ndikutumiza asitikali munthawi yake kuti apulumutse tsikulo. Kulephera kwawo kutero ku Rwanda ndi Bosnia zaka khumi zapitazo kunayambitsa kufufuza kwina kwa miyoyo ndipo kunatsogolera mwachindunji ku kampeni ya ku Kosovo yophulitsa mabomba ndi chigamulo chofuna kupha fuko la Darfur.

Nkhaniyi ndi yosokoneza zomwe zimachitika, makamaka tikakulitsa mndandanda wa zigawenga kuti tiphatikizepo milandu monga ozunzidwa a Stalin, kuphedwa kwa anthu aku Indonesia mu 1965, Tibet, Bangladesh, Guatemalan counter-insurgency, Bosnia, Chechnya, Myanmar. anthu ochepa, Biafra, Luwero Triangle ku Uganda, Burundi, Congo komanso magawo atatu am'mbuyomu pankhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sudan isanachitike Darfur.

Kodi kuphana kwa mafuko kumeneku kunatha bwanji? Kupatulapo Kosovo, osati ndi apakavalo aku US. Kawirikawiri chifukwa olakwirawo adaganiza kuti ali ndi zokwanira - adakwaniritsa zolinga zawo kapena kusintha zolingazo - kapena chifukwa chakuti ozunzidwawo anali amphamvu kwambiri kuti asakane. Nthawi zina mphamvu yachigawo idalowererapo (kawirikawiri pomwe zoyipa zidatha) - India ku Bangladesh, Vietnam ku Cambodia. Muzochitika zingapo, zomwe Southern Sudan ndi imodzi, pakhala kukambirana.

Komabe, kafukufuku wokhudza kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba akadali wodabwitsidwa ndi zenizeni za Holocaust komanso nkhani yowombola yopulumutsa anthu. Ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake nkhani yotereyi ili yokopa kwambiri: nkhani iliyonse yomwe imatiyika pachimake pazochitika imakhala yochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuposa yomwe imanena kuti zomwe zikuchitikazo zimapitilirabe zomwe timachita.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti ndondomeko za ndale za kupha anthu ku Rwanda ndi ku Sudan zilibe kanthu kochita ndi US, ndipo zikutheka kuti ngati mayankho apezeka, udindo wa US udzakhala wochepa ndipo sudzaphatikizapo kulowererapo.

Pali malingaliro ozama pa ntchito. Zomwe melodrama ikuwonetsera ndi kusakanikirana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zosasunthika komanso chidziwitso chaumunthu. Kusakaniza kumeneku kumatisonkhezera kuona dziko mwanjira inayake. Kuchulukirachulukira, ndikuwona dziko la Manichean, momwe ife - kutanthauza US ndi mnzake wapamtima Britain - ndife ochirikiza zabwino m'dziko loyipa. Zoonadi, kugwiritsa ntchito kwathu mphamvu kwenikweni sikuli kwangwiro, ndipo ndi kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa zokhumba ndi zenizeni zomwe zimapereka mwayi wotsutsa mphamvu zamakhalidwe abwino.

Tili ndi mphamvu ndipo nthawi zina timafuna kulowererapo zankhondo pafupifupi kulikonse komwe tikufuna. Ndipo timakonda kufotokoza izi ngati zothandiza anthu, ndikupanga malingaliro othandiza pazochitika zina. Kuwonjezera apo, timakhumudwitsidwa ndi maunyolo omwe amaikidwa pazochitikazi ndi malamulo apadziko lonse ndi njira zake zovuta.

Pankhani yeniyeni ya Darfur, dziko la United States linatsala pang'ono kumenyana ndi maunyolo awa ndikumenya ng'oma kuti lidziwitse 'kuphedwa kwa fuko' ndi ndondomeko yolowererapo, ngakhale kuti ndi ufulu womwe udzalandira chida ichi ndipo, tsiku lina lamtsogolo. , mwina ntchito.

Ndipo zoti gulu lotchedwa kuti lapha anthu mu mkanganowu ndi 'Arabu' sizinangochitika mwangozi. Palibe ndondomeko yobisalira ku Washington yofotokozera Arabu kuti ndi zigawenga zophera fuko, koma kuphatikizika kwa zochitika zomwe zapangitsa kuti anthu aphedwe. Ili ndi chidwi chapadera mumthunzi wa 'nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi yolimbana ndi zigawenga' yaku US, yomwe idasokeretsedwa ku Iraq ndikuwoneka m'maiko onse achi Arab ndi Asilamu ngati chikhalidwe chandale chobadwanso mwatsopano.

Pambuyo pa Seputembara 11, 2001, dziko la US likuwona Asilamu achi Arabu ngati zigawenga zenizeni kapena zomwe zitha kutsata dziko lawo. Pambuyo pa 9 September 2004 (ndipo nkhanza za ku Darfur ndi mlandu), Aarabu (ndipo mwina Asilamu onse) ndi enieni kapena omwe angathe kupha anthu ndipo zolinga zawo ndi Afirika. Ndizomvetsa chisoni koma zodziwikiratu kuti anthu ambiri aku Africa angagwere msamphawu komanso kuti kulimba mtima kwa African Union pomanga kamangidwe kamtendere ndi chitetezo kudzapachikidwa pamagawidwe opangidwa kunja.

Zotsatira za chigamulo cha kuphedwa kwa fuko ku Darfur ndikuchepetsa malire pakuchitapo kanthu kwa US. Imawonjezera chida china ku zida zankhondo za interventionist hegemonic mphamvu. Panthawi yoyenera - yomwe si Darfur - kupeza 'kuphedwa kwa fuko' kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri pamakampani achifumu.

Chigamulo chopha anthu ndicholondola mwalamulo. Pali nkhanza zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa ndipo ochita nkhanzazo alangidwe. Pali nkhondo yomwe ikufunika kukambirana.

Lingaliro la US logwiritsa ntchito dzina loti 'genocide' - zotsatira za kawerengedwe kandale zandale ngati china chilichonse - zimakokera Darfur kukhala dongosolo ladziko lonse lapansi, gulu lomwe ma Arabu amalembedwa ndi kusalidwa, komanso kugawikana komwe kumaperekedwa kwa osauka. ndi mbali zodzala mikangano yapadziko lapansi. Pamenepa, tiyeni tiyembekezere kuti chithandizo chalandidwa kwa anthu a ku Darfur. Koma anthu onse a mu Afirika ndi otayika.

Alex de Waal ndi wolemba komanso wolimbikitsa nkhani za ku Africa. Iye ndi mnzake wa Global Equity Initiative ku Harvard University komanso director of Justice Africa. Nkhaniyi ikuwoneka m'nkhani yomwe ikubwera ya Index on Censorship.

---