Palibe ndende zodzilamulira. Palibe zochitika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisatheke. Zomwe zinachitikira Corriente Villera Independiente ku Villa 31 ya Buenos Aires zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale pazovuta kwambiri zakuthupi, ngakhale kutsutsana ndi zomwe zilipo, kudziyimira pawokha kumatha kuyikidwa pakati pamagulu omanga anthu.

“Ichi ndi chinthu choyera,” akutero Dora. Akanena mawu oti “woyera,” kumwetulira kumamusangalatsa, ndipo amakhala ndi mtendere wamumtima. “Tilibe ngongole kuboma kalikonse. Dokotala, olimbikitsa thanzi - timachita zonse popanda kuyembekezera ndalama. Izi ndi zoyera, ndi zenizeni. Sizinaipitsidwe.”

Dora amakumana nafe ku Casa de la Mujeres, Nyumba ya Akazi, yopangidwa ndi a Corriente Villera Independiente kwa amayi omwe akuzunzidwa m'banja. Amatsagana ndi Graciela, yemwe amatsogolera Community Health Center, mwana wake wamkazi Mónica, Celina ndi Lupe–azimayi awiri aku Bolivia omwe akuphunzira kuwerenga ku Community School, komanso azimayi okwana theka akugwira ntchito yotsegulira nyumbayo.

Villa 31, kapena Retiro, ili ndi mbiri yakale. M’zaka za m’ma 1930, anthu a ku Poland amene anathawa njala anamanga kasakasa pafupi ndi doko. Idakula kukhala malo amtundu wa favela. Ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale, alendo ochokera kumpoto kwa Argentina anayamba kufika. Pofika m’chaka cha 1976, chaka chimene asilikali anaukira boma, anthu 213,000 ankakhala m’matauni ang’onoang’ono a mumzinda wa Buenos Aires, kapena kuti pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya anthu a mumzindawo.

Ulamuliro wankhanza udathamangitsa anthu opitilira 150,000, koma kuyambira 1983 ma villas ayambanso kudzazidwa. Pofika m’chaka cha 2001, anali ndi anthu oposa 100,000, ndipo malinga ndi kalembera wa 2010, anali 163,000.

"Ma villas ndi gawo lokhalo lamzindawu komwe kuchuluka kwa anthu kwalembedwa," wofufuza Pablo Vitale akutero. Masiku ano, pafupifupi pafupifupi onse amakhala anthu a ku Argentina ochokera kumpoto, Paraguay, Bolivia, ndi Peruvia.

Ma villas ndi malo odzipangira okha okhala ndi nyumba zokonzedwa bwino komanso ntchito zochepa. Kupeza magetsi ndi madzi amchere kwatheka chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwa boma la tauni. Ntchito zina monga kutolera zinyalala ndi zaukhondo ndizosakwanira.

Pali ma Villas 21 ku Buenos Aires. Komabe, chiwerengerochi chikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kuthamangitsidwa kosatha kwa anthu akumidzi omwe amalima soya. Mapu amzindawu akuwonetsa kuti ma villas ambiri ali kuchigawo chakumwera. Koma Villa 31 ili pakatikati pa mzindawo, m'dera lalikulu la zongopeka (Puerto Madero), komanso pafupi ndi masiteshoni a basi ndi masitima apamtunda.

Ma villas amachitira chitsanzo cha "malire amtawuni". Ngakhale atha kukhala pakati pa mizinda ikuluikulu ngati likulu la Argentina, ali m'mphepete mwa njira zopezera ntchito, ntchito, ndi zomangamanga. Koma iwo ali mophiphiritsira zotumphukira. Anthu okhala m’dzikoli ndi anthu otsala pang’ono kuonedwa ngati anthu otsala pang’ono kupeŵa chitsanzo cha ukapitalisti—anthu osauka kwambiri, okhala ndi khungu la mtundu wa dziko lapansi.

Komabe, ma villas atsimikizira kuti ndi malo omwe amatsutsa mosalekeza mtunduwo. Kukhala muumphawi wadzaoneni wozunguliridwa ndi chuma kwapangitsa anthu okhalamo kuzindikira mozama za kusalingana. Amaphunziranso pa kudzipereka kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa gulu la anthu ambiri—ansembe amene anapita kukakhala m’nyumba zogona, ndi ophunzira a ku yunivesite amene amathera mbali yaikulu ya nthaŵi yawo kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzira limodzi nawo.

Umoyo wamtundu

Kuti mukafike ku Community Health Center, muyenera kuyenda m’misewu yomwe imasanduka matope akagwa mvula. Ndi bwino kuyenda pang’onopang’ono—kuyang’ana maukonde a zingwe zamagetsi; kuyimitsa m'nyumba zokhala ndi masitepe akunja okhotakhota ngati nkhono kuzungulira masitepe angapo; kuti musangalale ndi mitundu yosangalatsa, masitolo omwe amayi ndi ana amawonera alendo ngati ife akudutsa.

Ndi Hernán, tikupereka moni kwa akazi amene anaunjikana kutsogolo kwa khichini ya anthu wamba, akumachulukana pamene masana anali kuyandikira. Pamene tikudikira dokotala, Hernán akufotokoza mmene zimagwirira ntchito. “Chakudyacho timachipeza mwa kulanda boma . Pali mabanja 70, omwe amadzipereka kamodzi pamlungu m’magulu a anthu asanu ndi mmodzi kapena asanu ndi atatu. Zimatsimikizira chakudya cha banja,” akutero.

Dokotala ndi wamtali, wowonda. Anafika panjinga n’kudzitchula kuti ndi Guido. Chipatala ndi chipinda, 5 × 5 mita, ndi pansi ndi makoma a ceramic matailosi. Chimawoneka choyera, chowala, komanso chaudongo. Machira, mamba, ndi mashelufu okhala ndi mankhwala atipatsa moni, pamodzi ndi chikwangwani cholembedwa kuti “El Che Community Health Center.”

Guido akutsegula loko, kukhazikika pampando, ndikugwetsa mawu mokweza. “Tidatsegula malowa pa Seputembara 21, 2012, koma tidayamba ndi misonkhano mu Meyi ndi Juni kuti tidziwe za thanzi la barrio, kuti tiwone momwe tingachitire. Ndi za anthu kutenga thanzi lawo mmanja mwawo, ndipo ife kuthandiza zomwe tikudziwa,” akutero.

Nyumbayi ili ndi magawo awiri olekanitsidwa ndi msewu waukulu. Okalamba ali ndi anthu 15,000. Winayo, Villa 31 bis, ali ndi 20,000. Apa ndi pamene Corriente Villera amagwira ntchito, kuyang'anira malo makumi awiri odyera kunja, makhitchini asanu ndi limodzi ammudzi, antchito atatu ogwira ntchito, chipatala, sukulu ya pulayimale, ndi malo a amayi. Khumi ndi ziwiri olimbikitsa thanzi (pafupifupi amayi onsewa azaka zapakati pa 25 ndi 40) amagwira ntchito pakatikati. Amapita kunyumba ndi nyumba, kuyang'anira kulemera kwa ana, kufufuza za matenda aakulu, ndi kusamalira ku ofesi.

Monga gawo lalikulu la omwe amagwira ntchito m'nyumba zogona, Guido adayamba kuchita zinthu payunivesite. Amagwira ntchito ngati dokotala, ndipo nthawi yake yaulere amapita kuchipatala. Amakhalanso wapampando wa pulogalamu yaumoyo wa anthu ammudzi, kudzera momwe ophunzira amagwirira ntchito m'nyumba zogona. "Kumbali ina, timaphunzitsa olimbikitsa zaumoyo mu barrio ndikuchita zachipatala ndi thanzi la ana. Koma timachitanso ndawala za umoyo, kupita kunyumba ndi nyumba,” akufotokoza motero.

Pali chipatala chimodzi chokha chaboma cha anthu 35,000, ndipo chili kumapeto kwenikweni kwa nyumbayo. “Awo amene ali mbali ina nthawi zambiri sangafike kuchipatala, chifukwa sungathe kuwoloka bwalo lonse XNUMX koloko m’mawa. Chotero tinalengeza kuti tikakhala m’nyumba ya munthu wina, kapena m’khitchini ina ya anthu ammudzi, kukawona sikelo ya ana. Timagwira ntchito m’malo Lolemba, Lachinayi, ndi Loweruka.”

Ndi vuto la kupuma lomwe limakhudza kwambiri ana m'nyumba zogona. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha chinyezi komanso kuchuluka kwa zowononga zachilengedwe m'nthaka ndi mpweya. Mtovu, zitsulo zina zolemera, ndi poizoni wina—zochokera m’kuwotcha zinyalala—zimayambitsa mphumu ndi chibayo. Nyumbazi zili ndi vuto la mpweya wabwino ndipo zimadzaza ndi anthu. Nyumba yonseyo imavutika chifukwa madzi satha. Amene angakwanitse amagula madzi a m’mabotolo.

Pakati, madokotala atatu ovomerezeka, ophunzira anayi apamwamba, ndi khumi ndi awiri olimbikitsa thanzi sinthanani. Pakati pa ntchito zapakati ndi kuyendera nyumba, amawona anthu pafupifupi 200 mlungu uliwonse. "Timachita maphwando ndikuchita ma raffle kuti tilipire lendi. Mankhwala ena amaperekedwa ndi madotolo obwera kudzacheza ndi abwenzi ena omwe ndi madotolo, koma timapeza ambiri mwa kusankha Disprofarma (malo ogulitsa mankhwala). Boma silitipatsa kalikonse,” akutero Guido.

Amene ali m’zipatala za boma safuna kupita ku barrio koma kupempha thandizo posamalira anthu. "Iwo ali omangirizidwa ku mtundu wachipatala wa hegemonic, womwe tikuyesera kulimbana nawo. Amavala malaya oyera, timavala ngati munthu wina aliyense chifukwa sitikufuna kuyika mtunda umenewo pakati pathu ndi anthu.”

Guido ananena kuti madokotala a m’chipatala cha boma nthawi zambiri amaseka zikhulupiriro za anthu a m’nyumbayi, makamaka anthu a ku Peru, a Paraguay, a ku Bolivia, ndiponso ochokera Kumpoto kwa Argentina. "Pali njira zothanirana ndi nkhani zaumoyo m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Mayi akandiuza kuti sakuyamwitsa mwana wake chifukwa choopa, sindinganyalanyaze zimenezo chifukwa kwa iye zilipo. Muyenera kuwona momwe mungagwirire nayo ntchito. Anthu amaganiza kuti dokotala ndi amene amadziwa, ndipo malingaliro a hegemonic ndi ovomerezeka pakati pa anthu. Choncho tikupempha anthu kuti asatitchule ‘Dokotala,’ m’malomwake azingotitchula mayina.” Ndi cholinga chotsimikizira kudzidalira kwa anthu okhalamo, chipatalachi chimaphatikizapo chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba. Madokotala amayang'aniranso zinthu monga kusesa pakati.

Malowa amayendetsedwa ndi anthu okhala m'ma villas okha. Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2012, iwo anachita msonkhano kuti akambirane mavuto alionse azachipatala. Pambuyo pa phwando ndi masewera a ana, inali nthawi yosinkhasinkha. “Chimodzi mwazodzudzula chinali chakuti sitinatsegule tsiku lomwe barrio idasefukira. Ananena kuti ngakhale kugwa mvula kapena kusefukira, titsegule zipatala.”

Pothaŵirapo akazi

“Kwa akazi, thanzi ndi chiwawa n’zogwirizana kwambiri,” akutero Graciela, wolimbikitsa zaumoyo wachichepere amene amatiyendetsa midadada iŵiri kukafika ku Women’s Center. “Ngati muli ndi nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, mulibe thanzi, chifukwa nkhanza zimachotsa, zimadwala. Ife akazi ndife makiyi a barrio, ngakhale kuti ku Corriente Villera kuli amuna ambiri monga akazi.

Ali m'njira, akufotokoza kuti m'nyumbayi, nthumwi za 120 ndi aphungu khumi amasankhidwa ndi voti yachinsinsi. Corriente idapeza pafupifupi theka la nthumwi, ndipo anayi mwa makhansala asanu a Villa 31 bis. Amaona ntchito zonse zomwe amachita ngati gawo la ntchito yopanga 'mphamvu za anthu.' “Pa Marichi 8, tidachita ziwonetsero zolimbana ndi nkhanza kwa amayi koyamba. Tikufuna kugunda pansi ndi nthumwi za chipani, kupanga zinthu zomwe zimalola thanzi ndi maphunziro kuti anthu azikhala bwino. Ndipo tinagula galimoto yonyamula ma silinda a gasi ndi kuwagulitsa pamtengo weniweni, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amawalipiritsa kawiri.”

Mumsewu wopita kunyumba ya azimayi, mutha kuwona zikwangwani zazing'ono zopangidwa ndi manja zitapachikidwa pamiyendo yowunikira. Amawerenga kuti: "Kumene anthu amatsogolera, boma limalamula." Tinafika m’chipinda chachikulu chosapentidwa chomwe chili ndi pulasitala. Zida zomangira ndi zida zikuwonetsa kuti ntchitoyo sinamalizidwe. Kagulu ka akazi achikulire akutipatsa moni, ndipo Dora anatiuza kuti tikhale pansi.

“Tidayamba kampeniyi kalekale chifukwa tinalibe ngakhale madzi, koma pampopi umodzi wokha wa anthu ammudzi momwe tsiku lililonse tinkamenyana kuti tipeze. Ndiko komwe kunayambira. ” Dora akufotokoza nkhani ya mmene anadziŵira kuti zosoŵa zawo zonse zinali zofanana—kuti onsewo anapita milungu ingapo ndi magetsi pamene mfundo za mawaya zinali zachidule, ndi kuti ma ambulansi sanaloŵe m’bwalo chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yoipa ya misewu.

Kenako akufotokoza zomwe zidawapangitsa kuti akhazikitse Nyumba ya Akazi: “Zidadziwika ndi zosowa za amayi anzathu. Tinkapita kukaguba, ndipo mkazi ankamenyedwa chifukwa anafika mochedwa. Timachita zokambirana za mlungu ndi mlungu zomwe zimafika azimayi 30, kuti aliyense adziwe kuti sali yekha. Ndizovuta kuzindikira kuti amene amakukondani kwambiri ndiyenso amakumenya. Ndi zowawa kwa amene amanena nkhani; ndi zowawa kwa amene akuwamvera.

Amateteza mwalamulo, motetezeka, komanso kuchotsa mimba kwaulere, amatsutsana ndi kugonana ndi a olimbikitsa thanzi, ndi kukambirana za ufulu wawo ndi maloya omenyera ufulu wawo. Malowa azikhala otsegulira masiku atatu pa sabata, ndi masewera a ana komanso maphunziro a amayi. Amuna ndi akazi omwe anali mgululi adamanga, ndipo adzasankha dzina lomwe lidzatchulidwe.

Koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mmene malowa amatetezera amayi omenyedwa. "Tikupanga gulu lachitetezo kuti titeteze azimayi omwe angathawire kuno, gulu la azimayi ophunzitsidwa miyezi iwiri yodziteteza," akutero Dora. Graciela akuwonjezera kuti iwonso "akusonkhanitsa magulu kuti ayende kuzungulira barrio, kufotokoza ntchito yomwe timachita, kuvala malaya omwe amati Akazi Omenyana. "

Kuchokera pakona imodzi, Celina ndi Lupe—onse a ku Bolivia, wazaka 54 ndi 42—akufotokoza kuti akuphunzira kuŵerenga m’sukulu yapulaimale ya anthu, chifukwa mpaka chaka chatha sanathe kusaina nthaŵi ya ntchito imene anagwira. ndi cooperative yomwe ikumanga zonyansa. Iwo anachoka osauka ku Sucre, Bolivia, ku zonse ku Buenos Aires, kuthawa umphawi ndi kusalidwa-chinthu chomwe mungathe kuchita pamodzi.

Graciela amaganizira mmene anthu amakhalira m’gulu. “Anthu amabwera kaye ku holo yodyera, kudzatenga mbale ya chakudya. Kuyambira pamenepo amadzadziwa kayendetsedwe kake, ndipo malingaliro ambiri amayamba kutuluka. Kenako amadzamva kuti ali ndi zipatala, malo a akazi, ndi ogwira ntchito. Pambuyo pake amabwera ku misonkhano ndi anthu ochokera m’zigawo zina za m’dera la Corriente Villera.”

Anthu omwe amachokera kunja kwa barrio, monga madotolo ndi maloya, "ali ndi njira ina yowonera zinthu, ndikupeza chidziŵitso m'mabwalo. Koma tikuphunziranso zambiri kwa iwo. Ndi mgwirizano wapakati pakati pa kunja ndi mkati. Timagwiranso ntchito limodzi m'maphwando ndi ma raffles kuti tipeze ndalama za lendi. "

Kusuntha koyenda

Pamene Dora anena kuti, “Sitikhala ndi ngongole ku boma—chilichonse chimachitidwa modzifunira popanda kuyembekezera chipukuta misozi. Ndipo ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gululi likhale loyera,” akukamba za njira ina yochitira ndale. Titha kunena za ubale wabwino womwe sufanana ndi momwe andale amachitira, anthu omwe amapindula ndi zosowa za anthu ndikutuluka ngati mkhalapakati ndi boma. Chikhalidwe chothandizira, zolakwika komanso zachinyengo.

Palinso chinthu china, komabe, ndipo chimadutsa makhalidwe abwino. Chiyambire zigawenga za pa Disembala 19 ndi 20, 2001, yomwe inali nthawi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso kuwonekera kwa gulu lankhondo, mabungwe ambiri atha kapena kuphatikizidwa mu projekiti yovomerezeka ya Kirchnerist. Iwo amene anasankha msewuwu ndi wosavuta, ndipo atsogoleri awo ali ndi maudindo m'boma.

Kulimbana ndi anthu ndi vuto lalikulu. Kupeza mwayi wopeza chakudya ndi mankhwala, maphunziro, ndi ntchito zonse zomwe anthu omwe ali muumphawi amafunikira mwachangu-ndikuchita izi mwachindunji m'malo mothandizidwa ndi boma - kumaphatikizapo khama lalikulu, njira yolimbikitsira komanso yokhazikika, ndipo nthawi zambiri chiopsezo chogwira ntchito kunja kwa njira zovomerezeka. Pankhani yodziyimira pawokha komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe Villa 31 bis (zomwe sizikupatula ku Argentina kapena Latin America) ndi zitsanzo zambiri zomwe tiyenera kuyimitsa kaye.

Choyamba ndi chakuti kudziyimira pawokha kuyenera kukhala kokwanira. Mwanjira ina iliyonse, zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chosweka. Pali malo odziyimira pawokha azikhalidwe ndi maphunziro, monganso pali ntchito zodziyimira pawokha komanso zochitika zaumoyo. Chosangalatsa chokhudza Corriente Villera ku Retiro ndikuti ndikuitana kuti tithane ndi mbali zonse za moyo, kuyambira pazakudya komanso zosangalatsa kupita kuntchito ndi thanzi.

Kudzilamulira kumanenedwa zambiri, koma sitikuzolowera machitidwe odziyimira pawokha. Titha kuphunzira zambiri kuchokera ku gulu lalikulu la anthu omwe amapanga moyo wawo wambiri m'malo omwe sayendetsedwa ndi Boma kapena msika, koma mwa iwo okha. Pali anthu amene amadya chakudya chamasana m’makhichini a m’deralo, ana awo amasonkhana m’malo ochitira pikiniki masana ndi kuphunzira m’masukulu usiku, amapita kuchipatala, ndiponso amacheza m’malo ochezera azimayi.

Zowonadi, awa ndi malo owopsa, mwanjira ina yolumikizidwa ndi msika kapena Boma. Koma maulalo amenewo ndi ochepa. Chofunikira ndichakuti azilimbikitsidwa ndi kuthandizana, kudziwongolera okha, mgwirizano, ndi ubale. Maulalo pakati pa anthu ndi maziko omwe maubwenzi atsopano andale akumangidwira, m'malo omwe si a wina aliyense kupatula gulu. Dziko latsopanoli silinakhazikitsidwe pa zolankhula za ndale, koma machitidwe osakhala a capitalist (m'lingaliro lakuti safuna kusonkhanitsa ndalama) m'malo ophatikizanawa.

Chachiwiri, malo odzilamulira amatha kumangidwa ngakhale m'mitima ya mizinda ikuluikulu. Tikudziwa za malo odziyimira pawokha a mbadwa ndi kampasino anthu akumidzi, monga a Juntas de Buen Gobierno ku Chiapas, midzi ya Movimento Sem Terra ku Brazil, kutchula zitsanzo zingapo. M'mizinda ngati Buenos Aires, malo amtunduwu ndi ochepa komanso ovuta kuwasamalira. Choncho ndikofunikira kuti onse azindikire ndi kuphunzira kwa iwo.

Chachitatu, malo odziyimira pawokha ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zopanga zisankho ndikutsata. Mu nkhani iyi ya Corriente Villera, tikuona misonkhano yopangidwa ndi anthu ammudzi.

Nkhani yachinayi ndi yokhudzana ndi kukumana kwa olimbikitsa ophunzira komanso omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. Ubale woterewu, monga Graciela ananenera, ndizotheka kudzera mumalingaliro opingasa. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri. Sipayenera kukhala ndi maudindo pakati pa akatswiri ndi anthu ammudzi, chifukwa onse ali ndi machitidwe osiyana a chidziwitso ndipo onse amafunika kusintha dziko.

Choncho, ndi za kugwirizanitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa. Ophunzira a ku yunivesite amapereka chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi ndale, ndikuphunzira za machitidwe a chidziwitso mu villa omwe amalembedwa m'madera awo kuchokera kumadera omwe si a Western cosmologies kupita ku njira zosagwirizana nazo. Njira zosiyanasiyana zodziwirazi sizimaperekedwa mwanjira iliyonse yotsimikizika, koma m'malo mwake kudzera mu kukhalirana pamodzi ndi chidziwitso mu nthawi zogawana za danga.

Zinthu zinayi zimenezi n’zogwirizananso ndi kudzilamulira, komwe sikuli mapeto ake. M’malo mwake, ndiyo njira yotetezera kusiyana—kwachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, komanso ndale—kumene kumapezeka m’magawo otchuka. Izi zikuphatikizapo kudzilamulira kuchokera kumsika ndi Boma, ndi kudziyimira pawokha kupita kudziko latsopano izi, koposa zonse, zosiyana ndi zomwe tikukhalamo tsopano.

Raúl Zibechi ndi katswiri wapadziko lonse wa mlungu uliwonse Brecha wa ku Montevideo, pulofesa ndi wofufuza za kayendetsedwe ka anthu ku Multiversidad Franciscana de América Latina, komanso amalangiza mabungwe osiyanasiyana apansi. Kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi wakhala akulemba mwezi uliwonse "Zibechi Report" ku America Program www.cipamericas.org

Otanthauziridwa ndi: Paige Patchin 

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