Aigupto 32 miliyoni m'misewu sangakhale olakwa ...
Nthawiyi anthu a ku Egypt sanadikire zaka 41 kuti agwetse boma lomwe lingatchulidwe kuti ndi boma la Sadat-Mubarek. Pothandizidwa pang’ono ndi anzawo a usilikali, anachita zimenezi pasanathe chaka. Boma la Mohamed Morsi la Muslim Brotherhood ndi mbiri.
Monga mu 2011 pamene ziwonetsero zawo zazikulu zinakakamiza Hosni Mubarek, kachiwiri, modabwitsa, anthu a ku Egypt adapita m'misewu ya Cairo ndi pafupifupi mzinda uliwonse wa Aigupto kutsutsa ndondomeko za boma lotsogoleredwa ndi Muslim Brotherhood la Mohamed Morsi. Zaka ziwiri zapitazo, zochititsa chidwi kwambiri panthawiyo, zinali anthu opitilira miliyoni miliyoni omwe adasonkhana pa Tahir Square ku Cairo kukakamiza Mubarek, yemwe anali mnzake wakale waku America ku Middle East, kuchoka pampando.
Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake - sabata yapitayo - nthawi ino, pafupifupi 32 miliyoni osaneneka - tiyeni tilembe izi - 32,000,000 Aigupto adapita m'misewu akufuna Morsi atule pansi udindo komanso kusintha boma. Kukhulupirira kuti Morsi atha kupitiliza kukhala purezidenti wake pambuyo pa kukana kwakukulu kwa anthu pamalire achinyengo. Zinatha. Anthu adalankhula motsimikiza kwambiri kuposa aja 12 miliyoni omwe adavotera Morsi pachisankho chadziko la Egypt. Kupatulapo okhulupirika a Moslem Brotherhood ndi ndalama za Qatari, Morsi anali atataya kuvomerezeka kwake pamaso pa dziko.
Kukhulupirira kuti Morsi atha kupitiliza kukhala purezidenti wake pambuyo pa kukana kwakukulu kwa anthu pamalire achinyengo.
Ngakhale sinditenga zotsatira za zisankho mopepuka - kapena kuwombera pankhaniyi - zisankho nthawi zonse sizikhala gawo lokhalo la demokalase kapena zofuna za ndale za anthu komanso kuphatikizika sinthawi zonse kukhala okonda ntchito monga Pinochet ndi Belkheir-Nezzar Algerian mafia. Zoonadi Morsi adapambana paudindo wapurezidenti pachisankho chosakondera komanso chocheperako, koma pamapeto pake, iye ndi anzawo a M'bale wa Moslem anali mdani wawo woipitsitsa. Anataya chidaliro cha mtundu wa Aigupto pafupifupi monga momwe anaugonjetsa kwakanthaŵi chaka chapitacho.
Coup waku Egypt: Si Pinochet's Chile kapena Nezzar's Algeria
Omwe masiku ano amayesa kufanizira kuukira kwa Aigupto ndi kulanda kwa Pinochet mu 1973 ku Chile, kapena kuphatikiza kwa gulu lankhondo lachitetezo ku Algeria mu 1992, ali pachiwonetsero. Mafananidwewo ndi osazama komanso osati kuti, zowona, zomwe zidachitika ku Egypt chinali chiwembu, chinali chiwembu chomwe chinasangalatsidwa ndi chithandizo chodziwika bwino. Kuyeza njira yomwe mphepo ikuwomba - ndipo mphepozo zinali kuwomba ndi mphepo yamkuntho kuchokera kumanzere - Asilikali aku Egypt adagwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu ambiri ndipo adapanga kulanda boma. Kwakanthawi kochepa, zokonda za Egypt yonse ndi gulu lake lankhondo lotengera mwayi zidagwirizana. Morsi analibe mwayi.
Omwe masiku ano amayesa kufanizira kuukira kwa Aigupto ndi kulanda kwa Pinochet mu 1973 ku Chile, kapena kuphatikiza kwa gulu lankhondo lachitetezo ku Algeria mu 1992, ali pachiwonetsero. Mafananidwewo ndi osazama komanso osati kuti, zowona, zomwe zidachitika ku Egypt chinali chiwembu, chinali chiwembu chomwe chinasangalatsidwa ndi chithandizo chodziwika bwino
Pachifukwa ichi, zomwe ena akuyang'ana pa zachinyengo zachigawenga zikuwonetsa mfundo yofunika kwambiri: Ulamuliro wa Morsi ndi wa Moslem Brotherhood unali wochepa chabe chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa sitima zandale. Zinadziwika ndi kusowa kwathunthu kwa masomphenya a ndale kapena azachuma a momwe angatulutsire Igupto kuchoka ku zovuta zomwe dzikolo linalandira kuchokera ku cholowa cha Sadat-Mubarek. Palibe masomphenya azachuma, Morsi ndi co. lolani Egypt itengeke kwambiri kulowa mu IMF-neo-liberal clutches kuposa momwe Mubarek adachitira. Panalibe masomphenya koma kutsegulira dzikolo mochulukira kulowa m'mayiko akunja kuti athane ndi mavuto azachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe adagwetsa Mubarek poyambirira.
Ulamuliro wa Morsi ndi wa Moslem Brotherhood sunali wochepa chabe ndi kuwonongeka kwa sitima yandale. Zinadziwika ndi kusowa kwathunthu kwa masomphenya a ndale kapena azachuma a momwe angatulutsire Igupto kuchoka ku zovuta zomwe dzikolo linalandira kuchokera ku cholowa cha Sadat-Mubarek. Palibe masomphenya azachuma, Morsi ndi co. lolani Egypt itengeke kwambiri kulowa mu IMF-neo-liberal clutches kuposa momwe Mubarek adachitira.
Nthawi ya Morsi: Kusokonekera kwa Sitima Zachuma ndi Zandale… ndipo zonse mchaka chimodzi
Komanso panalibe masomphenya ena andale kusiyapo kukwerana maulamuliro. Ulamuliro wa ndale wa Morsi - monga wa Ghannouchi's Ennahdha Party ku Tunisia - unali wotsutsa kotheratu; Kungosewera mopanda mphamvu, kuphatikiza mphamvu zambiri zandale ndi zachuma mwachangu momwe zingathere m'manja mwa a Moslem Brotherhood.
Ulamuliro wa Morsi udadziwika ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikiza kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kuzunzika komanso kuphedwa kwa omwe amatsutsa ndale, kumasulidwa ndi kulimbikitsa tsankho lachipembedzo cha Salafist-Wahhabist lomwe limaphatikizapo kampeni yoyipa kwambiri yolimbana ndi amayi komanso nkhanza komanso tsankho poyera. Gulu la Coptic (Akhristu aku Egypt) omwe akucheperachepera aku Egypt. Kuwukira kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Egypt komanso unyamata wake wopita patsogolo - zinthu ziwiri zofunika pakugwa kwa Mubarek zidachulukanso.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhalidwe cha chuma cha Aigupto, chachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri a Aigupto chinapitirizabe kuwonongeka kwambiri. Kuphatikizidwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa boma, kuzama kwavuto lazachuma mwachangu kudapangitsa kuti maziko andale a Morsi awonongeke. Kupatulapo Abale okhulupirika kwenikweni, kwa miyezi ingapo tsopano Morsi alibe maziko.
Palibe gawo laling'ono la kusawona bwino kwa ndale kwa Morsi kuganiza kuti atha kutenga gulu lankhondo la Aigupto lokha ndikuwongolera. Monga ku Algeria, Turkey, Pakistan ndi Iran, asitikali aku Egypt ali ndi zokonda zawo kuposa chitetezo komanso mphamvu zomwe zikuphatikiza chikoka komanso kuyang'anira chuma cha Egypt.
Pofulumira kukwera ndi kuyika mphamvu zambiri pazachuma ndi ndale m'manja mwa Abale momwe angathere, Morsi amayenera kukangana ndi asitikali ndipo izi posachedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati asitikali aku Egypt akugwirizana kwambiri ndi US, ndiye kuti palibe mikangano. Mwachitsanzo, asilikali a ku Aigupto ali ndi maubwenzi olimba a mbiri yakale ndi asilikali a Assad aku Syria. Thandizo la Morsi kwa zigawenga za ku Syria, ambiri mwa iwo omwe ali ndi zibwenzi ndi magulu ankhondo achisilamu, asitikali aku Egypt sanasangalale, ngati sanachititsidwe manyazi.
Asitikali aku Egypt ndi Ulamuliro wa Obama: Kuchita zochitika, osazifotokoza
Munjira zambiri, Morsi ndi Abale adakumba manda awo andale ndipo adachita izi mwachangu kwambiri. Pamafunika kuchitapo kanthu kuti awononge chidaliro cha dziko lonse pasanathe chaka. Ngakhale asitikali aku Egypt (zambiri m'munsimu) ndi United States siwochita nawo seweroli, lingaliro lomwe tsopano likuperekedwa kuchokera kumadera ena (Tarik Ramadan - mdzukulu wa woyambitsa wa Moslem Brotherhood mwachitsanzo) kuti zomwe zidachitika Egypt makamaka chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa asitikali aku Egypt ndi a Obama Administration amaphonya mfundoyi.
Inde, asilikali a US ndi Aigupto (ndi kuwonjezera asilikali a ku Turkey, Israel, Saudi, Algerian, British, French, Italy) akhalapo, akugwirizana, ndipo agwirizana - sadziwa njira ina - koma ochita sewero akuluakulu mu seweroli. ndi anthu a ku Aigupto osati ena. Ndi iwo - osati Barack Obama kapena Abdul Fattah al Sisi - omwe akakamiza nkhaniyi. Anthu alankhula, al Sisi ndi Obama sanachitire mwina koma kupita limodzi ndi kutaya Morsi ndikuchita mofulumira, zinthu zisanawonongeke kuchokera pansi.
Inde, asilikali a US ndi Aigupto (ndi kuwonjezera asilikali a ku Turkey, Israel, Saudi, Algerian, British, French, Italy) akhalapo, akugwirizana, ndipo agwirizana - sadziwa njira ina - koma ochita sewero akuluakulu mu seweroli. ndi anthu a ku Aigupto osati ena. Ndi iwo - osati Barack Obama kapena Abdul Fattah al Sisi - omwe akakamiza nkhaniyi
Mosakayikira, gulu lankhondo la Aigupto, wosewera mpira wosuliza, adapeza kuti ndi nthawi yabwino kukhala kumbali ya 'anthu', pomvetsetsa kuti zingakhale zoipa kwambiri kupondereza otsutsa 32 miliyoni kusiyana ndi kuchotsa Morsi pampando ndikuyang'anizana ndi Brotherhoods. Awo anali kusuntha kwabwino ndipo ngakhale amasangalala ndi chithandizo kuchokera kwa omwe amatsutsana ndi Morsi, anthu a ku Aigupto ndi anzeru ku njira zawo ndikukumbukira ntchito yotsutsana yomwe adasewera zaka ziwiri zapitazi (ndi kale). Mgwirizanowu ungakhale wosakhalitsa.
Ponena za Ulamuliro wa Obama, iwo anali owonerera kwambiri kuposa ochita nawo zochitika za ku Aigupto kuyambira pakubwera kwa Arab Spring. Ndi kulakwa kutenga openda awo ( State, Defense) ngati opusa. Owona otsogola kwambiri m'maboma a State and Defense adamvetsetsa miyezi yapitayo kuti thandizo la Morsi likucheperachepera komanso kuti masiku ake atsala pang'ono kutha. Obama adawona izi zikubwera kwambiri kuposa mu 2011.
Vuto la Washington linali choti achite? Kodi mukufuna kupitiriza kuthandizira Morsi kuti Washington ipezekenso, ili pabedi ndi boma linanso losatchuka, lopanda demokalase ku Middle East? Kapena, monga mu 2011, lolani gulu la zionetsero liziyenda bwino ndikuwona ngati, pambuyo pake, atha kuthana ndi zotsatira zake mogwirizana ndi asitikali aku Egypt komanso gulu lankhondo laku Egypt.
Zonse Zomwe Washington Zimasamala: Ndondomeko zazachuma za Neo-liberal, zokonda zanzeru (kutanthauza mafuta ndi gasi) ndi Israeli
Kunena zowona Washington, atasiya zonena zake zotopetsa zonena za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi demokalase, sizikumveka ngati ndale zapakhomo ku Egypt ndi zandale, zachisilamu, kapena zachi Rasta pankhaniyi, bola ngati boma lotsatira la Aigupto litsatira malamulo atatu. U.S. `zofunika zofunika':
- choyamba, kuti dziko likhalebe lotseguka ku neo-liberal economics (makampani ndi zachuma) kulowa mkati ndi kusachepetsa kulowerera kumeneko ku chuma cha Aigupto ndi msika;
- kachiwiri, kuti boma la Aigupto kugwirizana ndi njira zazikulu za ndondomeko zachigawo cha US - mwachitsanzo - kupeza chuma cha m'dera la petro-chemical ndi gasi wachilengedwe, kugulitsa chumacho mwachinsinsi momwe kungathekere, kuchepetsa udindo wa mayiko a m'deralo poyang'anira chumacho;
- ndipo chachitatu, kuti onse otsutsana ndi ndondomeko za Israeli - akadali othandiza kwambiri a US ku ME, - amakhalabe pamlingo wolankhula. Ubale wanzeru waku US ndi Israeli suyenera kuwopsezedwa. Obama sasamala kwenikweni za mpikisano wolankhulana pakati pa Israeli ndi Aluya, malinga ngati mgwirizano wogwirizana kwambiri pakati pawo, womwe wakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, ukupitirirabe.
Popeza palibe chosonyeza kuti boma la Aigupto lopanda mphamvu lidzatsutsa udindo wa US pa chilichonse mwa zinthu zitatu izi za 'utatu woyera' waku America, Washington sangakhale ndi moyo wotsutsana ndi Aigupto, ndineneratu, kuthandizira, chinthu chomveka kuchita (ngati zosayenera ndi zachiwerewere) kuchokera kumalingaliro anzeru. Koma ndiye US idayika $ 1.5 biliyoni ku Egypt ndi asitikali ake kuyambira 1979 Camp David Accords. Zatsimikizira kuti ndi imodzi mwamiyambo ya mfundo za US Middle East ndipo pali ndalama zambiri kuti zibwererenso tsopano.
Komabe zochititsa chidwi ngati izi, zomwe anthu aku Egypt akakamiza asitikali awo ankhondo ndi US kuvomera - kuchotsa Morsi - tinene mosabisa: boma latsopanoli silikuwonetsanso masomphenya othana ndi mavuto azachuma ku Egypt kuposa momwe Morsi adachitira, kapenanso kufunitsitsa kutsutsa ufulu wotchulidwa pamwambapa wa U.S. Neo-liberalism 1 inali nthawi ya Mubarek ya 'zochepa' (zochepa kwambiri) za demokalase yapadziko lonse; Neo-liberalism 2 ndi Morsi's `Islamic democracy' (osati makamaka Chisilamu, kapena demokalase). Tsopano Egypt ikulowa mu Neo-liberalism 3 al Sisi's `Military democracy' (zankhondo zambiri kuposa demokalase),
Mawonekedwewa atha kusintha kuchoka pakusintha kwandale kupita kwina, koma osati kwenikweni; Apanso, chigoba chatsopano chikuyikidwa pa nkhope yakale, vinyo wakale mu botolo latsopano, nyimbo yakale yomweyi, ndi zina zotero. Maboma amasintha, neo-liberalism imapulumuka. Apanso Washington ndi Cairo akuchirikiza zosintha zokhazo zofunika kuti zisungidwe momwe zilili. Koma ndi zanzeru zingati zomwe zatsala muthumba lazanzeru la Washington?
Gulu la comprador la Aigupto ndi asitikali, ndi United States akusowa zosankha. Vinyo wawo wa neo-liberal akusanduka viniga. Mwina nthawi ina anthu a ku Aigupto adzatenga sitepe yotsatira yomveka mu Arab Spring ndikugwetsa dongosolo lonse lovunda kuti lilowe m'malo ndi chinachake chatsopano komanso champhamvu. Mpaka dongosololi litasintha, osati nkhope za amene ali ndi ulamuliro, padzakhala zipolowe komanso zigawenga zapadziko lonse.
Anthu a ku Aigupto ananyamuka; Washington ndi Cairo adasinthanso sikeloyo akuyembekeza kuti kuwonetsa kungachepetse chiyembekezo, kusokoneza zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa ngati kupitilira ndondomeko yosintha zinthu. Mofananamo anthu a ku Aigupto, anthu okongola kwambiri a ku Igupto, akutsogolera njira ya anthu onse a ku Middle East ndi kupitirira ku njira ina, dziko labwinopo. Ndipo ngakhale asitikali aku Egypt kapena Washington sangayime panjira yawo.
Chitsime cha Arabiya sichinafe, sichinatembenuke kukhala 'Zima la Arabiya'. Zangoyamba kumene!
La Lutta Continua…
Zindikirani: Mu Gawo Lachiwiri tiwona zotsatira za kusintha kwa dera la Aigupto, makamaka pa ubale wa Qatari-Saudi ndi zotsatira zomwe zipolowe zaku Egypt ndi Coup zakhala nazo pa mapulani achigawo cha Moslem Brotherhood… khalani tcheru.
Ibrahim Kazerooni tangolandira kumene phd mu Religion and Internatinoal Studies kuchokera ku Iliff School of Theology ndi Korbel School of International Studies ya University of Denver
Rob Prince ndi mphunzitsi wa International Studies pa University of Denver's Korbel School of International Studies.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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