Kristian Williams
George Orwell, mu nkhani yake yachikale, "Ndale ndi Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi," kumapangitsa kuti "chilankhulo cha Chingerezi ... kukhala chonyansa komanso chosalondola chifukwa malingaliro athu ndi opusa, koma ulesi wachilankhulo chathu umapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa ife kukhala ndi malingaliro opusa."
Zoyipa zomwe Orwell adazilemba—mawu osamveka bwino, mafanizo osamveka bwino, mawu ofotokozera, komanso chinyengo chabodza chasayansi—zonse zimathandizira kuchirikiza mawu athu otopetsa. Koma choyipirapo, iwo amatulutsanso malo osasunthika komanso osasunthika amalingaliro momwemo kuganiza kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵedwa m’malo ndi mawu obwerezabwereza a mawu kapena mawu akuti “ophatikizidwa pamodzi,” monga momwe Orwell mokumbukirira ananenera, “monga zigawo za khola lopangidwa kale la nkhuku.”
Zotsatira za owerenga ndizoyipa kwambiri, koma tanthauzo la olemba ndizovuta kwambiri. Nthaŵi zina, ndithudi, mawu omveka bwino ndi opanda pake - ndi kukonzeka kumene kuvomerezedwa - kumapangitsa kuti wolembayo asinthe dala chinthu china ngati china, kapena kubisa malingaliro oipa mu chifunga cholankhulira. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri, wolemba amene ali ndi zolinga zabwino amangovomereza muyeso umene ukugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa ndi wotuluka m’chizoloŵezi chopanda nzeru amagwiritsira ntchito mawu amene amasintha, kubisa, kapena kusokoneza tanthauzo lake. Zikatero, wolemba nayenso ndiye wozunzidwa: amatanthauza kunena chinthu chimodzi, ndi kunena china; kapena, akutanthauza kunena chinachake, koma osanena kanthu mmalo mwake.
Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumabweretsa mavuto apadera a anarchism, monga malingaliro omwe amapewa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndipo sayenera kubera anthu monga momwe amachitira andale ndi zipani zawo. Anarchists amakumana ndi vuto linanso lomwe, chifukwa cha kusasamala komanso kusazindikira, malingaliro athu amakhala osamveka. Kuwonongeka kwa tanthawuzo kumeneku kumachitika pamagulu ambiri panthawi imodzi: N'zosatheka kutsimikizira anthu za lingaliro ngati munthu sangathe kufotokoza; ndizosatheka kufotokoza lingaliro ngati simulimvetsetsa nokha; ndipo nkosatheka kumvetsetsa bwino lingaliro ngati njira yake yokha yofotokozera imalepheretsa zoyesayesa zilizonse za kulitanthauzira kapena kulisanthula. Kupyolera mu ndondomekoyi malingaliro amasinthidwa kukhala chinachake chonga misa ya Chilatini: ife mu mpingo sitingamvetse kung'ung'udza kwa mwambo wa ansembe, koma timakhulupirira kuti mawuwa adzatipulumutsa.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani chiganizo ngati "Kuti akhale ogwirizana, anthu amtundu wina ayenera kuyang'ana mwayi wawo."
Chiganizo choterechi, mwa miyezo yamasiku ano ya anarchist, ndi yosadabwitsa ndipo imatha kuwonedwa ngati yowona. Ndipo ili ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyimira mtundu wa zolemba zomwe ndikukambirana. Chinthu choyamba chimene munthu ayenera kuzindikira ndi kusakopa komanso kusakopa kwa chinenerocho. Kungowerenga mawuwa, ndizovuta kwambiri kuvomereza kuti zaka zana limodzi zokha zimalekanitsa zolemba izi kuchokera ku prose ya Edward Carpenter kapena Peter Kropotkin.
Nokuba kuti kubikkila maano kuzyintu ziyandika kapati, ncintu ciyandika kapati kulindiswe. Ndilotalikirana ndi mawu osamveka bwino, ndipo silipereka mawu amodzi, kapena chithunzi chamtundu uliwonse. Pamawu ake khumi achidule, amodzi-wachinyamata-zimapezeka m'madipatimenti ena ocheperako komanso m'malo ochepa kwambiri andale. Ena atatu—allies, fufuzanindipo mwayi-ndi mawu achingerezi atsiku ndi tsiku omwe apa amakhala ndi matanthauzo apadera. Ndipo chimodzi mwa izi ndizosamvetsetseka kotero kuti chiganizocho chikhale chopanda tanthauzo: Kodi fufuzani Ndikutanthauza kufufuza, kapena kutsimikizira? Kodi zikutanthauza kutsekereza (monga hockey), kapena kuwopseza (monga chess), kapena kukana kubetcha (monga poker)? Kodi munthu amayang'ana mwayi wake momwe amawonera malaya ake kumalo ochitira masewero, kuti atengedwenso pambuyo pawonetsero? Monga zilankhulo zambiri zamakhalidwe abwino, mawuwa amatha kukhala owongolera popanda kukhala ophunzitsa: amatipatsa lamulo, koma alibe chidziwitso chofunikira kuti auze aliyense zomwe ayenera kuchita muzochitika zenizeni.
Ine sindikudandaula pano kuti chinenerocho n'chovuta—ponseponse sichili—koma kuti sichimveka bwino. Limakhala, kapena liyenera kukhala, vuto ngati mwambi wanu umapangitsa kuti anthu ena asamamvetse malingaliro anu; koma ndizovuta bwanji ngati chilankhulo chanu chimakuthandizani kuti musabise tanthauzo lanu ngakhale kwa inu nokha? Kumlingo waukulu kwambiri, chilankhulo pano chikuyimira lingaliro. Anthu amene amalemba zinthu ngati zimenezi angakhale ndi maganizo enaake a zimene akufuna kunena, koma safunika kutero. Iwo atenga mawu olondola, mmene mwana amaloweza Lonjezo la Chikhulupiriro, popanda kudera nkhaŵa kwambiri ngati mawuwo amagwirizana ndi china chilichonse, kaya m’dziko lenileni kapena m’maganizo mwake.
Chitsanzo changa chapamwambachi chikuchokera ku ndale zachinyengo, koma munthu akhoza kuchulukitsa milandu mosavuta ngati atasankha. (Mwachitsanzo: “Black bloc inakhala mbali chabe ya chionetsero chonsecho.”) Nthambi zonse za anarchism—primitivists, syndicalists, insurrectionists, CrimethInc—ali ndi mlandu mofananamo, ngakhale kuti mawu ofunikira ofunikira ndi kamvekedwe ka chinenero kakhoza kukhala. zimasiyana pang'ono kuchokera kumagulu ena kupita ku gulu lina. Mmodzi amangotenga nkhani iliyonse ya zofalitsa za anarchist - ziribe kanthu zomwe zimayimira - kuti apeze chitsanzo chimodzi cha zolemba zofanana.
Mawu ambiri omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri m'malemba a anarchist amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndikukayikira, popanda tanthauzo lenileni - kapena nthawi zina, ndi tanthauzo losiyana kwambiri ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. “Kuyankha,” “mudzi,” “mgwirizano,” ndi “ufulu” amagwiritsiridwa ntchito, m’ziŵerengero zochulukira, monga zizindikiritso zosonyeza zinthu zomwe timakonda kapena kukondwera nazo. Tikawerenga, mwachitsanzo, kuti "okonzekera ayenera kuyankha kwa anthu ammudzi," timatsala pang'ono kudabwa kuti ubalewu uyenera kukhala wotani, ndipo sitikudziwa momwe uyenera kukhalira. Momwemonso, tikamawerenga kuti gulu lina likufuna "kuwayankha olakwira," ndi funso lachilungamo komanso lodziwikiratu zomwe akufuna kuchita. kuchita. Kodi akufuna kuti anene poyera kupepesa? Sena balakonzya kubagwasya? Kapena akutanthauza kuti, mwa kuganiza mozungulira, adzawaimba mlandu powauza kuti aziyankha mlandu? Ndizodabwitsa kuti mafunso oterowo samayankhidwa kaŵirikaŵiri—koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri n’chakuti sayankha kawirikawiri. anafunsa. Muzochitika zonsezi, mawu ofunikira -Kuyankha- adapemphedwa, ndipo izi zimaganiziridwa mwanjira ina kuti ndizokwanira.
Nthawi zambiri, mfundo yolemba motere siili yochulukira kufotokozera lingaliro linalake kwa owerenga enieni kapena omwe angathe. Mawuwa amatumikira m'malo mwake kusonyeza mtundu wa kukhulupirika kwa gulu, malire amalingaliro pakati pa mbali yathu ndi mbali inayo: timakhulupirira. izi, ndipo satero. Kapena m'malo: timayankhula mkati izi njira ndi kunena izi mtundu wa chinthu; iwo kulankhula mwanjira ina, ndi kunena chinthu china.
Kutengera masitayelo oyenera kumapangitsa munthu kuwonetsa momwe alili wokhwima. Ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha kulemba kwa munthu kuumbidwa ndi nkhawa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaponderezedwa, zokhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro. Kumakhala kofunika, osati kuganiza zolondola zokha, komanso—nthawi zina kuposa pamenepo—kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oyenerera, ngati kuti munthu akufunika kubaya khodi yolondola, koma safunikira kukumbukira chifukwa chake mndandanda wa zilembozo. adasankhidwa poyambirira.
Pansi pa mchitidwe wotengera maganizo umenewu pali lingaliro lakuti mawu amadzazidwa ndi mtundu wina wachinsinsi—ena kukhala abwino, ena oipa—mosasamala kanthu za nkhani kapena mmene akugwiritsidwira ntchito. Upolisi wa zilankhulo ndi chotsatira chimodzi, nthawi zambiri munjira yodziletsa koma nthawi zina mokakamizidwa ndi anthu. (Posachedwa ndalangidwa, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mawuwa chisokonezo; zosamveka kwambiri kuwukira or kupanduka Kukhala wokondeka.) Mawu otukwana akayamba kuloŵa, ndi mtunda waufupi kuyenda pakati pa ulemu wandale ndi kusaona mtima kotheratu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndikutsatira zomwezo, zolankhula zathu zambiri zimakhala ndi khalidwe lokwezeka mopusa. Zionetsero zimasanduka zipolowe, mbali imodzi, pamene ndewu yoledzera ikufotokozedwa ngati "kuchita" (pokhapokha, pazifukwa zina, timatcha "nkhanza"). Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, chizoloŵezi chake ndi kulemba molingana ndi zomwe zikanayenera kuchitika pansi pa mfundo za nthanthi imene munthu amaikonda, m’malo movutikira kupeza ndi kufotokoza zochitika mmene zinachitikira.
Chizoloŵezi cha kukwera kwa mitengo kwachiphamaso chimayendetsedwa, ndikukhulupirira, ndi chikhumbo chofuna kudzipangitsa kuti tiwoneke ngati akuluakulu, abwino, kapena ofunika kwambiri kuposa momwe tilili - ngakhale anthu omwe timawapusitsa ndi ife eni. “Zochita” zimamveka zolimba kuposa “zionetsero” kapena “misonkhano,” ngakhale zonse zimene timachita pa “zochita” zimenezi ndi kuyenda ndi zizindikiro. Ndipo ndizochititsa manyazi pazandale kunena kuti "ine ndi anzanga," m'malo mwake timati "gulu" pomwe tikutanthauza "zochitika," komanso "zochitika" pomwe tikutanthauza "kagulu." Koma, kodi palibe kukayikira kokayikitsa kwakuti chinachake chasokonekera pamene tiyamba kugwiritsira ntchito liwu lakuti “mudzi” m’njira yosaphatikizapo anansi athu, wonyamula makalata, ndi ziŵalo za banja lathu lapafupi?
Kachitidwe kameneka kakayamba, malingaliro onse a gawo amachoka m'chinenero chathu. Kufotokozera kwa zochitika kumachepera kapena kufufuma, osati molingana ndi mawonekedwe a chilichonse chomwe chachitika, koma molingana ndi a priori fomula. Kungoyang'ana zomwe zanenedwa ndi mbali zopikisana pamikangano yaposachedwa ya anarchist-kuyambitsa kwaposachedwa kwa mikangano yosatha pa zachiwawa ndi kusachita zachiwawa, kapena kuchita zigawenga motsutsana ndi kumanga maziko, kudzachita-kuzindikira kuti, mbali ziwirizi sizimangokhalira chiwawa. sagwirizana za izi kapena zochitika zenizenizo, koma ngati pali mafunso enieni, mbali iliyonse imakhala ndi malingaliro osayanjanitsika.
Kusayenda bwino kwa zinenero ndi koopsa chifukwa kumapangitsa kuti kukambirana moona mtima kusakhale kovuta. Ndipo, mwina chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, anthu amalolera modabwitsa kugwa chifukwa cha zinyengo zawo zokopa. Gulu la ndale silingayembekezere kuchita bwino, kapena ngakhale kukhalapo, ngati silingakumane ndi zenizeni. Koma kuwonjezera apo, ngati mamembala ake ambiri kwambiri do kulephera kukhudzana ndi dziko kupitirira atolankhani awo ndi manifestos, kayendedwe mwina sadzakhala ngakhale akuyenera kupulumuka.
Ndithudi, si anthu okhawo amene angalembe ngati kuti mawuwo alibe kanthu. Zolemba zambiri zamasiku ano nzopanda tanthauzo—osati zolemba zandale zokha, komanso kukopera kotsatsa, nkhani zamaphunziro, zosankha zamalamulo, maulaliki achipembedzo, ndi nyimbo zachikondi. Koma pambali pa khalidwe lachingerezi lamakono, komanso kupitirira ngakhale zizolowezi zapadera za ndale zandale, anarchism yapeza zolakwika zingapo, zosiyana, zosiyana.
Mwachitsanzo, zikuoneka kuti tili ndi chizoloŵezi chokayikitsa chotengera mawu atsiku ndi tsiku, kuchepetsa matanthauzo ake, ndi kuwasandutsa mawu omveka bwino. “Othandizana nawo,” “mwayi,” “kuyankha,” ndi “zochita” zonse ndi zitsanzo—monga “ndondomeko” (monga mneni), “kuthandizira,” “kuchira,” “moyo” (monga chiganizo. ), “mzere wapansi” (mneni), “chiwonetsero,” “malo osungika,” “analankhula” (dzina), “kusamalira” (dzina), ndi “kuvulaza.”
Mofananamo, nthawi zina timatenga mawu omwe ali achibale ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati kuti ali mtheradi. "Zotheka" (kapena "zosafikirika") ndi "njira zina" ndizo zitsanzo zazikulu. Palibe basi ndi chofikika. Iyenera kupezeka kwa winawake. Momwemonso, china chake chingakhale njira ina ku chinthu china. Kunena kuti ndi m'malo mwa "odziwika" ndikungopempha mafunso.
Chochititsa manyazi kwambiri, mawu athu ambiri omasulira siathu, koma adatengedwa, kapena kutengedwa molakwika, kuchokera ku miyambo ina-Marxist, Foucauldian, post-modern, feminist, kapena Queer Theory. Palibe cholakwika ndi icho chokha, ndipo ine ndekha ndimasilira kufunitsitsa kutenga malingaliro abwino mosasamala kanthu za gwero. Koma tayamba kulemba ngati omaliza maphunziro akutsanzira mapulofesa awo. Timati “hegemony” pamene tikungotanthauza “chikoka,” ndi “kutsutsana” tikamanena za mikangano, “performativity” mmalo mwa “khalidwe,” ndi zina zotero. Zotsatira za chizolowezi chotsanzira ichi nthawi zina zimakhala zosamvetseka: chifukwa cha Foucault, ndizofala polemba ndale kutchula anthu as matupi. Chifukwa cha Hardt ndi Negri, timalankhula za Ufumu osati imperialism. Ndipo, mu chitukuko chofananira, timakonda kulankhula za Capital m'malo mwa capitalism, ndipo timatero mwanjira yomwe imapangitsa kuti izimveka ngati mulungu waukali osati dongosolo lazachuma.
Nthawi zambiri, nafenso, timapereka malingaliro osavuta okhala ndi zilankhulo zovuta chifukwa timaganiza kuti zimatipangitsa kuti tiziwoneka anzeru, owoneka bwino, kapena amphamvu kwambiri. Timajambula chinenero chathu ndi mawu aukadaulo kuti tingosonyeza kuti tachita homuweki yathu. Zikuwoneka kuti pali mgwirizano kumanzere kuti ndi bwino kulemba mu kalembedwe ka Hegel wotanthauziridwa molakwika kuposa kulemba monga John Steinbeck. Ndikosavuta, pokhapokha ngati simusamala kuti mumvetsetse.
Zoonadi vuto silili ndi mawu enieniwo. Vuto siliri ngakhale ndi kungofotokoza chabe. Kuyesayesa kulikonse kogwiritsa ntchito phunzirolo kuchokera ku nkhani ina kupita ku ina kumaphatikizapo kungonena chabe. Vuto ndikupewa kumveketsa bwino tanthauzo. Choncho, njira yothetsera vutoli sikungopewa kugwiritsira ntchito mawu enaake, kapena kuika mawu omasulira mawu atsopano akale, koma kuchita zimene tingathe kuti zolemba zathu zimveke momveka bwino. Timachita izi pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zatsopano, zatsatanetsatane, komanso kusamala kuti titchule bwino ndani komanso zomwe tikutanthauza tikamayesedwa kuti titchule anthu akale ngati "anthu" kapena njira zachinsinsi monga "kulimbana."
Mfundo apa sikuti ndikungofotokoza momwe zinthu zilili panopa, koma ndikusintha zomwe zatibweretsa kuno. Ndipo ngakhale kuti zitsanzo zambiri mu “Politics and the English Language” tsopano zachikale kwambiri, uphungu wa Orwell udakali womveka. Amapereka mfundo imodzi, malamulo asanu ndi limodzi, ndi mafunso asanu ndi limodzi.
Mfundo yake ndi yakuti: “Tanthauzo lisankhe mawu, osati mosiyana.”
Malamulowo ndi:
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Osagwiritsa ntchito fanizo, fanizo kapena mawu ophiphiritsa omwe mumawawona atasindikizidwa.
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Osagwiritsa ntchito liwu lalitali pomwe lalifupi lingachite.
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Ngati n'kotheka kudula mawu, nthawi zonse mudule.
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Osagwiritsa ntchito ma passiv pomwe mungagwiritse ntchito yogwira.
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Osagwiritsa ntchito mawu achilendo, mawu asayansi kapena mawu ajargon ngati mutha kuganiza zachingerezi chatsiku ndi tsiku.
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Yesetsani kuswa malamulowa posachedwa kuposa kunena chilichonse choyipa.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti, pakadakhala kalozera wamasiku ano a anarchist, pafupifupi malamulo onsewa akanasinthidwa: Only gwiritsani ntchito mafanizo omwe munazolowera kuwona m'mabuku; Never gwiritsani ntchito liwu lalifupi ngati liwu lalitali likupezeka; Ngati ndi kotheka kuwonjezera mawu, nthawizonse onjezerani; Never gwiritsani ntchito mawu omwe mungagwiritse ntchito; nthawizonse gwiritsani ntchito liwu lachilendo kapena liwu losavuta ngati liwu lachingerezi latsiku ndi tsiku lingapewedwe; Ndipo lembani mwankhanza m'malo mophwanya malamulo awa.
Palibe amene anakhazikitsa malamulo oterowo, ndipo palibe amene anafunika kutero. Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa chinenerocho, ndi kuzizira kwathunthu kwa malingaliro athu, kumatilola ife kutengera zizolowezi zotere popanda kuyesa, ndipo nthawi zambiri, popanda kuzindikira mwachidwi. Komabe, kuti musiye zizoloŵezi zimenezo, pamafunika khama.
Upangiri wa Orwell, wofotokozedwa mwachidule momwe angathere, ukhoza kufotokozedwa mwachidule: Ganizirani musanalembe.
Wolemba wanzeru, m’sentensi iliyonse imene walemba, amadzifunsa mafunso osachepera anayi, motere: Kodi ndikuyesera kunena chiyani? Ndi liwu liti lomwe lingafotokoze? Ndi chithunzi kapena miyambi iti yomwe ingamveke bwino? Kodi chithunzichi n'chatsopano mokwanira kuti chikhale ndi zotsatira zake? Ndipo mwina adzifunsanso ziwiri zina: Kodi ndingathe kuziyika posachedwa? Kodi ndanenapo chilichonse choyipa kwambiri?
Njira imeneyi imalingalira, ndithudi, kuti wolembayo ali ndi lingaliro lotsimikizirika lomwe akutanthauza kuti afotokoze kwa owerenga, kuti sichinali cholinga chake kungoyendayenda m'mawonekedwe apamwamba kuti awonetsere "mzere" woyenera kapena kubwereza mawu omwe ali nawo. pamkangano wina wongoyerekeza.
Cholinga cha kulemba kwa anarchist, ndikukhulupirira, ndi-kapena kuyenera kukhala-osati kuwonetsa momwe tilili okhwima, kapena kudabwitsa anzathu ndi chidziwitso chathu, koma kupititsa patsogolo malingaliro a anarchist, kupereka malingaliro athu kufalitsidwa mokulirapo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro amenewo kuthandiza kukonzanso dziko. Koma zomwe zalembedwa pano, zomwe zatengedwa kwathunthu, zikuwoneka kuti sizingafanane ndi chilichonse mwazolinga izi. Zimapangitsa, m'malo mwake, kulingalira kopanda nzeru, kusagwirizana pazandale ndi aluntha, ndipo, pamapeto pake, kusagwirizana.
Sindikutanthauza kunena kuti chinthu chokhacho chomwe chikuyimilira m'njira yosinthira ndi prose yoyipa. Koma n’zotheka kuti zambiri zopanda pake zingathe kugwedezeka chifukwa cha chisokonezo ngati tidzipereka ku mawu omveka bwino a malingaliro athu, ndipo ngati tifuna zomwezo m’zofalitsa zimene timaŵerenga. Ndizovuta kwambiri kulemba bwino pokhapokha wina akuganiza bwino. Ndipo ngati chiganizo sichingatembenuzidwe kuchokera ku anarcho-english kupita ku plain English, pali mwayi waukulu kuti ndi wopanda tanthauzo.
Kristian Williams ndi mlembi wa Adani Athu mu Buluu: Apolisi ndi Mphamvu ku America, Njira zaku America: Kuzunza ndi Logic of Dominationndipo Zowawa: Zolemba pa Kuzunzika mu Demokalase Yamakono. Pakali pano akugwira ntchito pa buku la Oscar Wilde ndi anarchism.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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